This document provides a summary of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) industry. It describes the conventional melt/solid-state polymerization technology used to produce PET as well as some alternative processes. Emerging technologies like Eastman's Integrex process are also discussed. Production cost estimates are given for different technologies. Finally, the document analyzes supply and demand trends in key markets like the US, Europe, and China.
2012 05 08 eu asia biomass conference malaysia 9 may 2012 dwaAtkinderek
The document discusses developments in biobased products and bioplastics in Europe and globally. It provides an overview of Purac, a company focused on natural lactic acid, and their global presence and investments. The document then covers topics like the growing market for biobased chemicals, developments in bioplastics including increasing global production capacity, and compares bio-routes to producing different bioplastics and their theoretical versus actual yields from sugar.
plain 4 SYNTHESIS, PURIFICATION AND STABILITY STUDY OF ISLETAndrew Apals
This document outlines Andrew Apals' thesis defense presentation on the synthesis, purification, and stability study of the islet neogenesis-associated protein peptide (INGAP-P) and analogs. The presentation covers solid phase peptide synthesis of INGAP-P, linear and cyclic analogs. It also discusses reverse-phase HPLC method development for the separation and quantification of peptides in synthetic mixtures, including degradation studies of INGAP-P standards. The goal of the research is to develop purification methods to resolve INGAP-P from crude synthesis mixtures using analytical HPLC instrumentation.
The document provides information on HF cleavage and deprotection from resins. It discusses how HF is used to remove protecting groups from assembled peptides and release the resin. It describes the advantages of HF, materials needed, standard and low-high HF cleavage procedures, strategies to minimize side reactions, and provides examples of cleavage for different peptide sequences.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamine units were successfully synthesized, characterized and reported here. These polymers are highly thermally stable and show variable thermal properties. Successful conver- sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro- cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylation and EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAA moiety and provides an excellent option for application specific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linking behavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied under different reaction conditions. The combination of pro- cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes these polymers suitable for a wide variety of applications including electro-optics, proton exchange membranes and super-hydrophobic applications.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) arylether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamineunits were successfully synthesized, characterized andreported here. These polymers are highly thermally stableand show variable thermal properties. Successful conver-sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro-cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylationand EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAAmoiety and provides an excellent option for applicationspecific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linkingbehavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied underdifferent reaction conditions. The combination of pro-cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes thesepolymers suitable for a wide variety of applicationsincluding electro-optics, proton exchange membranes andsuper-hydrophobic applications.
1) Polyester plant design and engineering is becoming more competitive as new companies enter the market, particularly in China, where domestic Chinese engineering capabilities are growing.
2) Traditional large engineering companies still dominate the largest plants at 800 tons/day or more, while new companies have increased their market share and can build plants up to 600 tons/day.
3) There is a trend toward simplifying polyester processes by reducing the number of steps to cut costs, with some new technologies achieving savings of up to 21% in conversion costs.
2012 05 08 eu asia biomass conference malaysia 9 may 2012 dwaAtkinderek
The document discusses developments in biobased products and bioplastics in Europe and globally. It provides an overview of Purac, a company focused on natural lactic acid, and their global presence and investments. The document then covers topics like the growing market for biobased chemicals, developments in bioplastics including increasing global production capacity, and compares bio-routes to producing different bioplastics and their theoretical versus actual yields from sugar.
plain 4 SYNTHESIS, PURIFICATION AND STABILITY STUDY OF ISLETAndrew Apals
This document outlines Andrew Apals' thesis defense presentation on the synthesis, purification, and stability study of the islet neogenesis-associated protein peptide (INGAP-P) and analogs. The presentation covers solid phase peptide synthesis of INGAP-P, linear and cyclic analogs. It also discusses reverse-phase HPLC method development for the separation and quantification of peptides in synthetic mixtures, including degradation studies of INGAP-P standards. The goal of the research is to develop purification methods to resolve INGAP-P from crude synthesis mixtures using analytical HPLC instrumentation.
The document provides information on HF cleavage and deprotection from resins. It discusses how HF is used to remove protecting groups from assembled peptides and release the resin. It describes the advantages of HF, materials needed, standard and low-high HF cleavage procedures, strategies to minimize side reactions, and provides examples of cleavage for different peptide sequences.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamine units were successfully synthesized, characterized and reported here. These polymers are highly thermally stable and show variable thermal properties. Successful conver- sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro- cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylation and EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAA moiety and provides an excellent option for application specific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linking behavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied under different reaction conditions. The combination of pro- cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes these polymers suitable for a wide variety of applications including electro-optics, proton exchange membranes and super-hydrophobic applications.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) arylether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamineunits were successfully synthesized, characterized andreported here. These polymers are highly thermally stableand show variable thermal properties. Successful conver-sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro-cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylationand EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAAmoiety and provides an excellent option for applicationspecific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linkingbehavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied underdifferent reaction conditions. The combination of pro-cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes thesepolymers suitable for a wide variety of applicationsincluding electro-optics, proton exchange membranes andsuper-hydrophobic applications.
1) Polyester plant design and engineering is becoming more competitive as new companies enter the market, particularly in China, where domestic Chinese engineering capabilities are growing.
2) Traditional large engineering companies still dominate the largest plants at 800 tons/day or more, while new companies have increased their market share and can build plants up to 600 tons/day.
3) There is a trend toward simplifying polyester processes by reducing the number of steps to cut costs, with some new technologies achieving savings of up to 21% in conversion costs.
The document summarizes a model of the sheet molding process used to produce poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Key points:
- The process involves polymerization first in a batch reactor, then transferring the prepolymer to a mold where further polymerization occurs.
- A computer model was developed to simulate the non-isothermal polymerization in the mold and how temperature variations affect monomer conversion and molecular weight properties.
- The model accounts for spatial temperature gradients in the mold due to heat transfer limitations, as well as volume contraction during polymerization.
- Simulation results showed high monomer conversion in the mold interior due to heat retention, but the wall temperature needs to increase later
While teachers impart knowledge to students, they themselves continue learning through the act of teaching. Seneca recognized that the process of instructing others strengthens one's own understanding, as even those who teach find themselves learning. Teachers grow in wisdom by sharing what they know with their students.
This short Latin phrase document promotes taking action over just using words. It suggests that what is done is more important than what is said. Deeds or actions should speak louder than mere words alone.
This document provides an abstract for a report on ethylene production. It discusses commercial steam cracking technologies used to produce ethylene from naphtha, ethane/propane, including developing technologies like gas-to-ethylene. It examines the costs of producing ethylene from different feedstocks and regional supply and demand. The abstract outlines the major commercial technologies, developments in different regions, and provides an overview of the steam cracking process used for natural gas liquids and naphtha.
Impartial feasibility studies focused on high density polyethylene (HDPE) manufacturing economics, showing CAPEX, OPEX, key process indicators and process diagrams.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/hdpe-production-processes
This document is a report submitted by Siddharth Gupta for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in chemical engineering. The report discusses the design of a reactor for the production of polyester (PET) and compares various routes employed for the esterification of PET. It provides details on the multi-stage PET production process including the reactions, operating conditions, and products of the primary esterifier, high polymerizer, wiped film reactor, and solid state polymerization reactor. The document analyzes the advantages of direct esterification of terephthalic acid over ester interchange for PET production.
Impartial feasibility studies focused on polypropylene (PP) manufacturing economics, showing CAPEX, OPEX, key process indicators and process diagrams.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/pp-production-processes.
Impartial feasibility studies focused on Polyether manufacturing economics, showing CAPEX, OPEX, key process indicators and process diagrams. Know more at www.intratec.us/products/polyether-production-processes
2014 deep research report on global polyethylene terephthalate(pet) industry(...QYResearch
2014 Deep Research Report on Global Polyethylene Terephthalate(PET) Industry
Hard Copy: 2600 USD
PDF Copy (single user): 2600 USD
Global License: 5200USD
Pages: 190
Tables and Figures: 187
Published Date: Nov, 2014
Publisher: QYResearch Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Research Center
Metabolix - PHA Modifiers as Polymeric Plasticizers and Process AidsMetabolix, Inc.
This document discusses using polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as polymeric plasticizers and process aids for PVC. PHAs were found to have similar properties to conventional ethylene copolymer resin modifiers for PVC, including lower migration rates than primary plasticizers like DINP. PHAs are also inherently miscible in PVC, making them easier to process than synthetic modifiers. Additionally, PHAs are fully bio-based and food contact approved, allowing for higher bio-content and a broader range of applications compared to conventional plasticizers.
With the demand for propylene outpacing the current supply levels, the supply assurance for propylene has become challenging. There are issues concerning the shortage of propylene and its impact on the industry. The paper discusses various feasible alternatives with emphasis on the production of GREEN propylene.
The document discusses polyethylene production technologies, including routes for producing polyethylene from natural gas or naphtha, polymerization reactions and techniques, and end user processing methods. It provides details on various low-pressure and high-pressure polymerization licensors and their reactor designs. Key polyethylene grades and their properties are also summarized along with typical applications, global demand trends, and factors affecting prices.
This document provides information on polyethylene production technologies. It discusses the various routes for producing polyethylene from natural gas or naphtha, including steam cracking and extraction & dehydrogenation. Methods of low pressure polyethylene polymerization are also outlined, including solution, slurry, and gas phase processes. Key details are provided on process schemes and licensors for both high pressure LDPE and low pressure HDPE/LLDPE production. Market analysis includes growth rates and demand for different polyethylene grades on a global and local level.
Techno-economic analyses of specific propylene production processes, presenting capital investment breakdown, raw materials consumed and operating costs.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/propylene-production-processes
Braskem's financial performance in the first half of 2003 showed significant improvements over the same period in 2002. Net revenues increased 65% to R$4.4 billion due to higher sales volumes and prices. EBITDA grew 54% to R$855 million as a result of cost optimization efforts and operating efficiencies despite higher raw material costs. Net profit was R$468 million compared to a loss of R$480 million in 1H02, reflecting Braskem's turnaround. Braskem achieved strong operating rates and sales growth, demonstrating its leadership in the Latin American petrochemical market.
Ethylene is a key building block in the petrochemical industry that is produced via various processes including steam cracking of hydrocarbons like ethane and propane. Intratec offers reports on the economics of specific ethylene production processes that examine one-time capital costs, operating costs, raw material consumption, and production costs over four years for a plant in different regions. Each report provides a thorough analysis of the production process, capital investment breakdown, and production cost breakdown.
This study used Aspen HYSYS software to simulate a suspension (slurry) process for producing polyethylene. A loop reactor model mimicked the slurry polymerization process. The effects of increasing the ethylene monomer flow rate on solvent, catalyst, co-monomer, and hydrogen flow rates were examined. The model predicted that increasing the monomer flow rate linearly increased these other process variables. It also showed that a higher monomer flow rate led to greater polyethylene production. However, the model had the limitation of not accounting for temperature and pressure effects on other operating variables.
A project on the Mother plant of Petrochemical Industry.
110 MT per year production capacity of NCP plant at RIL- VMD. Detailed studies on Short residence time Furnaces, Distillation columns, Catalytic converters, heat exchangers etc. calculations made on process parameters and mechanical design aspects.
The document summarizes a model of the sheet molding process used to produce poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Key points:
- The process involves polymerization first in a batch reactor, then transferring the prepolymer to a mold where further polymerization occurs.
- A computer model was developed to simulate the non-isothermal polymerization in the mold and how temperature variations affect monomer conversion and molecular weight properties.
- The model accounts for spatial temperature gradients in the mold due to heat transfer limitations, as well as volume contraction during polymerization.
- Simulation results showed high monomer conversion in the mold interior due to heat retention, but the wall temperature needs to increase later
While teachers impart knowledge to students, they themselves continue learning through the act of teaching. Seneca recognized that the process of instructing others strengthens one's own understanding, as even those who teach find themselves learning. Teachers grow in wisdom by sharing what they know with their students.
This short Latin phrase document promotes taking action over just using words. It suggests that what is done is more important than what is said. Deeds or actions should speak louder than mere words alone.
This document provides an abstract for a report on ethylene production. It discusses commercial steam cracking technologies used to produce ethylene from naphtha, ethane/propane, including developing technologies like gas-to-ethylene. It examines the costs of producing ethylene from different feedstocks and regional supply and demand. The abstract outlines the major commercial technologies, developments in different regions, and provides an overview of the steam cracking process used for natural gas liquids and naphtha.
Impartial feasibility studies focused on high density polyethylene (HDPE) manufacturing economics, showing CAPEX, OPEX, key process indicators and process diagrams.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/hdpe-production-processes
This document is a report submitted by Siddharth Gupta for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in chemical engineering. The report discusses the design of a reactor for the production of polyester (PET) and compares various routes employed for the esterification of PET. It provides details on the multi-stage PET production process including the reactions, operating conditions, and products of the primary esterifier, high polymerizer, wiped film reactor, and solid state polymerization reactor. The document analyzes the advantages of direct esterification of terephthalic acid over ester interchange for PET production.
Impartial feasibility studies focused on polypropylene (PP) manufacturing economics, showing CAPEX, OPEX, key process indicators and process diagrams.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/pp-production-processes.
Impartial feasibility studies focused on Polyether manufacturing economics, showing CAPEX, OPEX, key process indicators and process diagrams. Know more at www.intratec.us/products/polyether-production-processes
2014 deep research report on global polyethylene terephthalate(pet) industry(...QYResearch
2014 Deep Research Report on Global Polyethylene Terephthalate(PET) Industry
Hard Copy: 2600 USD
PDF Copy (single user): 2600 USD
Global License: 5200USD
Pages: 190
Tables and Figures: 187
Published Date: Nov, 2014
Publisher: QYResearch Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Research Center
Metabolix - PHA Modifiers as Polymeric Plasticizers and Process AidsMetabolix, Inc.
This document discusses using polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as polymeric plasticizers and process aids for PVC. PHAs were found to have similar properties to conventional ethylene copolymer resin modifiers for PVC, including lower migration rates than primary plasticizers like DINP. PHAs are also inherently miscible in PVC, making them easier to process than synthetic modifiers. Additionally, PHAs are fully bio-based and food contact approved, allowing for higher bio-content and a broader range of applications compared to conventional plasticizers.
With the demand for propylene outpacing the current supply levels, the supply assurance for propylene has become challenging. There are issues concerning the shortage of propylene and its impact on the industry. The paper discusses various feasible alternatives with emphasis on the production of GREEN propylene.
The document discusses polyethylene production technologies, including routes for producing polyethylene from natural gas or naphtha, polymerization reactions and techniques, and end user processing methods. It provides details on various low-pressure and high-pressure polymerization licensors and their reactor designs. Key polyethylene grades and their properties are also summarized along with typical applications, global demand trends, and factors affecting prices.
This document provides information on polyethylene production technologies. It discusses the various routes for producing polyethylene from natural gas or naphtha, including steam cracking and extraction & dehydrogenation. Methods of low pressure polyethylene polymerization are also outlined, including solution, slurry, and gas phase processes. Key details are provided on process schemes and licensors for both high pressure LDPE and low pressure HDPE/LLDPE production. Market analysis includes growth rates and demand for different polyethylene grades on a global and local level.
Techno-economic analyses of specific propylene production processes, presenting capital investment breakdown, raw materials consumed and operating costs.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/propylene-production-processes
Braskem's financial performance in the first half of 2003 showed significant improvements over the same period in 2002. Net revenues increased 65% to R$4.4 billion due to higher sales volumes and prices. EBITDA grew 54% to R$855 million as a result of cost optimization efforts and operating efficiencies despite higher raw material costs. Net profit was R$468 million compared to a loss of R$480 million in 1H02, reflecting Braskem's turnaround. Braskem achieved strong operating rates and sales growth, demonstrating its leadership in the Latin American petrochemical market.
Ethylene is a key building block in the petrochemical industry that is produced via various processes including steam cracking of hydrocarbons like ethane and propane. Intratec offers reports on the economics of specific ethylene production processes that examine one-time capital costs, operating costs, raw material consumption, and production costs over four years for a plant in different regions. Each report provides a thorough analysis of the production process, capital investment breakdown, and production cost breakdown.
This study used Aspen HYSYS software to simulate a suspension (slurry) process for producing polyethylene. A loop reactor model mimicked the slurry polymerization process. The effects of increasing the ethylene monomer flow rate on solvent, catalyst, co-monomer, and hydrogen flow rates were examined. The model predicted that increasing the monomer flow rate linearly increased these other process variables. It also showed that a higher monomer flow rate led to greater polyethylene production. However, the model had the limitation of not accounting for temperature and pressure effects on other operating variables.
A project on the Mother plant of Petrochemical Industry.
110 MT per year production capacity of NCP plant at RIL- VMD. Detailed studies on Short residence time Furnaces, Distillation columns, Catalytic converters, heat exchangers etc. calculations made on process parameters and mechanical design aspects.
Techno-economic analyses of specific Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI) production processes, presenting capital investment breakdown, raw materials consumed and operating costs.
Know more at www.intratec.us/products/tdi-production-processes
Need for Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium Data Generation of Systems Involving Green...IJERA Editor
Much has been said and written over the years regarding green chemistry concept and use of green solvents. The green solvents can potentially replace the traditional or classical solvents in order to reduce the environment footprint or their harmful impact on human being and/or environment. Vapour-liquid equilibrium data is indispensable for the design of distillation columns for separation processes which account for a large percentage of total costs in a typical chemical plant. Though extensive approach has been made for the replacement of traditional solvents, but not enough consideration been given for vapour-liquid equilibrium data, required for designing separation processes in case of replacement with green solvents. So this paper aims at encouraging vapour-liquid equilibrium data generation for design of efficient separation for binary systems involving ethereal green solvents such as cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) and 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF). A brief review and outline of procedure for generating vapour-liquid equilibrium data is presented here.
This document discusses technologies for producing propylene from naphtha in an economic way with low capital and operating costs. It proposes a new catalytic process called Gasolfin that uses a graded fixed bed reactor system and optimized catalytic system to selectively crack naphtha into propylene with yields between 25-45%. This is an improvement over existing steam cracking and fluid catalytic cracking processes. The key advantages of the Gasolfin process are its ability to efficiently convert paraffinic naphtha feeds into propylene using a simple and low-cost fixed bed reactor design.
EuP is a top-5 filler masterbatch manufacturer located in Vietnam that produces various types of masterbatch products. It has factories in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hanam Province, and Nghe An Province. EuP's products include filler, white, black, color, and other specialty masterbatches. The filler masterbatch is made from high quality calcium carbonate and improves properties such as surface friction, heat stability, toughness, and rigidity for plastics. The document provides details on various masterbatch product lines and their applications in plastics processing and end products.
1. The document describes the operations and processes at Medco Singa CPP, an LNG processing facility in South Sumatra. It separates and purifies natural gas from four wells.
2. The CPP consists of several gas processing units including separation, acid gas removal, and dehydration systems. It also has supporting utilities like thermal fluid and water treatment systems.
3. The raw gas from the wells is processed to meet specifications for delivery to PGN, including reducing CO2 levels from 38% to 4% and H2S from 0.03% to 4 ppm. This is achieved through amine absorption and membrane units in the acid gas removal section.
This document provides details on the process for producing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at a plant. It first introduces CMC and how it is produced through a reaction of monochloroacetic acid with cellulose. It then describes the various process units involved, including a tank farm for storing raw materials, a cellulose preparation area for grinding cellulose, and production lines for technical and purified CMC. Each production line involves various steps like reaction, washing, drying, and packaging. Utilities are also described for supplying materials like steam and water to the various process units.
Syarwan 2009 T E U N G K U C H I K D I T I R O H P S Tobe SentYose Rizal
Tulisan ini membahas hubungan antara Teungku Chik Di Tiro, pahlawan perang Aceh melawan Belanda, dengan Hikayat Prang Sabi, karya sastra yang ditulis untuk mendukung perjuangannya. Hikayat ini dipercaya ditulis oleh Teungku Chik Pante Kulu untuk memberi semangat kepada Teungku Chik Di Tiro. Teungku Chik Di Tiro gugur dalam perang melawan Belanda pada 1891 namun perjuangannya dilanjutkan
This document discusses maximizing profitability of PET production lines through world-scale process design and operations. Some key points:
- PET line sizes have increased dramatically over the past decade from 200 tons/day to 800-1000 tons/day due to economies of scale lowering costs from $900/ton to $200/ton.
- Maximizing equipment utilization, minimizing downtime, maintaining product quality, and efficient grade changes are critical for reducing costs of production.
- Modern solid-state polymerization (SSP) lines are designed for continuous operation like melt plants through preventative maintenance, isolation capabilities, and high-purity nitrogen environments.
- Proper management of process bottlenecks and optimization of
This document summarizes some key teachings from the Bhagavad Gita. It advises not worrying about the past or future, as the present moment is all that exists. It notes that we come into the world with nothing and will leave with nothing, as our bodies are temporary but the soul is eternal. It encourages dedicating all actions to God to find freedom from fear and sorrow.
This short document consists of three words "DIN Do It Now" which appear to be an acronym or motto advocating for taking immediate action without delay on tasks or projects. The document is copyrighted and sourced from the businessballs.com website suggesting its context relates to business or self-improvement.
Surat Al-Lahab (Surat 111) menjelaskan tentang Abu Lahab, paman Nabi Muhammad SAW yang sangat menentang dakwahnya. Surat ini memperingatkan bahwa Abu Lahab dan istrinya akan binasa karena perbuatannya, dan akan masuk neraka. Surat pendek ini menjadi pelajaran bagi mereka yang menentang agama Allah.
The document is a process flow diagram for a proposed biodiesel plant. Raw materials like waste cooking oil, animal fats and processed fatty acid distillate are pre-treated and purified. They are then processed using a transesterification reaction with methanol and KOH catalyst to produce biodiesel and glycerine. The biodiesel undergoes further purification and quality control. Byproducts like glycerine and fertilizers are also produced. Effluents are treated in wastewater and sludge treatment systems before being discharged.
Peraturan Gubernur ini membahas pengelolaan air limbah domestik di DKI Jakarta. Dokumen ini menjelaskan kondisi saat ini di mana sebagian besar rumah tangga mengelola limbah dengan septic tank dan hanya 15% yang menggunakan IPAL. Dampaknya adalah pencemaran tanah dan air. Peraturan ini mengatur kewajiban pengelolaan limbah, persyaratan teknis, dan peran masyarakat untuk mencegah pencemaran.
Thermochemical Processing Of Biomass BrownYose Rizal
The document discusses four thermochemical pathways for converting biomass to renewable fuels and bioproducts: (1) gasification followed by catalytic synthesis of alcohols and hydrocarbons, (2) fast pyrolysis producing bio-oil and char, (3) syngas fermentation using microbes to produce alcohols and acids, and (4) fermenting sugars extracted from bio-oil. Each approach is outlined along with its advantages and disadvantages compared to biochemical and other thermochemical methods. Research teams at Iowa State University are working to develop these thermochemical biorefinery technologies.
1) Cooling tower water quality must be carefully managed to prevent problems like scale formation, corrosion, and biological fouling.
2) Left unattended, the water can support biological growth and corrode or scale equipment. Proper treatment includes monitoring cycles of concentration and blowing down water to control solids levels.
3) Poor water maintenance leads to reduced efficiency from scale, corrosion from deposits, and biological fouling of the cooling tower fill. Water treatment strategies include controlling cycles, inhibiting scale and corrosion, and biocide addition.
This document provides an introduction to polymers (plastics) including:
1) Plastics have only been commonly available for about 100 years but have had an enormous impact on manufacturing and product design.
2) Plastics can be categorized as natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic depending on their source and production method. The most common plastics today are synthetic.
3) Early plastics included natural materials like shellac as well as early semi-synthetic materials like celluloid and bakelite. These paved the way for truly synthetic plastics to be developed in the 1900s and proliferate after World War 2.
The document provides guidance on maintaining the mechanical aspects of cooling towers to keep them running efficiently. It outlines important inspection and maintenance procedures for key components like motors, gear reducers, drive shafts, fans, and water flow paths. Regular inspection and maintenance of these parts is essential to prevent operational problems, downtime, and system failures.
3. Polyethylene Terephthalate
INTRODUCTION
The Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber market over the last decade has been characterized
by a boom in East Asia and bust in most other areas. Older plants in higher cost areas in the
West have been gradually driven out of production by modern, highly competitive producers in
East Asia. Within East Asia, producers in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan themselves face
competitive pressure from the snowballing industry in China, which benefits from lower labor
cost, and now accounts for just over half of global polyester fiber production.
PET may be produced from ethylene glycol and either dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) or
terephthalic acid. High purity is required of all raw materials. In either case, the first step of the
reaction is the formation of a prepolymer, bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (bis-HET). Subsequent
polymerization of this material (with the removal of ethylene glycol) forms the polymeric
polyethylene terephthalate. The extent of polymerization (apparent from the molecular weight of
the polymer) is a function of the polymerization conditions and significantly affects the
properties of the resin that is produced.
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY
Until the mid-1960s, DMT had been the preferred feedstock for PET manufacture, partly
because the ester could generally be made in purer form than the acid. With the development of
high-purity terephthalic acid processes, notably by Amoco, the free acid gained acceptance and
is now the preferred feedstock. The use of high purity terephthalic acid (purified terephthalic
acid - PTA) eliminates the need to recover or recycle methanol and has the added advantage that
esterification to the prepolymer is considerably more rapid than the transesterification reaction,
which is the first step when starting from DMT. Since the DMT process is still in commercial
use, its chemistry is included in this report; however, no process description or economics are
presented.
Conventional Melt/Ssp Technology
When starting with terephthalic acid (TPA), the first step in the polymerization sequence is an
esterification rather than a transesterification:
CHEMSYSTEMS PERP PROGRAM 1
Report Abstract – Polyethylene Terephthalate 07/08-5
www.chemsystems.com
PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4105
4. Polyethylene Terephthalate
Note that water, rather than methanol, is liberated in the process, which simplifies the recovery
facilities. The major breakthrough in the technology of this reaction involved operating at
pressures above atmospheric and temperatures greater than the normal boiling point of glycol, to
achieve shorter reaction times.
Whether TPA or DMT is the starting material, the second step in the polymerization sequence,
polycondensation of bishydroxethyl terephthalate, is the same.
Process Description
The conventional PET process consists of two discrete plant sections; the melt phase reaction to
lower intrinsic viscosity product that is suitable for textile applications, but not for bottle grade
and other high molecular weight applications. That lower intrinsic viscosity material is then
further polymerized to bottle-grade intrinsic viscosity in a solid-state polymerization section.
[Note that intrinsic viscosity (as well as molecular weight) indicates the degree of
polymerization, which in turn is the main factor in setting the properties of PET.]
A flow sheet for a typical generic continuous PTA-based bis-HET process is given,
including provisions for the optional feeding of comonomers such as IPA (isophthalic
acid), CHDM (cyclohexane dimethanol), and DEG (diethylene glycol), as well as a brief
description of the esterification of PTA to bis-HET.
A process flow sheet for the polycondensation system is presented, as well as a brief
description of this section of the process.
The polymer chips from the polycondensation step are further polymerized in the
solid-state to yield PET chips with higher intrinsic viscosities. A process flow sheet and
brief description for continuous solid-state polymerization is presented.
A flowsheet and brief description for the purification of the byproduct ethylene glycol is
given.
CHEMSYSTEMS PERP PROGRAM 2
Report Abstract – Polyethylene Terephthalate 07/08-5
www.chemsystems.com
PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4105
5. Polyethylene Terephthalate
ALTERNATIVE COMMERCIAL PROCESSES
Uhde Inventa-Fischer MTR
Uhde Inventa-Fischer (UIF) offers what they claim is the latest proven technology based on its
innovative 2-reactor technology for the polyester polycondensation. The newly developed melt
to preform (MTP®), melt to resin (MTR®) process is claimed to significantly reduce the
production costs for preforms or bottle grade chips. The design features their DISCAGE®
Finisher, which handles the required medium and high-viscosity polymer without further solid
stating.
A process description and simplified process flow diagram of the UIF 2R process for
bottle-resin chips is presented
UIF’s Two-Reactor technology can also be designed to produce resin directly to preforms
(MTP®). A brief description and sketch of the MTP® process is given, as well as a
schematic showing the plant configuration for a 100 thousand metric ton per year plant
with details of the preform machines.
Aquafil/Buhler S-HIP Combined Design
The combination of melt phase (CP) and solid-state polycondensation (SSP) in the production of
PET bottles has proven to be a technically reliable and commercially successful technology. SSP
is the best way to achieve PET bottles with low levels of acetaldehyde. The new S-HIP process
(Solid High-Intrinsic Viscosity Polycondensation) improves on conventional technology by
shifting the process balance away from CP toward SSP.
The CP/S-HIP concept is described and schematically illustrated.
For PET resin, the Aquafil 1-reactor melt design is proposed to feed a section than can
further polymerize the polyester to a final PET bottle resin intrinsic viscosity level. This
arrangement is described and illustrated.
M&G EasyUp™
M&G has developed an SSP technology improvement called EasyUp™ that it claims simplifies
the process and the plant layout, lowering both the capital cost and the operating cost.
A brief comparison between EasyUp™ and conventional technology is presented in
tabulated form.
Zimmer DHI (Direct High Intrinsic Viscosity Process)
Lurgi Zimmer has developed a process called the Direct High Intrinsic Viscosity Process (DHI)
that eliminates solid stating (SSP) and the production of melt chips.
The Lurgi Zimmer DHI Four Reactor Configuration is described and illustrated
schematically.
Capital and raw material costs comparison with conventional plant (melt phase plus SSP)
is briefly presented in tabulated form.
CHEMSYSTEMS PERP PROGRAM 3
Report Abstract – Polyethylene Terephthalate 07/08-5
www.chemsystems.com
PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4105
6. Polyethylene Terephthalate
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
Eastman Integrex™
Eastman recently announced an innovation in the polyester chain called IntegRex™, that
promises savings compared to conventional para-xylene to polyester resin technology. Eastman
has built a 350 000 metric ton integrated PET manufacturing facility using this new technology.
The process is described with schematic illustrations
ECONOMICS
Cost of production estimates for the following are presented:
Production of melt-phase PET resin from conventional technology
Production of PET resin by the combined Aquafil melt/Buhler S-HIP SSP processes
Production of PET resin by the UIF MTR process
Production of PET resin by the Lurgi Zimmer DHI process
Nexant has incorporated the suggested Eastman developments into an estimated,
grass-roots PET plant. Nexant has examined two cases:
1. A stand-alone IntegRex ™ PET plant with the pipe-reactor design, and
2. A pipe-reactor PET plant integrated with a PTA plant (Eastman’s EPTA
technology) with improvements cited in patents.
COMMERCIAL ANALYSIS
Fiber producers have for some time been converting older plants to PET bottle grade production
by adding SSP capacity, in order to escape the more difficult market conditions in the fibers
industry. This is still ongoing in certain areas, although the amount of remaining capacity that
could be converted to competitive PET resin capacity is minimal relative to the amount of new
capacity expected.
Considering the United States, PET Melt Phase has two major outlets: PET resin for packaging
applications and polyester fiber for textiles. PET resin, or bottle grade, is one of the fastest
growing plastics markets. Polyester fiber is the second largest segment, but the market is
mature. The third use, film, is also a mature market, as shown in the Figure below.
CHEMSYSTEMS PERP PROGRAM 4
Report Abstract – Polyethylene Terephthalate 07/08-5
www.chemsystems.com
PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4105
7. Polyethylene Terephthalate
U.S. PET Consumption by Derivative, 2008
(Weight percent)
Film
5%
Fiber
29%
PET Bottle Grade
66%
Q109_00101.0008.4105_Charts.xlsFigure 5.1
Tables giving extensive listings of PET melt capacity by specific plant, location,
company and process are given
Supply and demand trade data are given and briefly discussed for the United States,
Western Europe, and China
CHEMSYSTEMS PERP PROGRAM 5
Report Abstract – Polyethylene Terephthalate 07/08-5
www.chemsystems.com
PERP ABSTRACTS 2009 00101.0008.4105
8. Nexant, Inc.
San Francisco
London
Tokyo
Bangkok
New York
Washington
Houston
Phoenix
Madison
Boulder
Dusseldorf
Beijing
Shanghai
Paris
www.chemsystems.com