This document provides an overview of different types of agriculture and farming practices. It discusses subsistence farming, where most produce is consumed locally rather than sold. It also covers commercial agriculture, where crops and livestock are raised for commercial sale. The document outlines the different conditions and inputs required for various crops like wheat, rice, cotton, tea, and coffee. It also discusses agricultural development and the key features of farming in India and the United States.

1. S.S.Project
for

3. T h e science a n d a r t of
c u l t i v a t i o n o n t h e soil,
r a i s i n g crops a n d r e a r i n g
livestock.

4. S o m e i m p o r t a n t i n p u t s l i k e
seeds a r e processed by
v a r i o u s m e t h o d s s u c h a s
P l o u g h i n g a n d t h e n gives
o u t p u t s l i k e crops.

6. D e p e n d i n g u p o n d i f f e r e n t
c o n d i t i o n s l i k e d e m a n d of
p r o d u c e , l a b o u r & level of
t e c h n o l o g y f a r m i n g is classified
i n t o t w o m a i n types.

8. A type of f a r m i n g i n
w h i c h m o s t of t h e p ro d u c e
is c o n s u m e d by t h e f a r m e r
a n d his f a m i l y, l e a v i n g
little o r n o t h i n g t o be
m a r k e t e d .

10. T h e t y p i c a l f a r m is m u c h s m a l l e r
t h a n elsewhere i n t h e w o r l d
b e c a u s e t h e r a t i o of f a r m e r s t o
a r a b l e l a n d is so h i g h & f a m i l i e s
m u s t p ro d u c e e n o u g h f o o d for
t h e i r s u r v i v a l f r o m a very s m a l l
a r e a of l a n d .

12. A f o r m of a g r i c u l t u r e w h e re
a l m o s t a l l t h e p ro d u c e goes t o
f e e d a n d support t h e h o u s e h o l d
a n d is n o t for sale. I t i n c l u d e s
s h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n & n o m a d i c
h e r d i n g .

14. S h i f t i n g c u l t i v a t i o n is
a n a g r i c u l t u r a l system
i n w h i c h a person uses
a piece of l a n d , o n l y t o
a b a n d o n o r a l t e r t h e
i n i t i a l u s e a s h o r t t i m e
l a t e r.

16. N o m a d i c h e r d i n g is w h e n people
t r a v e l f ro m p l a c e t o p l a c e w i t h
h e rd s of a n i m a l s . This c o u l d be
b e c a u s e of c l i m a t e issues o r l a c k of
f o o d . S o m e n o m a d s will s t a y i n
o n e p l a c e if t h e g r o u n d is g o o d for
g r o w i n g crops.

18. A g r i c u l t u r e t h a t involves
t h e p r o d u c t i o n of crops &
a n i m a l r e a r i n g for sale
i n m a r k e t . i t i n c l u d e s
t h r e e types of f a r m i n g .

20. I n C o m m e r c i a l g r a i n
f a r m i n g crops a r e g r o w n
for c o m m e r c i a l purpose.

22. I N M i x e d F a r m i n g t h e
l a n d is u s e d for
g r o w i n g f o o d a n d
f o d d e r crops a n d
r e a r i n g live stocks.

24. O f t e n o c c u r r i n g i n less
d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s ,
p l a n t a t i o n a g r i c u l t u r e
involves t h e c u l t i v a t i o n of o n e
crop t o be s o l d i n m o r e
d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r i e s e.g. coffee
p l a n t a t i o n s i n Costa R i c a

26. A l a r g e v a r i e t y of crops
a r e g r o w n for t h e m e e t
r e q u i r e m e n t of t h e
g r o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n .
S u c h as:

27. W h e a t requires m o d e r a t e
t e m p e r a t u re a n d r a i n f a l l d u r i n g
g r o w i n g s e a s o n a n d b r i g h t
s u n s h i n e a t t h e t i m e of h a r v e s t . I t
thrives best i n well d r a i n e d l o a m y
soil. W h e a t is g r o w n e x t e n s i v e l y
USA, C a n a d a , A r g e n t i n a , R u s s i a ,
U k r a i n e , A u s t r a l i a a n d I n d i a . I n
I n d i a i t is g r o w n i n w i n t e r.

29. R i c e is t h e m a j o r f o o d crop of t h e
w o r l d . R i c e n e e d s h i g h
t e m p e r a t u re , h i g h h u m i d i t y a n d
r a i n f a l l . I t grows best i n a l l u v i a l
c l a y e y soil, w h i c h c a n r e t a i n
w a t e r. C h i n a l e a d s i n p r o d u c t i o n
of rice f o l l o w e d by I n d i a , J a p a n ,
Sri L a n k a a n d Egypt.

31. T h e y a r e a l s o k n o w n a s coarse
g r a i n s a n d c a n be g r o w n o n less
fertile a n d s a n d y soils. I t is a
h a r d y crops t h a t n e e d l o w
r a i n f a l l a n d h i g h t o m o d e r a t e
t e m p e r a t e a n d a d e q u a t e r a i n f a l l .
Lower, b a j r a a n d r a g i a r e g r o w n
i n I n d i a .

33. C o t t o n requires h i g h
t e m p e r a t u re , l i g h t r a i n f a l l t w o
h u n d r e d s a n d t e n frost – free
d a y s a n d b r i g h t s u n s h i n e for its
g ro w t h . I t grows best o n b l a c k
a n d a l l u v i a l soils. C h i n a , USA,
I n d i a , B r a z i l , P a k i s t a n a n d
Egypt a r e t h e l e a d i n g p ro d u c e r s
of c o t t o n .

35. Te a is b e v e r a g e crop g r o w n o n
p l a n t a t i o n . This requires cool
c l i m a t e a n d well d i s t r i b u t e d h i g h
r a i n f a l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e y e a r for
t h e g ro w t h of t e n d e r leaves. I t
n e e d s well d r a i n e d l o a m y soils
a n d g e n t l e slopes.

37. Coffee requires w a r m a n d
w e t c l i m a t e a n d well –
d r a i n e d l o a m y soil. Hill
slopes a r e m o r e s u i t a b l e
for g ro w t h of th is crop.
B r a z i l is l e a d i n g
p ro d u c e s f o l l o w e d by
I n d i a a n d C o l u m b i a .

39. A g r i c u l t u re c a n d e v e l o p i n m a n y
w a y s s u c h a s
1 . I n c r e a s i n g t h e c ro p p e d a re a s , t h e
n u m b e r of crops g ro w n ,
2 . I m p r o v i n g i r r i g a t i o n facilities ,
3. Use of fertile a n d h i g h y i e l d i n g
v a r i e t y of seeds.

40. M e c h a n i s a t i o n of a g r i c u l t u r e
is a l s o a n o t h e r aspect of
a g r i c u l t u r a l d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e
u l t i m a t e a i m of a g r i c u l t u r e
d e v e l o p m e n t is t o i n c re a s e
f o o d security.

41. T h e m a i n f e a t u re s of I n d i a n
a g r i c u l t u r e observed a f t e r
i n d e p e n d e n c e a r e a s follows:
1 . L a rg e a re a s h a v e b e e n
b r o u g h t u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n .
2. Use of fertilizers a n d
pesticides h a s b e e n i n c re a s e d .

42. 3 . L a rg e a r e a h a s b e e n
b r o u g h t u n d e r h i g h y i e l d i n g
v a r i e t y of seeds w h i c h b r i n g s
g r e e n re v o l u t i o n i n I n d i a .
4 . A l t h o u g h m o d e r n
t e c h n i q u e s a r e a d o p t e d still
a n i m a l s p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t
role i n v a r i o u s a g r i c u l t u r a l
activities.

43. 5.Major p a r t of t h e a g r i c u l t u r e
d e p e n d s m a i n l y o n m o n s o o n r a i n .
6 . F o o d crops a r e t h e m a j o r parts
of p ro d u c t i o n .
7 . M e a n s of t r a n s p o r t a n d
facilities for s t o r i n g f o o d a r e
i n a d e q u a t e a n d ro a d s a r e u n -
m e t a l l e d .

44. T h e m a i n f e a t u re s of USA f a r m s a r e a s
follows:
1 . T h e f a r m e r i n t h e USA works l i k e a
b u s i n e s s m a n a n d n o t l i k e p e a s a n t
f a r m e r.
2 . T h e a v e r a g e size of a f a r m is m u c h
l a rg e r.
3. A t y p i c a l f a r m size i n USA is a b o u t 2 5 0
he c tare s.
4 . A d e q u a t e m e a s u re s a r e t a k e n t o
c o n t ro l pests t h a t c a n d a m a g e t h e crop.

45. 5. F ro m t i m e t o t i m e t h e y s e n d s
soils s a m p l e t o a soil t e s t i n g
l a b o r a t o r y t o c h e c k w h e t h e r t h e
n u t r i e n t s a r e s u f f i c i e n t o r n o t . T h e
results h e l p t h e m t o p l a n a
fertiliser p ro g r a m m e r s . T h e i r
c o m p u t e r is l i n k e d t o t h e sa te llite
w h i c h gives t h e m a precise p i c t u re
of t h e i r field. This helps t h e m t o
u s e c h e m i c a l fertilizers a n d
pesticides w h e re v e r t h e y a r e
re q u i re d .

46. 6 . T h e y u s e t r a c t o r, s e e d
d r i l l , leveler, c o m b i n e d
h a r v e s t e r a n d t h re s h e r t o
p e r f o r m v a r i o u s
a g r i c u l t u r a l o p e r a t i o n s .
7. A g r a i n s a r e s t o re d i n
a u t o m a t e d s t o r a g e o r
d i s p a t c h e d t o m a r k e t
a g e n c i e s .