Oserian is a leading flower farm in Kenya that produces a wide variety of roses, carnations, fillers and other flowers. They have introduced many new varieties like the thornless rose "Hotblood" and spray carnation "Promesa" which won an award. The farm utilizes sustainable practices and has consistent year-round production of flowers in various colors, sizes, and vase lifespans. Oserian is a leader in the floral industry in Africa.
This document discusses congenital anophthalmia and recent advances in its management. It describes how the introduction of hydrogel socket expanders and orbital expanders has modified the rehabilitation approach. The goals of treatment are to simultaneously expand soft tissues and orbital bones to replace lost volume, maintain orbital structure, and allow prosthesis motility. Various types of orbital implants and expanders are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines for successful socket reconstruction with adequate volume, fornices, eyelid tone and prosthesis motility and comfort are provided.
This document discusses melanoma and its characteristics. It notes that pigmentation is a hallmark of melanoma. Features suggestive of melanoma include changes in existing pigmented lesions or presence of irregular, asymmetrical, or multiple colored lesions over 6mm in diameter. Risk factors include white race, older age, and intense sunlight exposure. Pathology shows anaplastic malignant melanocytic cells. Types include lesions arising from nevi or de novo. Diagnosis and treatment options are also summarized.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT operates similarly to ultrasound imaging except that it uses light instead of sound waves. The OCT scan provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina by identifying layers and measuring thickness. It can detect various pathological structures and abnormalities and is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like glaucoma. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea and anterior chamber.
This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy, including its risk factors, pathogenesis, classification, signs, investigations, and treatments. It notes that diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina from high blood sugar levels over time. The main risk factors are duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, pregnancy, and other systemic diseases. The document describes the classification of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to more severe proliferative stages. Key signs and investigations are also outlined, along with medical, laser, and surgical therapy options.
The limbus is the transitional zone between the sclera and cornea. Lesions of the limbus can be classified as congenital, inflammatory, allergic, vascular, traumatic, degenerative, nutritional, neoplastic, or miscellaneous. Common limbal lesions include dermoids, dermolipomas, raised nevi, episcleritis, scleritis, phlyctenules, vernal catarrh, ophthalmia nodosa, hemangiomas, granulomas, implantation cysts, pinguecula, cystic pterygium, papillomas, squamous cell carcinoma, and primary melanoma. The document provides details on characteristics, causes, and treatment of various limbal
1) The document discusses various malignant eyelid tumours including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, melanoma, and rare tumours.
2) It describes the clinical features, risk factors, histology, signs and symptoms, and treatment options for each tumour type.
3) Reconstruction after tumour excision depends on the extent of tissue removed and may involve techniques such as direct closure, flaps, or free grafts to reconstruct the posterior or anterior lamellae as needed.
Oserian is a leading flower farm in Kenya that produces a wide variety of roses, carnations, fillers and other flowers. They have introduced many new varieties like the thornless rose "Hotblood" and spray carnation "Promesa" which won an award. The farm utilizes sustainable practices and has consistent year-round production of flowers in various colors, sizes, and vase lifespans. Oserian is a leader in the floral industry in Africa.
This document discusses congenital anophthalmia and recent advances in its management. It describes how the introduction of hydrogel socket expanders and orbital expanders has modified the rehabilitation approach. The goals of treatment are to simultaneously expand soft tissues and orbital bones to replace lost volume, maintain orbital structure, and allow prosthesis motility. Various types of orbital implants and expanders are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines for successful socket reconstruction with adequate volume, fornices, eyelid tone and prosthesis motility and comfort are provided.
This document discusses melanoma and its characteristics. It notes that pigmentation is a hallmark of melanoma. Features suggestive of melanoma include changes in existing pigmented lesions or presence of irregular, asymmetrical, or multiple colored lesions over 6mm in diameter. Risk factors include white race, older age, and intense sunlight exposure. Pathology shows anaplastic malignant melanocytic cells. Types include lesions arising from nevi or de novo. Diagnosis and treatment options are also summarized.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses infrared light to generate high-resolution cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT operates similarly to ultrasound imaging except that it uses light instead of sound waves. The OCT scan provides qualitative and quantitative analysis of the retina by identifying layers and measuring thickness. It can detect various pathological structures and abnormalities and is useful for diagnosing and monitoring diseases like glaucoma. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea and anterior chamber.
This document summarizes diabetic retinopathy, including its risk factors, pathogenesis, classification, signs, investigations, and treatments. It notes that diabetic retinopathy is caused by damage to the small blood vessels in the retina from high blood sugar levels over time. The main risk factors are duration of diabetes, poor blood sugar control, pregnancy, and other systemic diseases. The document describes the classification of diabetic retinopathy from mild non-proliferative to more severe proliferative stages. Key signs and investigations are also outlined, along with medical, laser, and surgical therapy options.
The limbus is the transitional zone between the sclera and cornea. Lesions of the limbus can be classified as congenital, inflammatory, allergic, vascular, traumatic, degenerative, nutritional, neoplastic, or miscellaneous. Common limbal lesions include dermoids, dermolipomas, raised nevi, episcleritis, scleritis, phlyctenules, vernal catarrh, ophthalmia nodosa, hemangiomas, granulomas, implantation cysts, pinguecula, cystic pterygium, papillomas, squamous cell carcinoma, and primary melanoma. The document provides details on characteristics, causes, and treatment of various limbal
1) The document discusses various malignant eyelid tumours including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, melanoma, and rare tumours.
2) It describes the clinical features, risk factors, histology, signs and symptoms, and treatment options for each tumour type.
3) Reconstruction after tumour excision depends on the extent of tissue removed and may involve techniques such as direct closure, flaps, or free grafts to reconstruct the posterior or anterior lamellae as needed.
Cataract formation is commonly caused by blunt trauma to the eye and can result in flower-shaped opacities in the lens. Subluxation or dislocation of the lens may also occur due to trauma tearing the suspensory ligament. A cataract surgery may be needed to remove a visually significant cataract caused by trauma or other conditions like uveitis. Special considerations for surgery include damage to other ocular tissues, retained foreign bodies, inflammation, and zonular dehiscence.
Rods contain the visual pigment rhodopsin, which consists of the protein opsin bound to the chromophore retinal. Rhodopsin absorbs blue light at 500nm and allows rods to function in low light conditions. Rods are more numerous and sensitive to light than cones, allowing vision in dim environments. When shifting from light to dark, the processes of pigment regeneration and phototransduction take place over 30 minutes to restore night vision through the visual pigment rhodopsin in rods. Nyctalopia, or night blindness, can result from vitamin A deficiency or other causes that impair rod function.
This document describes various instruments used in ophthalmic examinations including retinoscopes, trial frames, Placido's disc, Maddox wing and rod, lenses, occluders, pin holes, and stenopic slits. It provides details on how each instrument is constructed and its purpose in examining patients, determining refractive error, and testing for conditions like keratoconus and heterophoria.
This document provides guidance on drawing corneal pathology as a method for standardized documentation, follow-up, teaching, and lower cost compared to photography. It outlines color-coding conventions for different corneal features and structures: black for scars, sutures, etc.; blue for edema; yellow for infiltrates; green for defects and staining; red for blood vessels; and brown for pigments. Detailed instructions are given for depicting the frontal and slit views of the cornea, including dimensions, landmarks, and representations of specific conditions. Following a systematic clock-hour approach is emphasized for accurate drawings.
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
This document provides guidance on interpreting visual field tests. It outlines the key steps which include checking patient and test data, obtaining a general impression, observing defects and curves, and reviewing statistics. Various plots and indices are described that analyze retinal sensitivity values, compare them to normal values, and evaluate for abnormalities. Global indices like mean deviation and pattern standard deviation reduce the field data into single numbers. The reliability and quality of the test are also important to evaluate. Factors like eye conditions, testing procedures, and artifacts can influence results.
This document provides information on angle closure glaucoma, including its causes, risk factors, stages, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Angle closure glaucoma results from obstruction of the aqueous outflow pathway due to apposition or adhesion of the iris to the trabecular meshwork. It is more common in individuals with anatomically narrow anterior chamber angles and certain ethnic groups. Treatment involves lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser procedures such as peripheral iridotomy or iridoplasty, or incisional surgeries like goniosynechialysis or trabeculectomy if needed.
Fluorescein is an orange/red synthetic powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. It has various medical applications, most notably in ophthalmology. When applied topically or injected intravenously, it allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal circulation through fluorescein angiography. This diagnostic technique involves taking photographs at intervals after injection to examine blood flow and detect conditions like macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Fluorescein is also used in tests for corneal abrasions, dry eye, tear drainage problems, and measuring intraocular pressure.
Cataract formation is commonly caused by blunt trauma to the eye and can result in flower-shaped opacities in the lens. Subluxation or dislocation of the lens may also occur due to trauma tearing the suspensory ligament. A cataract surgery may be needed to remove a visually significant cataract caused by trauma or other conditions like uveitis. Special considerations for surgery include damage to other ocular tissues, retained foreign bodies, inflammation, and zonular dehiscence.
Rods contain the visual pigment rhodopsin, which consists of the protein opsin bound to the chromophore retinal. Rhodopsin absorbs blue light at 500nm and allows rods to function in low light conditions. Rods are more numerous and sensitive to light than cones, allowing vision in dim environments. When shifting from light to dark, the processes of pigment regeneration and phototransduction take place over 30 minutes to restore night vision through the visual pigment rhodopsin in rods. Nyctalopia, or night blindness, can result from vitamin A deficiency or other causes that impair rod function.
This document describes various instruments used in ophthalmic examinations including retinoscopes, trial frames, Placido's disc, Maddox wing and rod, lenses, occluders, pin holes, and stenopic slits. It provides details on how each instrument is constructed and its purpose in examining patients, determining refractive error, and testing for conditions like keratoconus and heterophoria.
This document provides guidance on drawing corneal pathology as a method for standardized documentation, follow-up, teaching, and lower cost compared to photography. It outlines color-coding conventions for different corneal features and structures: black for scars, sutures, etc.; blue for edema; yellow for infiltrates; green for defects and staining; red for blood vessels; and brown for pigments. Detailed instructions are given for depicting the frontal and slit views of the cornea, including dimensions, landmarks, and representations of specific conditions. Following a systematic clock-hour approach is emphasized for accurate drawings.
This document provides information on rhegmatogenous retinal detachment including:
- The pathogenesis which involves vitreoretinal traction from liquefaction of the vitreous gel creating a hole that allows fluid into the subretinal space.
- Symptoms include photopsia, floaters, and visual field defects.
- Signs include Marcus Gunn pupil, low intraocular pressure, retinal breaks, and mild iritis.
- Treatment options depend on factors like location and size of retinal break, state of vitreous gel, and include laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, scleral buckling, pneumatic retinopexy, and drainage of subretinal fluid in
This document provides guidance on interpreting visual field tests. It outlines the key steps which include checking patient and test data, obtaining a general impression, observing defects and curves, and reviewing statistics. Various plots and indices are described that analyze retinal sensitivity values, compare them to normal values, and evaluate for abnormalities. Global indices like mean deviation and pattern standard deviation reduce the field data into single numbers. The reliability and quality of the test are also important to evaluate. Factors like eye conditions, testing procedures, and artifacts can influence results.
This document provides information on angle closure glaucoma, including its causes, risk factors, stages, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Angle closure glaucoma results from obstruction of the aqueous outflow pathway due to apposition or adhesion of the iris to the trabecular meshwork. It is more common in individuals with anatomically narrow anterior chamber angles and certain ethnic groups. Treatment involves lowering intraocular pressure through medications, laser procedures such as peripheral iridotomy or iridoplasty, or incisional surgeries like goniosynechialysis or trabeculectomy if needed.
Fluorescein is an orange/red synthetic powder that is soluble in water and alcohol. It has various medical applications, most notably in ophthalmology. When applied topically or injected intravenously, it allows visualization of the retinal and choroidal circulation through fluorescein angiography. This diagnostic technique involves taking photographs at intervals after injection to examine blood flow and detect conditions like macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. Fluorescein is also used in tests for corneal abrasions, dry eye, tear drainage problems, and measuring intraocular pressure.