This document discusses surgical site infections, including: - Surgical site infections are infections that occur within 30 days of a surgical procedure. They are classified as superficial, deep, or organ/space infections. - Risk factors for surgical site infections include patient factors like diabetes, obesity, and immunosuppression as well as surgical factors like procedure duration and antibiotic prophylaxis. - Proper operating room environment, surgical attire/drapes, aseptic technique and administration of preoperative antibiotics can help prevent surgical site infections. Postoperative incision care and discharge planning are also important.

1. Dr Sushil Dhungel
Assist. Professor
Department of Surgery
KIST MCTH

2. Surgical Site Infection
• Surgical wound
Infection =< 30 days
of surgery (or within
a year in the case of
implants)
• 3rd most common
nosocomial infection

3. Classification
 Superficial
 Deep
 Organ/space

4. Superficial incisional surgical
site infections
 < 30 days of
procedure
 involve only the skin or
subcutaneous tissue
around the incision.

5. 1. Stitch abscess (minimal inflammation and
discharge confined to the points of suture
penetration).
2. Infection of an episiotomy or newborn
circumcision site.
3. Infected burn wound.
Non- SSI:

7. Deep incisional surgical
site infections
 < 30 days of procedure (or
one year in the case of
implants)
 are related to the procedure
 involve deep soft tissues,
such as the fascia and
muscles.

10. Further Classification
• According to Etiology
a) Primary
The wound is the primary site of
infection
b)Secondary
Infection arises following a complication
that is not directly related to wound

11. • According to Time
a) Early
Infection presents within 30 days of
procedure
b) Intermediate
Occurs between one and three months
c) Late
Presents more than three months after
surgery

12. • According to Severity
a) Minor
Wound infection is described as minor
when there is discharge without cellulitis or
deep tissue destruction
b) Major
When there is pus discharge with tissue
breakdown , Partial or total dehiscence of
the deep fascial layers of wound or if
systemic illness is present.

14. Pathogenesis
Virulence
Bacterial dose
Impaired
host resistance

15. Risk Factors
 Surgical factors
 Patient-specific factors
local
systemic

16. Surgical Risk Factors
 Type of procedure
 Degree of contamination
 Duration of operation
 Urgency of operation
 skin preparation
 operating room environment
 Antibiotic prophylaxis
EWMA Journal 2005; 5(2): 11-15.

17. Patient Risk Factors
 Local:
 High bacterial load
 Wound hematoma
 Necrotic tissue
 Foreign body
 Obesity
 Systemic:
 Advanced age
 Shock
 Diabetes
 Malnutrition
 Alcoholism
 Steroids
 Chemotherapy
 Immuno-compromise
 Nicotine use
 Hospital stay 
 Transfusion

18.  Diabetes
 Controversial
 Patients underwent CABG
@ Increasing levels of HbA1c and SSI rates
@ Increased glucose levels (>200 mg/dL)
 Nicotine use
 Delays primary wound healing
 Increase the risk of SSI
 Steroid use
 Controversial

19.  Malnutrition
 Theoretical arguments: increase the SSI risk
 Two randomized clinical trials: preoperative
“nutritional therapy” did not reduce incisional and
organ/space SSI risk.
 Prolonged preoperative hospital stay
 Preoperative nares colonization with S. aureus
Mupirocin ointment: Controversial
 Perioperative transfusion
 No scientific basis

20. Preop factors
 Preoperative antiseptic showering
 Preoperative hair removal
 Patient skin preparation in the operating room
 Preoperative hand/forearm antisepsis
 Antimicrobial prophylaxis

21.  Preoperative antiseptic showering
 Decreases skin microbial colony counts
 No evidance of benefit to reduce SSI rates
 Preoperative hair removal
 Shaving:
@ immediately before the operation: SSI rates 3.1%
@ shaving within 24 hours preoperatively: 7.1%
@ having performed >24 hours: SSI rate > 20%.
 Depilatories:
@ lower SSI risk than shaving or clipping
@ hypersensitivity reactions

22.  Patient skin preparation in the operating room
 Most common used: Alcohol solutions
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Iodophors
 Preoperative hand/forearm antisepsis

23. Antimicrobial prophylaxis
1. Administer a prophylactic antimicrobial agent only when indicated, and
select it based on its efficacy agains the most common pathogens causing
SSI for a specifi operation and published recommendations.Category IA
2. Administer by the intravenous route the initialdose of prophylactic
antimicrobial agent, timed such that a bactericidal concentration of the drug
is established in serum and tissues when the incision is made. Maintain
therapeutic levels of the agent in serum and tissues throughout the
operation and until, at most, a few hours after the incision is closed in the
operating room. Category IA
3. Before elective colorectal operations in addition to d2 above, mechanically
prepare the colon by use of enemas and cathartic agents. Administer
nonabsorbable oral antimicrobial agents in divided doses on the day before
the operation. Category IA
4. For high-risk cesarean section, administer the prophylactic antimicrobial
agent immediately after the umbilical cord is clamped. Category IA
5. Do not routinely use vancomycin for antimicrobial prophylaxis. Category IB

24. Prophylactic antibiotics
• Class 1 = Clean
• Class 2 = Clean contaminated
• Class 3 = Contaminated
• Class 4 = Dirty infected
Prophylactic
antibiotics
indicated
Therapeutic antibiotics

25. Wound
Classification
Antibiotic PCN Allergy
I
1st generation
Cephalosporin
Vancomycin
Clindamycin
II-Biliary,GU,
Upper Digestive
1st generation
Cephalosporin
Vancomycin
Clindamycin
II-Distal
Digestive
2nd generation
Cephalosporin
Aztreonam and
Clindamycin/Flagyl
III/IV Generally Therapeutic

26. Operative characteristics
• Operating room environment
• Surgical attire and drapes
• Asepsis and surgical technique

27.  Operating room environment
 Ventilation
@ Positive pressure with respect to corridors and
adjacent areas
 Environmental surfaces
@ Rarely implicated as the sources of pathogens
important in the development of SSIs.
@ Important to perform routine cleaning of these surfaces
 Conventional sterilization of surgical instruments
@ Inadequate sterilization of surgical instruments has
resulted in SSI outbreaks

28.  Surgical attire and drapes
 The use of barriers:
@ patient: minimize exposure to the skin, mucous
membranes, or hair of surgical team members
@ surgical team members: protect from exposure to
blood and bloodborne pathogens.
 Asepsis and surgical technique
 Rigorous adherence to the principles of asepsis by all scrubbed
personnel
 Excellent surgical technique: reduce the risk of SSI.
 Drains: increase incisional SSI risk.

29. Postoperative issues
• Incision care
–  The type of postoperative incision care
– closed primarily: the incision is usually covered
– with a sterile dressing for 24 to 48 hours.
– left open to be closed later: the incision is packed
– with a sterile dressing.
– left open to heal by second intention: packed with
– sterile moist gauze and covered with a sterile
– dressing.

30.  Efflux of purulent material and pus
 Fascia is intact:
debridement
Irrigated with N/S and
packed to its base with saline-moistened gauze
 Fascia separated: drainage or reoperation
 Most SSIs: healing by secondary intention
Treatment

31.  The intent of discharge planning:
 maintain integrity of the healing incision,
 educate the patient about the signs and symptoms
of infection,
 advise the patient about whom to contact to report
any problems.
When to Discharge ???

32. Thank You