2. 1. Oral Stage
- Manifest from birth to approximately 18 months
- The child is totally dependent on others to provide for
his/her needs
- Pleasure is derived from the use of the mouth in
activities such as sucking,
chewing, and biting.
- Personality developed in this stage is dependence.
3. 2. Anal Stage
- This begins at 18 months and lasts until 3 years when
the child is being toilet trained.
- the child seeks pleasure from the anus (e.g., withholding
and expelling feces)
- The personality developed in this stage is
independence, self-control, orderliness and sense of
accomplishment.
4. 3. Phallic Stage
- 3-6 years of age
- During this stage the child develops attraction to their
parents of the opposite sex and sees jealous and
rivalrous relationship with his or her parents of the same
sex.
- This is what Freud termed as Oedipus Complex for
boy and the Electra
Complex for girls.
- Parents seen as threats
- Wide range of psychological disorders through failure
to resolve this conflict, (unreasonable anxiety, phobias,
& depression)
- Ego developed more, superego starts to develop lately
- the child seeks pleasure from the penis or clitoris (e.g.,
masturbation);
5. 4. Latent Stage
- 6-12 years of age
- Personality traits developed in this stage are associated with
social skills and social interactions.
- Pleasure is gained through same sex /peer friendship
6. 5. Genital Stage
- 12 years of age onward or from puberty to
adulthood.
- Seeks marriage partner, preparation for adult
life.
- The personality developed in this stage is
sexual maturity.
7. Defense Mechanisms
Freud believed that these three parts of the mind are in
constant conflict because each part has a different
primary goal. When the conflict is too much for a person
to handle, his or her ego may engage in one or many
defense mechanisms to
protect the individual.
8. Defense Mechanism
- Refers to processes of self-deception, that
protects people from anxious thoughts or feelings.
- Are thought to safeguard the mind against
feelings and thoughts that are too difficult for the
conscious mind to cope with.
9. - Operate at an unconscious level and help ward off
unpleasant feelings (i.e.,
anxiety) or make good things feel better for the
individual.
- A tactic developed by the ego to protect against
anxiety.
We use defense mechanisms to protect ourselves
from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because
we feel threatened, or because our id or superego
becomes too demanding.
10. Major defense mechanisms include:
1. Denial – is often used to describe situations in which
people seem unable to face reality or admit an obvious
truth. (He’s in denial).
- The ego blocks upsetting or overwhelming experiences
from awareness, causing the individual to refuse to
acknowledge or believe what is happening
- Is an outright refusal to admit or recognize that something
has occurred or is currently occurring.
- Refusing to organize or acknowledge real facts or
experiences that would lead to anxiety
11. 2. Displacement- redirecting an emotional reaction from
the rightful recipient to
another person altogether.
- Involves taking out our frustrations, feelings and
impulses on people or objects that are less threatening.
- Displaced aggression- is a common example of defense
mechanism.
- Example: a manager screams at his/her employee, the
employee doesn't
scream back- but the employee may yell at her partner
later at night. (e.g.,
releasing frustration directed toward your boss on your
spouse instead)
12. 3. Repression –acts to keep information out of
conscious awareness. However,
these memories don’t just disappear: they
continue to influence our behavior.
- The ego pushes disturbing or threatening
thoughts out of one’s
consciousness
13. 4. Sublimation – Similar to displacement, this
defense mechanism involves
satisfying an impulse by acting on a substitute but
in a socially acceptable way. It allows us to act on
unacceptable impulses by converting these
behaviors into more acceptable forms.
Example: a person experiencing extreme anger
might take up kick-boxing as a means of venting
frustration or channeling energy into work or a
constructive hobby.
14. 5. Projection – is a defense mechanism that involves
taking our own unacceptable qualities or feelings and
ascribing them to other people.
Attributing one’s unacceptable feelings or desires to
someone else.
Example: if you have a strong dislike for someone,
you might instead believe
that he or she does not like you.
15. 6. Regression – As a defense mechanism, the individual
moves backward in development in order to cope with
stress (e.g., an overwhelmed adult acting like a child)
