The document discusses various topics related to software testing including: 1) Phases in a tester's mental life from debugging-oriented to prevention-oriented. 2) Types of testing like unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. 3) Limitations of testing including inability to test every path or condition. 4) Consequences of bugs ranging from mild to catastrophic based on factors like frequency and correction cost.

1. G Sreenivasulu
M.Tech(Ph.D)
Assistant Professor
Dept. of CSE
STM Text Book:Boris Beizer

2. Introduction to Testing
Purpose of Testing:
What is testing?
Testing is the process of exercise or verify a system by manual or automated
that satisfies specified requirements.
Purpose of Testing:
The purpose of testing is to find the error that led to the program's failure.
Productivity and Quality in Software:
Phases in a tester's mental life:
tester's mental life can be categorized into the following 5 phases

3. Phases in a tester's mental life
• Phase 0: (Until 1956: Debugging Oriented) There is no difference
between testing and debugging.
• Phase 1: (1957-1978: Demonstration Oriented) the purpose of
testing here is to show that software works. Highlighted during the late
1970s.
• Phase 2: (1979-1982: Destruction Oriented) the purpose of testing is
to show that software doesn’t work.
• Phase 3: (1983-1987: Evaluation Oriented) the purpose of testing is
not to prove anything but to reduce the risk of not working
• Phase 4: (1988-2000: Prevention Oriented) it is the process to
reduce the labor of testing. By dividing testable and non- testable
code.

4. Test Design/Testing Process:
Tests should be properly designed and tested before applying it to
the actual code.
Testing isn’t everything:
There are approaches other than testing to create better software.
Methods other than testing include
Inspection Methods: Methods like walkthroughs,formal inspections
Design Style: While designing the software itself, adopting stylistic
objectives
Static Analysis Methods: Includes formal analysis of source code
during compilation
Languages: The source language can help reduce certain kinds of bugs
Development Methodologies and Development Environment:

5. Dichotomies:(contrast between two things)
• Testing Versus Debugging:
Testing starts with known conditions Debugging starts from unknown conditions
Testing can and should be planned Debugging can and should not be planned
testing can be done without design knowledge Debugging is impossible without design knowledge
Testing can often be done by an outsider Debugging must be done by an insider
Test execution and design can be automated. Automated debugging is still a dream

6. Function versus Structure:
Functional testing basically concern about only results but not processing
Structural testing basically concern about only results but processing
Designer versus Tester:
Designer is the person who designs the tests
Tester is the one actually tests the code
Modularity versus Efficiency:
A module is a discrete, well-defined, small component of a system
Smaller the modules, difficult to integrate; larger the modules, difficult to understand
Small versus Large:
Programming in large means constructing programs that consists of many
components written by many different programmers
Programming in the small is what we do for ourselves in the privacy of our own
offices

7. Builder versus Buyer:
Builder: Who designs the system and is accountable to the buyer.
Buyer: Who pays for the system for profits from providing services.
User: Ultimate beneficiary or victim of the system.
Tester: Who is dedicated to the builder's destruction.
Operator: Who has to live with the builders mistakes, the buyers
unclear specifications, testers' oversights and the users' complaints.

8. Model for Testing:

9. • Environment :
A Program's environment is the hardware and software required to make it
run
• Program:
Most programs are too complicated to understand in detail.
The concept of the program is to be simplified in order to test it
• Tests:
Tests are formal procedures, Inputs must be prepared, Outcomes should be
predict
tests should be documented, commands need to be executed, and results are to
be observed.
• Bugs:
An unexpected test result may lead us to change the code

10. Three distinct kinds of testing on a typical software system
Levels of Testing:
Unit / Component Testing:
A Unit is the smallest testable piece of software that can be compiled,
assembled, linked, loaded etc.
Integration Testing:
Integration is the process by which components are aggregated to
create larger components
System Testing:
A System is a big component. System Testing is aimed at revealing
bugs that cannot be attributed to components

11. Limitations of Testing:
• You cannot test a program completely(total testing is impossible)
• You cannot test every statement of the program
• You cannot test every path
• You cannot test every true and false condition
• You cannot test every condition of a decision node
• You cannot test every valid input
• You cannot test every invalid input
• You can only test against system requirements
• It requires more time and resources to accomplish quality in testing

12. CONSEQUENCES OF BUGS
Importance of bugs: The importance of bugs depends on
frequency, correction cost, installation cost, and consequences.
• Frequency: How often does that kind of bug occur? Pay more attention
to the more frequent bug types.
• Correction Cost: What does it cost to correct the bug after it is found?
The cost is the sum of 2 factors: (1) the cost of discovery (2) the cost of
correction
• Installation Cost: Installation cost depends on the number of
installations
• Consequences:(Impact/Effect) Consequences of the bug can range
from mild to catastrophic.
Importance($) = Frequency * (Correction cost + Installation cost +
Consequential cost)

13. The consequences of a bug can be measure in terms of human rather than
machine. Some consequences of a bug on a scale of one to ten are
1. Mild: The effect of this kind of bug is gently (misspelled output )
2. Moderate: The effect of this kind of bug impacts the system's
performance. (Outputs are misleading )
3. Annoying: The effect of this kind of bug impacts system's behavior
(Names are truncated/cutting)
4. Disturbing: The effect of this kind of bug refuses transactions (ATM
won’t give you money or credit card is declared invalid)
5. Serious: The effect of this kind of bug loses its transactions
(Accountability is lost)

14. 6. Very Serious: The effect of this kind of bug causes the system to do
the wrong transactions(system credits it to another account)
7. Extreme: The effect of this kind of bug problems aren't limited to a
few users or to few transaction types
8. Intolerable: The effect of this kind of bug Long term unrecoverable
(corruption of the database occurs)
9. Catastrophic: The effect of this kind of bug decision to shut down is
taken out of our hands because the system fails.
10. Infectious: The effect of this kind of bug What can be worse than a
failed system? One that corrupt other systems

15. TAXONOMY or TYPE OF BUGS:
The major categories are
(1) Requirements, Features and Functionality Bugs
(2) Structural Bugs
(3) Data Bugs
(4) Coding Bugs
(5) Interface, Integration and System Bugs
(6) Test and Test Design Bugs.

17. Software Testing Models
MITS – R18 ST

18. V-Model

19. V-Shaped SDLC Model
• A variant of the Waterfall
emphasizes the verification and
validation of the product.
• Testing of the product is planned
in parallel with a corresponding
phase of development

20. V-Shaped Steps
• Project and Requirements Planning – allocate resources
• Product Requirements and Specification Analysis – complete specification of
the software system
• Architecture or High-Level Design – defines how software functions fulfil
the design
• Detailed Design – develop algorithms for each architectural component
• Production, operation and maintenance – provide for enhancement and
corrections
• System and acceptance testing – check the entire software system in its
environment
• Integration and Testing – check that modules interconnect correctly
• Unit testing – check that each module acts as expected
• Coding – transform algorithms into software

21. • Emphasize planning for verification and validation of the
product in the early stages of product development
• Each deliverable must be testable
• Project management can track progress by milestones
• Easy to use
V-Shaped Strengths

22. V-Shaped Weaknesses
• Does not easily handle concurrent events
• Does not handle iterations or phases
• Does not easily handle dynamic changes in requirements
• Does not contain risk analysis activities