The document provides guidance on an effective approach to English writing for students pursuing a master's degree. It outlines the teacher's communicative task-based approach and emphasizes learning essential notions and functions of English writing through practical tasks. Students are expected to actively participate in classroom activities and complete written assignments outside of class to develop competence in medical English writing. The final evaluation will consider attendance, participation, assignments, and exam performance. The teacher hopes students have a fruitful learning experience in the course.

1. An approach to successful English writing
Ladies and gentlemen,
First of all, I’d like to extend my sincere congratulations to your success of sitting here as a
candidate of Master degree which results from your great efforts of years.
This is the first time that we have met here for my English writing course. It is also a
beginning of new experience, a new leaf of your life, of which you may have good reasons to
cherish many wonderful wishes and expectations.
It is pleasing that you are no longer to be supposed to learn just for passing some kind of
compulsory exam, such as CET Band 6, though all of you will have to write a conventional
composition in your finals. You come here mainly for something practical, useful and necessary in
your future career, written skills of English communication. You come here to learn more about
English writing, to polish what you have commanded and to enhance your current writing
proficiency. You may want to be able to write an English medical paper to publish your findings,
an English abstract for your Chinese article, or an English report to your foreign colleagues on
your recent project. Some of you will sit for the English entrance examination for medical doctoral
candidates. I will try to meet these different needs with something that I call essential notions and
functions （意念功能）of English writing.
The proficiency of English writing is a very broad concept which involves not only many
notions （意念） but also countless communicative functions. If we say someone is good at
English writing, we actually mean that he is capable of expressing some notions and his English
writing skills are just sufficient to perform the needed functions. In this sense, to learn English
writing is to learn the skills needed to express one’s specific notions and functions. From the point
of view of linguistic communication, to write is to perform many specific communicative tasks of
expressing necessary notions and completing necessary functions. It seems that communicative
notions and functions are too various and too great in number, but we should know that they are
not equally important, useful, essential, practical, or necessary for us. The most essential and
frequently used ones are limited in number but enable us to perform the majority of our
communicative tasks. What we are going to learn and try to command are essential notions and
functions （意念功能）of English writing.
To make a good beginning, you should first know what I am going to do and what you are
going to do with this course.
I am not going to conduct my course in a traditional way. I am not going to make me speak
all the time on the platform and you just sit and listen down there as well as make daydreams. I am
going to base my course on my teaching experience and findings of ages, on the theory of task-
based communicative approach.
I am no longer a teacher in a traditional sense, one who dominates the classroom because he
teaches his students what he knows but they do not know. I am going to be a guide who is just able
to help you with what I know but you do not know, or are not good at, to acquire what you need to
know.
The first thing you are going to do is to attend my classes. Attendance is compulsory no
matter how skillful you are at English writing. If you are a proficient writer, you can make
contributions to the course by helping me and your classmates. Class activities are centered round
practical communicative tasks which you are supposed to get involved. Class participation is
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2. encouraged and so part of the classroom time will be devoted to it.
Next you are going to perform and complete written communicative tasks assigned by me.
They will take you lots of time out of class if you want to do a good job. In this way, I will show
you how you can really master what you need in your future written communication and develop
competence in medical English writing by yourselves.
Classroom time will be devoted to illustration, explanation, discussion, group work, and
students’ participation. Classroom activities will be decided not only by me but also by you. Part
of the contents of the course has been prepared by me in advance but part of the contents is going
to be decided by you, by what you do and by how you perform the tasks. As a result of this
arrangement, different classes will have different tasks or contents.
Assignments must be submitted to a designated e-mail address where they will be recorded
and checked. A special exercise-book and computer work are necessary.
The final exam is based on what we have done in class, and the final evaluation is based on
attendance, classroom participation, assignment and final exam.
I hope all of you will have a wonderful and fruitful time in the next four months being with
me. I hope you will find a successful approach to English writing.
Last, I’d like to ask for your understanding and tolerance for my lack of personal attention,
for I am overloaded with 22 periods a week and more than 1000 students to be attended in writing.
A、应试要点
一
写文章摘要，最忌讳逐字逐句地翻译汉语原文中的一些句子。不幸的是，许多考生往往
这么做，尤其喜欢翻译第一句，这是因为他们不得写文章摘要的要领。在英语写作水平还没
有到达高级程度的情况下，死译的结果就是写出来的东西错误百出，让人不忍卒读。由于时
间和英语水平的限制，许多考生翻译的句子往往是东一句西一句，写出来的摘要没有逻辑
杂乱无章，成绩自然不会好。写好摘要的要点是：
.1 文摘写作成功的关键的第一点。总结出原文的中心思想。拿到原文，不要马上动
笔，要用 5――10 分钟对原文进行再加工。这点非常重要，考生千万要记住。首先，
看看阐述的是什么事物或事情，也就是文章的主题。看看是说明或描写事物的客观
性质、作用、特征、前因后果、过程、意义、及方法，还是表明对事物的主观看法与态
度。这样，找出作者的主要观点或论点。其次，看看作者是如何表达他的中心思想
的，是描述、说明、比较、例证、定义、还是分类，并找出主要的论点。这里特别要注
意的是，由于中文写作的散点思维的特点或者作者的思维素质，医学博士生英语
入学考试所节选的中文文章，往往显得内容杂乱、观点不明，条理不清，很难总结。
但无论如何，考生必须总结出一个条理大致清楚的、有若干主要论点支持的中心思
想来。再加工是关键。在总结的过程中，考生可以将原文中的带有结论性的重要句
子用笔划出来，帮助自己整理思想。近年来写作考试反映出来的考生的一个最大问
题是，写出来的东西杂乱无章，东一句西一句，大大影响了考生作文的得分。记住，
一定要使你写出来的摘要有一个明确中心思想，语句要连贯，有逻辑。
.2 文摘写作成功的关键的第二点。尽管时间很紧张，但还是最好写出一个粗略
的非常简单的汉语提纲和中心思想，形式不拘。汉语提纲和中心思想必须简单。语
言和思想都要简单，否则考生无法用简单的规范的英语表达出来。可以说，总结再
加工就是简化。考生要时刻想象，你的短文的读者是小学三年级的学生，你写出的
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3. 东西要让他们明白。做到这一点，考生要摆脱原文语句的影响和束缚，因为那是为
成年人看的。
.3 文摘写作成功的关键的第三点。汉语提纲和中心思想必须要有足够的概括性和
总结性。概括性和总结性的语句往往是原文中没有的，需要考生自己写出来。许多
考生往往受原文语句的影响和束缚，爱用原文中的一些语句，这样写出来的话缺
乏概括性和总结性，影响了摘要的质量。
.4 文摘写作成功的关键的第四点。说你会说的。同一篇文章，不同人有不同的概括
和总结；同一个意念，不同人有不同的语言表达。所以，文摘写作是允许有合理的
个人再加工的差异的。考生在选择表达的语句时，要考虑自己的英语表达能力。也
就是说，考生要尽量展示自己会的东西，尽量用有把握的表达方式表达原文的意
思，或者说，尽量把原文的意思往自己掌握的句型上靠。
在以后的实战练习部分，将用例证说明如何写出粗略的非常简单的汉语提纲和中心思
想。
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考生在进行英语写作时，往往是先用汉语思维，再经过一个翻译转换的过程，表达成
英语的。这样写出的英语毫无疑问地会受到汉语语句的表达方式的影响。面对一篇汉语原文
时，情况就更是如此了。中国学生的英语写作中出现的种种毛病，根源就在此。然而，英语
思维的能力，或者说习惯，决不是一年半载能够培养出来的。那么，考生首先要做到的是，
有意识地尽量克服汉语语句对自己英语语句写作的束缚和不良影响。头脑中出现的要写成英
语的汉语语句，不能基本上字对字地直接转换成英语的语句。要找一个规范的符合英语思维
表达习惯的英语句型，来表达大体相当的意思。字面上不要相等，但只要意思或者说意念大
体相同就行了。这是一个从汉语思维到英语思维的过渡阶段，这种过渡能力就是我们考生应
该慢慢培养的能力和习惯。有了这种能力和习惯，考生写出的英语才能象英语，才基本规范。
考生怎样才能培养和运用这种过渡能力呢？
就目前考生的水平而言，我们提出一条很实用很奏效的建议，希望考生牢记心中，尤
其是在开始阶段以及考试的时候，那就是，写你会写的，不要写你想写的。这一点前面
提到过，这里再详细说明。
出现在考生头脑中的，首先是具有成人特点的地道的汉语思维的语句，把这种语句直
接写成英语，难度很大，结果往往弄巧成拙、适得其反、出力不讨好。我们需要把具有成人思
维特点的地道的汉语的语句转换成具有儿童思维特点的简单的汉语语句，再转换成我们能
够掌握和表达的规范的简单英语，这样就容易多了。
具体到医学博士生英语入学考试的摘要写作，要做到“写你会写的，不要写你想写
的”， 有两个技巧。一是规避，二是变通。下面举例说明规避。
规避不仅仅是因为意思及语句复杂，难以用英语表达，而且因为其意思及语句不属于
主要论点，避而不谈之后，对中心思想的完整性影响不大。例如：
在 97 年的考题中，“碳水化合物是最主要也是最经济的功能营养素。1 克碳水化合物能
提供的热量为 16.7 千焦。蛋白质的供热量虽与碳水化合物相同，但价格较贵。1 克脂肪能提
供的热量为 37.7 千焦，但食物易产生饱腻感，无法摄入过多。”，“但是在碳水化合物提供热
量不足的情况下，蛋白质和脂肪将首先被消耗以提供热量，不能发挥它们原有的功能，从
而导致肌体生长发育迟滞。严重者可引起营养不良，表现为体重不增、食欲不振、各器官功能
低下、容易反复感染等。”，“以 3 岁小儿为例，每日应得到的总热量为 5.86 兆焦，其中碳水
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4. 化合物提供的热量应为 3.5 兆焦，约需碳水化合物 210 克，折合大米约 280 克。”，这些句子
都可以避而不写。
又如，在 04 年的考题中，“民营医院的出现让人想起十几年前人们对超市的概念认识
也是比较模糊的。即使总认为里面装修豪华、高档，但因货物很贵而不愿意进门。而今超市大
大普及了，人们纷纷进入购物，因为物有所值。民营医院或许正有类似的经历，它也将有一
个自然成长的过程。而 2002 年我国政府又提出了在卫生资源相对过剩的地方，鼓励投资者
通过收购、重组现有公立医院的方式举办赢利性医疗机构和民办非赢利性医疗机构，提出了
社会资本投资着重于目前服务能力较欠缺的老年慢性病护理、康复、婴幼儿保健等领域”，
“不同于民营医院的是，医药费还可以报销。”，这些大段的话都可以基本不去考虑怎么用英
语表达。
有时原文的语句很重要，不能规避，但用英语表达又有困难，这时可以考虑部分规避，
也就是简化。如在 04 年的考题中，“随着社会观念的变化和政策环境的改善，民营医院必能
与公立医院相辅相成，互争高低，成为医疗卫生界一道独特的风景，从而为人民群众提供
更多更好的医疗服务。”是一句重要的结论性的句子，最好用英语表达出来。那么可以简化为
“随着社会观念的变化和政策的改善，民营医院必能与公立医院一道为人民提供更好的医疗
服务。”还有，“为了留住病人，公立医院开始实施全方位的改革措施，不仅在管理体制上、
人事制度上进行改革，而且更多的是纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。”也可以简化为
“为了留住病人，公立医院在管理上开始实施全面改革”。
在摘要写作的考试中，规避是比较容易掌握的技巧，但规避得恰到好处还需要有意识
的注意，考生可以通过实战练习提供的参考摘要细心揣摩。
三
一个意念功能，可以用几种大体相当的语言方式表达出来，这是语言能力熟练的表现
和结果。英语专业的学生，都经过长期的这方面的训练，才达到熟练的英语表达能力。这种
训练叫 paraphrase。Paraphrase 的能力，就是变通的能力。非英语专业的学生，往往没有这种
训练，也就很难用多种不同形式来表达同一种意念。但他们在培养英语写作能力的过程中，
要有意识地注意练习和培养这种能力。
一个重要的意念，我们不能规避，但它的汉语表达形式让我们感到用英语表达不出来，
或者感到硬用英语表达出来，结果多半是错的。这时，我们就需要运用变通的技巧，或者说
能力。变通就是将汉语的意念，用我们能够掌握的英语形式大体相当地表达出来。变通的原
则是把不会的变成会的，把复杂的变成简单的。这和上面说讲的“写你会写的，不要写你
想写的”原则是一致的。后面课文中的句型讲解与练习，有大量的变通的实例，尤其是斜体
标明的句子，考生们可以自己体会。
变通有词与词组层面上的和句子层面上的两种，下面再举例说明。
雌激素（estrogen）可以用 female hormone 来表示，冲动（impulse）可以用 sudden
excitement 来表示，悲剧（tragedy）可以用 sad result 来代替，诱发（induce）可以 lead to 或
result in 来代替，慢跑（jog）可以用 slow running 来表示。“打技术、管理牌”肯定不能说成
“play technological and management cards”，可以根据不同上下文，变通成“改善技术、管理”
（improve technology and management）或者“利用技术、管理”（make use of technology and
management）。
要表达“乡村一级卫生院医疗质量无法保证。”，如果有考生觉得“质量无法保证”不好说，
一下子又想不起来“保证”如何拼写，最好变通一下，说一个大概类似的意念就行了：“乡村
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5. 一级卫生院医疗质量通常不好。”或者“你无法有好的医疗质量在乡村一级卫生院。”变通成我
们熟悉的形式之后，表达起来成功的把握就大多了：You can not have good medical services
in village clinics.，或者 The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor.
另外，同一种意念有多种表达方式时，我们的选择要注意使得文章中的句式有变化，
或者是我们最有把握的那一种。如果原句为“洋医院的优势在于，病人能得到医务人员的尊
重和周到的服务。”，可以表达的句式有“The advantage of foreign-invested hospitals is that a
patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”（表语从句），
“It is to the advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate
medical services from medical workers.”（主语从句），“ It is a great advantage of foreign-
invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical
workers.”（主语从句），以及“Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage that a patient can
enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.” （ 同 位 语 从 句 ） ，
“ Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage, because a patient can enjoy respect and
considerate medical services from medical workers.”（原因状语从句）。考生可以根据自己的
具体情况来选择。再例如，“忽视人的心理社会背景，影响了医疗服务的质量。”可以有以下
表达：“If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service
can be weakened.”（条件关系、忽视），“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a
patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.”（忽视、影响），
“Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.”（忽视、
有 害 ） ， “ When a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a
patient, he can not provide good medical services.”（注意、提供），以及“Ignorance of the
social and mental background of a patient can result in poorer outcome of the medical service.”
（忽视、因果关系）。考生可以根据自己所掌握的句型的熟练程度或上下文，在心中作出选
择。
变通是一种必需的、有效的写作策略，考生在后面的句型讲解和练习中可以看到更多的
运用。随着英语语言能力的提高，变通的能力和技巧也会日益熟练，写作不再是一件让人头
痛的苦差事。
1．汉语提纲
健康教育的重要性与必要性
原因：影响人类健康的因素及医学模式改变
好处：促进健康，花费比治疗少，大大降低慢性病发病率
必要：卫生工作的根本目的和发展的战略重点：以健康为中心，而不应以疾病为中心，保
障全体人民群众的健康
目前我国健康教育方面的不足：投入、人员、设备不足
任务：加强医学院校健康教育与促进健康专业的建设、完善社区卫生服务、建立各类健康服
务中心。
B、参考摘要
Passage 1
With the development of modern society, the causes and patterns of diseases are changing
and so is the medical mode. The focus of the future medicine will be on the prevention of diseases
and self health care. Therefore, health education will become more and more important in the new
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6. century.
In a modern society, an increasing number of people will suffer from chronic noninfectious
diseases, but their conventional treatments are usually very expensive but effects are far from
satisfactory. Medical practice in the western developed countries has proved that health care is a
good economical way to greatly reduce incidences of chronic noninfectious diseases and to keep
fit. Consequently, both WHO and our country call for a great development and promotion of
public health education since the future medical work should be centered on people and their
health rather than on diseases. In order to improve people's health and reduce health risk factors,
the best way is to develop public health education that can involve the participation of all the
people.
There are, however, many problems in health education in our country. The major ones are:
lack of investment and specialists, poor facilities, and poor community health services. In order to
change this situation, we should take effective measures to promote health education in medical
colleges. Moreover, we should set up all kinds of health service centers in local communities. (230
words)
Passage 2
In this article the author talks about the importance of health education in the future
medicine. In the future modern society, chronic and noninfectious diseases will become the
greatest threats to people’s health. As a result, health education will be a chief concern for the
medical workers in our country and will play a more and more important role in public health care
and prevention of chronic diseases. Many western developed countries have made great
achievements by carrying out health education. There is no doubt that health education can
improve people's health by reducing occurrence of chronic diseases among people. It costs much
less money than ordinary treatment of chronic diseases. So medical units at all levels should take
it as one of their basic daily tasks.
The author also holds that our country has not had much experience and has much to do in
health education. The money, facilities, devices, teachers for health education are not enough. We
should carry out health education in more local communities and pay more attention to it. In
conclusion, the writer suggests that all the medical workers should take part in health education,
because prevention of diseases is more important and effective than treatment of diseases.
(203words)
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1．汉语原文
育儿谨防入“误区”
一般来说，如今大中城市里的年轻父母对子女的营养问题相当重视，他们也有足够的
经济实力为子女提供良好的膳食。然而，我们在临床工作中却看到，有些小儿面黄肌瘦、体
重偏低。对这些小儿进行膳食营养调查后发现，其中多数小儿存在着热量摄入不足的问题。
不少小儿在增加热量摄入后，症状得到明显改善。显然，热量的缺乏是导致这些小儿消瘦的
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7. 主要原因。
我们还发现，家长中普遍存在着一种错误的“共识”。他们认为有营养的事物就是鸡、鸭、
鱼、肉等含蛋白质较多的动物性食品，这些食品的市场价格也却是较高。据观察，家长为孩
子提供的食谱中不乏此类食品，甚至还有乌骨鸡、甲鱼等比较昂贵的食品。但是综观这些孩
子的全部饮食，粮食所占的比例往往少得惊人，常常是几匙米饭或半碗稀粥，仅此而已。这
些家长们认为，粮食所具有的营养价值就像它们的市场价值一样，无法与动物性食品相比
简直可以不屑一顾。现在，人们的消费能力提高了，也舍得为孩子买高价的营养品。但是家
长们不曾想到，由粮食等淀粉事物或糖提供的碳水化合物，在体内的物质代谢中同样具有
非常重要的作用。
碳水化合物是最主要也是最经济的功能营养素。1克碳水化合物能提供的热量为16.7千
焦。蛋白质的供热量虽与碳水化合物相同，但价格较贵。1克脂肪能提供的热量为37.7千焦，
但食物易产生饱腻感，无法摄入过多。
所以说，碳水化合物提供的热量是人体热量的主要来源，约占总热量的60%。蛋白质和
脂肪在体内代谢中，除提供热量外还有许多重要功能，如构成组织细胞的成份、传递遗传信
息、帮助维生素吸收等。但是在碳水化合物提供热量不足的情况下，蛋白质和脂肪将首先被
消耗以提供热量，不能发挥它们原有的功能，从而导致肌体生长发育迟滞。严重者可引起营
养不良，表现为体重不增、食欲不振、各器官功能低下、容易反复感染等。
营养的关键在于平衡。人类所需要的各种营养素包括蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素
和微量元素，虽然其市场价格有高低之分，但是它们在体内的物质代谢中均具有及其重要
的作用，缺一不可。只有均衡营养素，而且在膳食中各种营养素之间的比例适当，这才称得
上是平衡营养，才能维持小儿的正常发育和健康。
近年来，在上海市区小儿中进行的局部调查显示，幼儿和学龄前儿童，甚至部分小学
生，热量摄入不足的现象比较普遍，这与家长错误理解粮食类食品的价值观不无关系。这种
现象也多见于经济水平高的其他城市家庭中，并不是因经济的贫困而造成的。解决这个问题
的方法不言而明，那就是走出“误区”，为孩子提供足够的粮食类食品，使碳水化合物提供
的热量达到总热量的60%左右。以3岁小儿为例，每日应得到的总热量为5.86兆焦，其中碳
水化合物提供的热量应为3.5兆焦，约需碳水化合物210克，折合大米约280克。其次，蔗糖
也能提供碳水化合物，在牛奶中加糖5%—8%，也是提高热量摄入的一种有效方法。 (1141
字)（97考题）
汉语提纲
本文 了父母在小孩 方面的 念及其 致部分儿童 不良的效果。讨论 营养 错误观 导 营养
错误观念：动物食品营养高，粮食营养差。
后果：体重低、瘦
原因：热量摄入不足
碳水化合物的重要作用
营养的关键在于平衡。
3．参考摘要
A wrong idea in raising children
7

8. Passage 1
In this article, the author writes about a wrong idea held by many young parents in rearing
their children. Nowadays, young parents in big cities attach great importance to the care and
nutrition of their children. But in the clinical investigations many children are found to be
underweight and thin. The main cause, the author believes, is lack of calories in their diet.
Many young parents feed their children under the mistaken idea that animal food is much
more nutritious than grain. So they provide their children with too much protein-rich meat but
without enough carbohydrate food, such as rice and corn, which is also indispensable in children’s
diet.
Carbohydrate is a major source of calories for the human body. It supplies 60% of the
calories the body needs. Moreover, carbohydrate plays an important role in maintaining the proper
functioning of the body. When carbohydrate is in short supply, the normal growth of children is
affected and they show signs of malnutrition.
A health diet is one that keeps a nutritional balance. Animal protein, carbohydrate and food
rich in vitamins are equally important for children’s health. Young parents should fully realize this
and provide their children with nutritionally balanced diet.
In conclusion, the writer says that people should get rid of the wrong idea and provide
enough grain food for the children. (223 words)
Passage 2
Nowadays young parents in cities pay much attention to the nutrition of their children and
can provide them with good food, but doctors find that many children are poorly nourished. They
are thin, pale and underweight. Obviously they do not take in enough heat or energy.
The reason for this problem is that there is a commonly accepted wrong idea among young
parents. They believe that animal food or expensive food is more nutritious while grain food or
cheap food is insignificant in nutrition. As a result, there is too much animal food but little grain in
the diet of the children. These parents do not know that grain food, namely carbohydrate, is the
main source of the heat that the body needs and plays an important role in the metabolism of the
body. If carbohydrate is insufficient and cannot produce enough heat, protein and fat can not play
their proper roles either. Lack of heat will eventually leads to many development problems to the
body, such as malnutrition, thinness, and slow growth.
To resolve the above problem, young parents should realize that the key point of nutrition is a
balanced diet. Human body needs all kinds of nutrition, including protein, fat, carbohydrate,
vitamins and trace elements. They are all essential to the health. (214 words)
1．汉语原文
大学生，心理咨询是你的朋友
1994 年秋，香港一位心理学家到南京大学找部分学生开座谈会，问了一个问题：如果
你有心理障碍，怎么办?许多学生淡然一笑：自己解决!
时过境迁，两年后，南京大学“大学生心理健康教育与研究中心”向学生发放了咨询卡。
8

9. 出乎意料的是，学生们表现出了很高的参与热情，发放问卷 2132 份，回收 2118 份。在填写
过程中，好多学生的思想经历了嬗变的阵痛。在“你认为你有没有心理卫生问题?”及“你有心
理卫生问题或障碍怎么办?”一栏中做出了勇敢的抉择。对回收的问卡，咨询员送行综合统计，
最终筛选出 209 名重点对象，向其发出了“邀请信”，有针对性地开展心理疏通，为许多学
生解开了“心头疙瘩”。
有关资科表明：我国 7O~80％的大学生有心理问题，20.3％有心理障碍。心理的不正常
严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。为了使大学生有一个健康的心理，全国各高校一直致力于
大学生心理保健工作。在南京地区，解放军南京政治学院、南京大学分别形成了具有“军、地”
特色的心理保健机构体系，其他高校也纷纷提出了“让大学生精神走出回形谷”的口号，通
过发放“个性问卷 UPI 卡”、开办讲座、重点谈心等活动，使学生对心理问题有了科学的认识。
南京大学于去年 9 月份设立了“心理门诊”。挂牌后，不少学生下课后在门外打转转，互
相鼓励着走进去向咨询人员敞开了心扉，使得内心压抑得以释放。类似的情况在军校同样存
在，军中骄子们也冲破思想樊篱，以不同方式进行咨询，诸如“经济条件差、优越感不强、为
纪律约束难受、对前途信心不足”等心头疙瘩也被一一解开。但是，在另外一些高校，不少学
生仍不好意思进行心理咨询，有的甚至步入认识的误区：一些人认为心理问题是任何外界
的力量所无法校偏的。某学院一名学生对我们说，我们本来没有心理问题，硬是让“心理咨
询”给弄出来的。还有的学生认为, 心理咨询是“去痛片”、“麻醉药”，只能隔靴搔痒，无法从根
本上解决问题。江苏省大学生心理专业委员会主任桑志芹副教授说，许多学生由于没有及时
找医生进行“心理按摩”，使得心理问题发展为“障碍”，再发展成为“疾病”。江苏每年均有大
学生因心理疾病导致精神畸变而自尽或入院治疗。
在一些高校调查时，我们发现了一些触目惊心的事例。某学院一名班长因成绩下降，被
免去了职务后，竟导致了精神病。某学院一名“三好生”因为“永不满足”产生焦虑，竟跳楼自
尽……其实，这些学生的心理疾病的产生部有一个渐变过程，遗憾的是，他们没有正确认
识到心理咨询的地位和作用，不愿意向他人倾吐心声，长期郁闷压抑，最终导致症状出现。
医生把这称之为“量的积累，导致质的变化”。
高校心理咨询经过不长时间的发展，己初步发展成为一门独具特色的教育学科，为高
校的发展，学生的健康成长，为校园精神文明建设发挥着突出的作用。然而，目前高校的心
理咨询喜忧参半，不少高校还没有认识到心理咨询的作用，有些高校即使有了咨询室，也
仅是由内、外科医生兼职。同时，不少大学生对心理咨询还没有一个理性的认识，使得校方
的心理咨询不能充分发挥作用。因此，如何使学生正确认识心理咨询，并能主动参与，是个
亟待解决的问题。(1239 字) （98 考题）
汉语提纲
本文介 了心理咨 的作用以及在我国高校的 展 程绍 询 发 过
94 年知之甚少，96 年热情参与
大部分有心理问题，20％有心理障碍
严重影响；采取心理咨询的措施
心理咨询的作用：
有则思想问题解决、无则后果严重
存在的问题
9

10. 3．参考摘要
Psychological consultation is a friend of college students
Passage 1
In this article, the author introduces the development of psychological consultation in
Chinese colleges. In 1994, a psychologist found that many college students knew little about
psychological consultation. Only two years later, however, a psychological survey showed that
there was great enthusiasm about it in college students.
The data indicate that 70 – 80 % of college students have mental problems while 20.3% of
them even have mental disorders. Some become mental cases or even commit suicide just because
they fail to have their mental problems resolved. Since mental abnormalities greatly affect the life
and work of college students, colleges all over the country have been working hard to provide
mental health care for students. Institutes of mental health care have been set up and activities,
such as surveys, lectures and talks, have been carried out. The author cites examples to show that
these measures help students get rid of their mental problems.
Within a short time psychological consultation has developed into a special subject in
colleges and plays an important role in the healthy growth of students and construction of campus
spiritual civilization.
The article also points out some problems in the development. Some students are still too shy
to consult a mental clinic. Others fail to realize the great function of psychological advice or even
have wrong ideas about it. In conclusion, the writer emphasizes that it is a great task to make
students understand its advantages and take an active part in it. (245 words)
Passage 2
In this article, the author writes about mental consultation. In 1994, a Hong Kong mental
scientist asked students in Nanjing University a question," What will you do when you have
mental disorders?" At that time many students did not know such a thing as mental consultation.
But two years later, students in the same university showed much concern about mental health and
mental advice.
The data show that 70—80% of college students have mental problems and 20.3% of them
have mental illness. The writer also cites examples to show that mental disorders have greatly
affected the life and study of college students. Some have become mental patients or even killed
themselves because their mental problems were not resolved through psychological advice.
Therefore colleges in our country have taken a lot of effective measures to promote mental health
care for students. This has helped many students solve their mental problems.
But there are still some problems for the development of mental consultation. Some students
still have many wrong ideas about it. Many colleges have not realized the role of mental
consultation. In conclusion, the writer points out that it is a great challenge to make all the
students have correct ideas about it and take an active part in it. (210 words)
10

11. 4
1．汉语原文
19 世纪德国人 F. Tonnies 提出社区是由共同生活的同质人口组成。他们向往有共同价值、
关系密切、守望相助、防御病痛、富有人情味的共同体。笔者曾提出，要用整体医学观、社会医
学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革，引导医学新潮流。社区卫生服务是以个人为中心，以家庭
为单位，以社区为范围的基层卫生服务。医学服务不能把病与人分离，把病人的主观自我与
客观自我分离。单凭几个检验数据来判断疾病，忽视处于第三状态的人，忽视人的心理社会
背景，“物化医患关系”。怎能实现医学的最终目的，还“医乃仁术”的本来面目？
我国传统医学是人文主导型医学，“仁者爱人”，“医者仁也”。西方医学为科技主导型医
学。两者需互补优缺，绝不能搞单纯技术主义。社区卫生服务的连续性、系统性、综合性和方
便性，能使人文医学和技术医学相得益彰。目前医院有些医生，冷面孔待病人，病人姓甚名
谁不知，年龄职业不问，家庭情况不闻，心理社会因素置若罔闻，难免有失偏颇，造成误
诊，临床诊断与病理诊断不符合。20 多年前，某医学院有位老师，出差回来肝剧痛，同位
素诊断怀疑肝癌，请内、外科专家会诊，两位专家都主张剖腹探查。该老师的邻居也是医生，
由于了解其肝大肝硬已有十几年，认为肝痛是工作紧张引起的，休息一段时间会好转，不
同意专家建议。该老师目前仍健康地工作，免挨一刀。此种案例还有不少。对病人的心理和社
会情况全面了解，真正把病人当作人而不是“物化”，全科医生的服务质量会比目前不到 15
分钟看一个门诊病人的医疗质量高得多、好得多。
人有男女老少之分，工农商学兵之分，贫富地位高低之分，ABC 型性格之分，四种气
质之分等。只有社区全科医生才有条件去全面了解人、关心人、尊重人和服务人。医学服务还
有照顾、保护、关怀之意，绝不是开个处方、取几瓶药、打一下针就能实现的，社区全科医学
服务就体现此种人文精神。医学与居民做到守望相助，关系密切，富有人情味。WHO 公布
影响健康的四个因素中，不良生活方式和行为占全球死亡因素的 60%，我国也占 50%以上，
愈发达的地区，此比例也越大。它受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。
医生成为家庭的医学顾问，不是亲人，胜似亲人。在日本，有的全科医护人员，为了劝
人戒烟酒，天天上门做健康教育工作，诚之所至，金石为开，感动人们戒烟酒成功，使近
20 年来，高血压患病率下降 3/4，心血管患病率下降 2/3，成绩卓著。美国开展健康助手活
动，签订家庭服务协议书，帮助慢性病人的家属了解防治疾病和急救知识，使近 20 年来心
脏病死亡率下降 30%，脑血管病死亡率下降 50%。
正当社区卫生服务方兴未艾之际，我认为，在理解此种服务的战略意义中，应体现人
文医学精神，在全科医学培养教育中要贯彻此种精神，加强人文社会学科教育。古希腊一位
哲学家说过：“医学治好身体的毛病，哲学解除灵魂的烦恼。”社区医生用人文医学精神武装
头脑，不但能防治好躯体疾病，还能解除人们行为心理上的烦恼，使卫生服务提高一个档
次，人民健康水平更上一层楼。（1197）（99 考题）
1． 汉语提纲
本文介 了社区 生服 的必要性及其好绍 卫 务 处
医疗服务不能把病与人分开，忽视人的心理社会问题
社区卫生服务结合人文医学和技术医学的长处，连续、系统、综合、方便
11

12. 关爱人、尊重人、对病人有全面了解
服务比一般门诊好，有时比专家好
对慢性病和不良生活方式有很好的作用
不仅防治身体疾病，还解除心理烦恼
3．参考摘要
Community health service
Passage 1
In this article the author discusses the necessity and advantages of community health service.
Medical service should not separate a disease from the patient but should pay much attention at
the same time to the mental and social background of the patient. It is just in this sense that
community health service is necessary and helpful, because it combines the advantages of humane
medicine and technical medicine.
Community health service can provide people living in the neighborhood with continuous,
systematic, general, and convenient medical service, because the general practitioners there have a
close contact with their patients. They are usually very familiar with the psychological and social
backgrounds as well as the history of their patients. The author cites a vivid example to illustrate
that in many cases full understanding of the overall conditions of the patients can result in a better
treatment result than ordinary clinic therapy by experts.
Community health service provides not only medical treatment but also care, love, concern,
and kindness. Therefore, it is a better way to solve problems resulting from bad living style or bad
living habits. Experiences in some developed countries have proved that it can play an important
role in prevention and treatment of many chronic conditions, such as hypertension and heart
attack. In conclusion, the author thinks that doctors in local community health service should cure
people of both physical diseases and mental disorders. (233 words)
Passage 2
In this article the writer discusses the advantages of community health service. First it tends
to be continuous, systematic, general and convenient, because it serves every person and family
living in the community. Second, doctors in community health service know clearly the overall
psychological and social conditions of their patients. So their service quality is likely to be better
than 15- minute service of many clinical doctors in an outpatient department. Third, since there are
many different kinds of patients in the world, only the general doctors (practitioners) in
community health service have the conditions to fully understand, take care of and respect their
patients. As a result, besides clinical treatment, community health service can take care of, protect
and show concern about the patients. Next the writer points out that in many developed countries
community health service has succeeded in reducing many chronic diseases, such as high blood
pressure and heart attack. In conclusion, the writer thinks that community health service should be
greatly developed in our country. It can play an important role in the improvement of people's
12

13. health conditions, because it not only treats physical diseases but also mental disorders of the
patients. (196 words)
1．汉语原文
尽管冬季寒冷，但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定
要注意自我保健，否则，会适得其反，冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、
冬泳等，下面结合冬季气候作介绍。
首先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天中多穿
衣服，衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时，机体的产
热大大增加，如果穿得过多，反而有害，应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时，可以
方便地脱掉。近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进，这样可以保证良好的隔热性，
同时又保证了活动的自由性。
在寒冷环境下运动时，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加，此时机体血管扩展，大大降低
了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在运动间隙要特别注意保暖，及时加衣。寒冷环境中运动
时能量消耗大，代谢水平高，使身体内的能源物质消耗增多，在代谢过程中还需要各种维
生素的参与，如维生素 B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素 C 等需求增加。
因此，对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食，应注意增加较多的热量。一
般来说，冬季比春季从事同等强度的运动热量消耗高 10％左右。据测算，一个成年人两小
时的滑冰练习可增加消耗 1000—1500 千卡热量。在三大物质的比例中，因脂肪具有产热量
多的特点，且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒，故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部热
量的 25％—30％；而蛋白质也应偏高，占 12％—18％；其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每
天消耗 3500 卡热量计算，蛋白质约需 130 克，脂肪 150 克，糖约 480 克。相当于每天应摄
入米饭或馒头 600 克左右，鸡肉 100 克，瘦猪肉 200 克，鸡蛋两个，牛奶两杯，植物油 50
克等。
冰雪项目锻炼中，膳食中维生素也应相应增加，维生素 C 能增强人体对寒冷的适应能
力。据文献，摄人大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度，缓解机体肾上腺的过
度应激反应，增加机体耐寒能力。
冬泳是我国北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性，但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险
的运动，必须掌握科学的方法。反之，就会影响身体健康，甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应
从秋季的冷水浴开始，逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力；冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充，
冬泳前不要喝酒：对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女
在月经期均不宜冬泳。
冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行，一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交
通事故；二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸入人体易引起气管炎、喉炎、结
膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨炼应尽量用鼻呼吸，鼻道能对吸人的冷空气预热，鼻
粘膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘。对于严重的疾病患者，冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度。锻炼时应
根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度，以防旧病复发。注意循序渐进，掌握体育锻炼与药物治
疗相结合的原则。在天气过于寒冷时，最好不要外出锻炼。（1157）
13

14. 6
1．汉语原文
如何保持充沛的精力
现代社会生活节奏日益加快，竞争日趋激烈，面对工作上的挑战，生活上的各种压力，
许多人都有过在一段时间内情绪低落、容易疲劳、不愿运动、失眠、头痛、注意力不集中等经历，
有的甚至长期或经常出现这种情况。因此，怎样才能长时间精力充沛地工作和轻松自如地生
活越来越被人们所重视和关注。一些著名的医学和健康专家对这种现代人的通病进行了研究，
提出了一系列简便可行的办法。
及时补充能量 在正常的一日三餐之外，每隔 2－3 小时少量进餐，目的是使血糖维持在
能保证满足身体能量需求的水平。从生理上讲，血糖代谢是人体能量的主要来源。因此，不
断补充血糖是保持精力充沛的前提，过度节食者难免精疲力尽。所以，选择食物时应选择富
含碳水化合物(carbohydrate)，同时有适量的纤维素(cellulose)和少量的脂肪的食物。
试试香味提神 实验表明吸入含有薄荷(mint)和百花香味(fragrance)的气体能使计算机操
作人员明显减少操作失误。具体选择哪种香味并无特殊限制。只要是你喜欢，能带来愉悦感
觉的气味都有助于提高大脑的觉醒程度。
补充维生素和矿物质 虽然维生素和矿物质(mineral substances)具有立竿见影的提神醒脑
功效，但他们却是机体正常新陈代谢不可缺乏的营养物质，其中 B 族维生素、镁
（magnesium）、铁尤其重要。医学调查发现相当部分的妇女缺乏某些种类的维生素和矿物
质。每日可服用复合维生素药物，但注意不能超过人体实际需要量。
健身锻炼 定期锻炼的最大受益者是你的心脏。故有“完美的体型意味着完美的心脏”之说。
此外积极的锻炼能够提高机体产能的效率。当快节奏、高强度的工作需要你付出更大能量时，
健康的身体能够游刃有余地释放潜能。现在，城市空气污染严重，对人体危害不浅。在假期
和周末远离喧嚣的都市，每隔一段时间到林木茂盛的风景区踏青，可以令人体吐故纳新、调
和呼吸、阴阳协调。在绿色植物密集的公园、森林，空气里的负离子(anion)浓度较高。在负离
子充沛的地方，人们感到心旷神怡、精神振奋。空气中的负离子不仅能调节神经系统，而且
可以促进胃肠消化、加深肺部的呼吸。深呼吸不仅可以摄取更多的氧气，同时能刺激副交感
神经(parasympathetic nerve)系统，有助于放松。深呼吸时可以躺下或端坐，一只手放于体侧，
另一只手放于腹部，用鼻子吸气，同时排除杂念，想象胸部充分扩展、肺内正充满氧气，然
后感觉二氧化碳从体内排出，同时颈肩放松。每次不少于 3－5 分钟。（926）
14

15. 7
1．汉语原文
健康从早餐开始
很多人不重视早餐，常常是随便凑合一下或者干脆不吃。其实早餐对保障人体健康、维
持体能、提高学习和工作效率有着至关重要的作用。不仅如此，专家还认为，应该根据人的
不同年龄和体质状况，科学合理地搭配早膳，以满足人体健康的需要。
幼 儿 的 早 餐 幼儿正值生长发育的旺盛时期，应当注重补充丰富的蛋白质和钙
(calcium)，尽量少吃含糖较高的食物，以免引起龋齿（decayed tooth）和肥胖。如果在条件
许可的情况下，幼儿的早餐通常以适量的牛奶、鸡蛋和面包为佳。当然，也可以用果汁或粥
来代替牛奶，或者用饼干、馒头代替面包。
青少年的早餐 青少年时期身体发育较快，是肌肉和骨骼生长的重要时期，需要足够
的钙、维生素 C、维生素 A 等营养成分，尤其是要保证充足的热量供应。青少年比较合理的早
餐是一杯牛奶、适量的新鲜水果或蔬菜、100 克干点（面包、馒头、大饼或饼干等合碳水化合
物 (carbohydrate) 较高的食品）。所含的热量要充分满足青少年脑力活动与体力活动的需要。
中年人的早餐 人到中年，肩挑工作、家务两副重担，身心的负荷相当重，加上中年时
期组织器官的功能和生理功能日渐减退，其体力和精力都不如青少年。为了减缓中年人衰退
的过程，推迟“老年期”的到来，除了要保持乐观的思想情绪和进行必要的体育锻炼之外，
合理地搭配膳食也非常重要。中年人的饮食，既要含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素、钙、磷
（phosphorus）等。还应保证低热量、低脂肪并适当地控制碳水化合物的摄人量。中年人较理
想的早餐是：鸡蛋、豆浆或粥、干点（馒头、大饼、饼干和面包均可）和适量的蔬菜。
老年人的早餐 老年人的新陈代谢(metabolism)已经明显衰退，但必需的营养成分不能
减少，尤其是要保证钙的供应，以防止老年人的骨质疏松 (osteoporosis)。老年人的早餐除了
供应牛奶和豆浆以外，还可多吃粥、面条、肉松和花生酱等既容易消化、又含有丰富营养的食
物。除此之外，老年人的早餐应注意少吃油炸类食品。因为这类食物脂肪含量高，胃肠一般
难以承受，容易出现消化不良，并易诱发胆、胰疾患，或使这类疾病复发、加重。多次使用的
油里往往含有较多的致癌物质，如果常吃油炸的食品，可增加患癌症的危险。老年人还要少
吃甜食，因为多余的糖在体内转化为脂肪，容易引起无机盐缺乏。动物内脏类如肝、肾、脑等
胆固醇 (cholesterol) 含量甚高，老年人如经常食用，会使血中胆固醇增高，从而容易引发
冠心病、肝病、动脉硬化、高血压等心脑血管疾病，或使原有的疾病加重。（953）
15

16. 8
1．汉语原文
入世后看病如何挑医院
合资医院服务好，价格高
入世后，许多人需要医疗保健时，总是毫不犹豫地选择洋医院，理由很简单，就是冲
着洋医院的服务去的。一般来说，洋医院医生中大多数持有外国医师职业执照，在候诊室里，
沙发、电视、茶点、杂志一应俱全，大厅里有儿童乐园，走廊里还播放着轻松优雅的背景音乐。
在这里，病人被视为“客人”，他们不必排队挂号，不必楼上楼下跑，划价、交费、取药在一
个窗口。病人的候诊时间不超过 10 分钟，看病时，每位病人不能少于 45 分钟，病人可以充
分地向医生表述病情，医护人员保证全方位服务。在诊疗时，医生还会增加心理咨询、健康
教育等内容。来到这里，病人可以感到家一样的温馨。
不过洋医院目前的收费是很高的，在北京的洋医院里，看一次感冒需要 500 元左右，
在这 500 元左右的费用中药费仅占 100 元左右。洋医院所收费用的 80％是患者为院方提供的
高质量服务而付的，而公立医院的收入则主要来自药品差价，有的达到了总收入的 90％。
可见，洋医院与公立医院最大的不同是，前者挣的是服务费，后者挣得是药品钱。
民营医院有发展空间
民营医院一般是指民间、社会资本占主体的医院。目前，我国约有民办医院 400 多家，
私人诊所 137 万个，个体医生近 20 万名。从总体看民办医疗机构虽然在数量上占全国卫生
机构综述的 41％，但主要为规模较小的私人诊所，每年为社会提供的医疗服务量大约占总
量的百分之几，目前的基础设施、诊疗设备、技术水平等方面，还难以与具备优势的公立医
院形成公平、有效的竞争局面。
民营医院的出现让人想起十几年前人们对超市的概念认识也是比较模糊的。即使总认为
里面装修豪华、高档，但因货物很贵而不愿意进门。而今超市大大普及了，人们纷纷进入购
物，因为物有所值。民营医院或许正有类似的经历，它也将有一个自然成长的过程。而 2002
年我国政府又提出了在卫生资源相对过剩的地方，鼓励投资者通过收购、重组现有公立医院
的方式举办赢利性医疗机构和民办非赢利性医疗机构，提出了社会资本投资着重于目前服
务能力较欠缺的老年慢性病护理、康复、婴幼儿保健等领域。据悉，5 年内全国 65 万家医院
的 40％要办成民营医院。政府目前正会同有关部门研究其中的一些政策性问题。随着社会观
念的变化和政策环境的改善，民营医院必能与公立医院相辅相成，互争高低，成为医疗卫
生界一道独特的风景，从而为人民群众提供更多更好的医疗服务。
公立医院正进行全方位的改革
长期以来，我国的公立医院一直享有政府支持和财政补贴。其基础建设、技术力量、医疗
设备堪称雄厚，且明显高于民营医院。老百姓看病已经习惯去公立医院，更何况到公立医院
看病的各种费用低于合资医院。不同于民营医院的是，医药费还可以报销。但是公立医院存
在的问题，又使老百姓看病时满腹牢骚。比如挂号时间长、交费时间长、候诊时间长、看病时
间短等问题。尤其公立医院的服务问题，一直困扰着医患关系实行正常化。
加入 WTO 后，洋医院先进的医疗技术、仪器和管理手段对公立医院将构成威胁。为了
留住病人，公立医院开始实施全方位的改革措施，不仅在管理体制上、人事制度上进行改革，
而且更多的是纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。比如许多公立医院花巨资增添先进仪器
16

17. 和对门诊进行全面改造。据悉，有的医院开始了医生预约制，不管患者到不到，在预约的时
间里，医生都得等病人。还比如公立医院之间共同组建医疗协作体，其用意一是提高医疗技
术，二是扩大服务阵营。（1360）
17

18. 9
1．汉语原文
艾滋病是全社会的威胁
什么是艾滋病(AIDS)?
艾滋病是一种由艾滋病病毒、即人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus，简称
HIV)侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，最后导致被
感染者死亡的一种严重传染病。艾滋病的医学全称为“获得性免疫缺陷综合症”(Acquired
Immune Deficiency Syndrome)。这个命名表达了艾滋病的完整概念，从中我们可以了解到艾
滋病的三个明确定义：“获得性”表示在病因方面是后天获得而不是先天具有的。“免疫缺陷”
表示在发病机理方面，主要是造成人体免疫系统的损伤而导致免疫系统的防护功能减低或
丧失。免疫缺陷病的共同特点是对感染的易感性明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤。“综合症”表示
在临床症状方面，由于免疫缺陷导致的各个系统的感染和肿瘤而出现的复杂症状群。
艾滋病发源于非洲。1981 年全球首例艾滋病病例在美国被发现。1985 年在中国发现了首
例艾滋病例。全世界共有艾滋病病毒携带者和患者 4990 万，大多数在发展中国家，其中非
洲约 3700 万。截止 2002 年，我国艾滋病病毒感染总人数已突破一百万，所有省、自治区、直
辖市都有艾滋病病例报道。
艾滋病的传播途径和发病过程
艾滋病病毒感染者虽然外表和正常人一样，但他们的血液、精液、阴道分泌物、皮肤粘膜
破损或炎症溃疡的渗出液里都含有大量艾滋病病毒，具有很强的传染性。乳汁也含病毒，有
传染性。唾液、泪水、汗液和尿液中也能发现病毒，但数量很少，传染性不大。已经证实的艾
滋病传染途径主要有三条：性传播、血传播和母婴传播，其核心是通过性传播和血传播。
从感染艾滋病病毒发展成艾滋病病人一般可分为四期。第一期为急性期，是指从受到感
染至血清中出现抗艾滋病病毒抗体这段时期。此期往往因症状轻微而被人们忽视。第二期为
无症状期，也称潜伏期。除血清中抗艾滋病病毒抗体阳性外无任何临床症状。第三期为艾滋
病前期，其主要表现是，持续性全身淋巴结肿大，而无其他临床症状。第四期为完全艾滋病
期或艾滋病晚期。此期表现较为复杂，可出现各种各样症状，如：不明原因的发热、腹泻、体
重减轻、二重感染和继发肿瘤等。
艾滋病的治疗和预防
艾滋病是一种病死率极高的严重传染病，目前还没有治愈的药物和方法，但可预防。治
疗药物可分为三大类：抗 HIV 病毒药物，免疫调节剂和抗感染药物。近年来艾滋病的治疗
研究有了很大进展，有些新药将要上市，不久的将来一定能攻克治疗上的难关。中国的一些
中药亦有调整免疫功能的作用。目前有些研究已发现，某些中药或其成分在体外实验过程中
能抑制 HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。对艾滋病的治疗目前还没有传出令人
乐观的消息。美籍华裔科学家发明的联合药物疗法“鸡尾酒疗法”曾轰动一时，但现在研究发
现即使同时使刚 3 种甚至 4 种药物也不能完全清除人体内的艾滋病病毒。相反，在体内潜伏
一段时间后，病毒数量还可能大规模上升。
艾滋病威胁着每一个人和每一个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。绝大多数感染者要
18

19. 经过五到十年时间才发展成病人，一般在发病后的 2—3 年内死亡。与艾滋病人及艾滋病病
毒感染者的日常生活和工作接触不会感染艾滋病，艾滋病不会经电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳
池或浴室等公共设施传播，也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。遵守性道德是预防经
性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。共用注射器、吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径，因此要拒绝毒
品，珍爱生命。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒器具的不安全拔牙和美容等，使
用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。(1372)
To simplify calculation, femur midshaft transverse plane can be proximately regarded as
homogeneous round, the place where screw going straight through the bone give it a largest bony
destroy will be the most weak in all diaphysis, a fracture may take place through the screw holes.
To simplify calculation, the cross section of femur midshaft was proximately regarded as a
homogeneous round and so the weakest point of the diaphysis is where screws go straight through
the bone and a fracture is likely to occur.
To simplify calculation, the cross section of femur midshaft is proximately regarded as a
homogeneous round and so the weakest point of the diaphysis is where screws go straight through
the bone because this part is most invaded so that a fracture is likely to occur.
The weakest point of the diaphysis is where screws go straight through the bone and invade
the bone tissue so hard that a fracture is likely to occur, if the cross section of femur midshaft is
proximately regarded as a homogeneous round.
As expected, better fixation was obtained with the combination of rigid and flexible fixation,
a high quality animal modal developed, having accurate defect dimension, reliable fixation
stability, less liability of comminuted fracture.
As expected, better fixation was obtained with the combination of rigid and flexible fixation
to develop a high quality animal model with accurate defect dimensions and less liability of
comminuted fracture.
As expected, a high quality animal model with accurate defect dimensions and less liability
of comminuted fracture was developed through better reliability provided by combination of rigid
and flexible fixations.
There are many factors which affect recovery of bone defects, in which the defect length is
of the most importance, that is, the recovery is length or/and size-dependent, the else include
experimental animal species, age, et al [19,23,30]. Additionally, defect site, blood flow of the soft
tissue around defect, with or without filler such as bone debris, new formed periosteum from
nearby phoroplast metaplasia, every factor of them plays a part in osseous recovery potential.
Many factors have been found to affect the recovery of bone defects, such as the defect
length, experimental animal species, defect site, blood flow of the soft tissue around defect, fillers
such as bone debris, newly formed periosteum from nearby phoroplast metaplasia, and age.
[19,23,30] The length of the empty defect segment is of the most importance so that the recovery
was called length or/and size-dependent [19,23,30].
As people say, the period in campus is the most colorful time in your whole life time, during
which you can show all your talent and skill.
(As people often say, the most colorful time in your whole life is your college days, during
which you can show all your talents and skills.)
They report school sirs, but it is hard to solve this problem. (They reported the theft events to
the related leaders, but they said it was hard to solve this problem. / They reported their thefts to
19

20. some related leaders who said it was hard to solve this problem.)
Second, some students pay little attention to those of their own, lack of sense of security,
laying things here and there. (Second, some students pay little attention to their belongings and
leave them here and there carelessly, due to lack of sense of security./ Second, as some students
lack sense of security, they do not take good care of their belongings, leaving them here and there./
Second, those who lack a sense of security usually are not careful about their personal articles,
leaving things here and there.)
63 例中 57 例术后骨折对线满意，6 例出现成角畸形,其中 4 例在矢状面上成角 10°，2
例在冠状面上成角 9
The postoperative alignment of fracture was satisfactory in 57 of the 63 cases, and the
angulation was found in 6 cases, in which 4 cases for 10°in the sagittal plane and 2 cases for 9°in
the coronal plane.
The postoperative alignment of fracture was satisfactory in 57 of the 63 cases, and the
angulation was found in 6 cases, of which 4 showed 10°angulation in the sagittal plane and 2 had
9°angulation in the coronal plane.
1 例股骨头缺血性坏死；2 例异位骨化＋股骨头缺血性坏死导致髋关节骨融合。
Ischemia necrosis of femoral head occurred in 1 case, and 2 cases experienced heterotopic
ossification with ischemia necrosis of femoral head which led to osseous fusion of hip joint.
Ischemia necrosis of femoral head occurred in 1 case, and 2 cases experienced heterotopic
ossification with ischemia necrosis of femoral head which led to osseous fusion of hip joint.
Conclusion The
不同体重患者手术后腰背部疼痛明显缓解、日常生活质量改善，
All of the patients had reduction in pain , improvement in activities of daily living.
All the patients experienced relief of pain, and improvement in daily activities.
Medical Mode
1
Title: On current medical mode
Controlling idea:
Current medical mode is a bio-psycho-social one.
Current medical mode is concerned not only with the biological factors but also the psychological
and social factors of a patient.
Current medical mode pays much attention to the psychological and social factors that affect
human health as well as to the biological factors.
I definition of medical mode:
The chief characteristics of medicine of an era
The main concerns of medicine of a time
II. development of medical mode
A. Old medical mode: biological Centered on diseases
B. Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social Centered on patients as a social human being
III the reasons why medical mode changed from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social
medical one.
20

21. A. social changes
B. changes of disease spectrum
C. progress of medicine
IV. conclusion
A. Nations health education
B. medical workers Holistic therapy
Take social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis and treatment
Current Medical Mode
The medical mode may be regarded as the chief characteristics of medicine of an era, and it
mainly concerns of medicine of a time. With the development of society, two main medical modes
exist: old one and new one.
Old medical mode is also called biological one, and it is centered on diseases. That is, the
doctor only focuses on illnesses, not social human beings. Instead, new or current medical mode is
bio-psycho-social one, and it is centered on patients as social human beings. The doctor pays
attention to not only the sick man or woman, but his or her psychological status and social
environment. Compare with the former, the latter takes more factors into consideration.
Why does medical mode change from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social medical one?
The reasons maybe have many, however, three major causes must be considered. First of all,
social changes may rank the top. With the entrance to 21st century, our society becomes more and
more modernized, and more and more people move to cities, thus cities become more crowd than
before, but modern people possess fewer time to communicate each other because of heavier
burdens or some other reasons, as a result, some of them become anxious, lonely, angry, crazy and
so forth mental problems. Next, nowadays, disease spectra have been greatly changed, heart and
brain diseases and malignant neoplasms rank the top three death-caused illnesses ， infectious
diseases are no longer the main reason of death. Finally, progress of medicine should not be
overlooked. With the advance of modern medical technology, more and more sophisticate
apparatus, such as CT, NMR, FCM and so on, have been invented. So many diseases are easier
and easier to diagnose and therapy, thus changes the medical mode.
In conclusion, with current medical mode having been established, on one hand, we should
enhance health education around the country, on the other hand, medical workers should set up
ideas of holistic therapy, taking social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis
and treatment as well as biological ones. Thus we can keep up with the requirement of current
medical mode. （356）
Improvements One:
Topic: On current medical mode
Controlling idea:
Current medical mode is a bio-psycho-social one.
Current medical mode is concerned not only with the biological factors but also the
psychological and social factors of a patient.
Current medical mode pays much attention to the psychological and social factors that affect
human health as well as to the biological factors.
21

22. Changes in society and disease spectrum and progress of medicine have caused the medical
mode to develop from a biological one into a bio-psycho-social one.
I definition of medical mode:
The chief characteristics of medicine of an era
The major (governing/prevailing) features of medical practice of an era
The main concerns of medicine of a time
II. Development of medical mode
A. Old medical mode: biological,
centered on diseases
B. Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social
centered on patients as a social human being
III Reasons why medical mode changed from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social medical
one.
A. social changes
B. changes of disease spectrum
chronic and non-infectious diseases have imposed the greatest threats to health
C. progress of medicine
inventions of antibiotics and vaccine
IV. conclusion
Measures suitable to current medical mode
A． nations
health education
B． medical workers
Holistic therapy
Take social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis and treatment
Current Medical Mode
The medical mode may be regarded as the chief characteristics of medicine of an era, and it
mainly concerns of medicine of a time. With the development of society, two main medical modes
exist: old one and new one.
（The medical mode may be regarded as the chief characteristics of medicine of an era, and
the main concerns of medicine of a time. With the development of society, two main medical
modes exist: an old one and a new one. [With the development of society, a new medical mode has
been developing from the traditional one.]）
Old medical mode is also called biological one, and it is centered on diseases. That is, the
doctor only focuses on illnesses, not social human beings. (The old medical mode is also called a
biological one in which interests of medical workers are usually centered on biological aspects of
a patient. That is to say, doctors focus their attention only on illnesses, not on social beings of a
patient.) Instead, new or current medical mode is bio-psycho-social one, and it is centered on
patients as social human beings. The doctor pays attention to not only the sick man or woman, but
his or her psychological status and social environment. Compare with the former, the latter takes
more factors into consideration. (By contrast, the new current medical mode is bio-psycho-social
in nature because it demands medical workers to center their interests on all the aspects of a
patient as a social human being. In current medical mode, doctors are supposed to pay attention
22

23. not only to the sickness of a patient but also to his or her psychological status and social
environment. Compared with the former, the latter takes more factors into consideration.)
Why does medical mode change from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social medical one?
The reasons maybe have many, however, three major causes must be considered. (Why has the
bio-medical mode been changing into a bio-psycho-social one? There are three major causes.)
First of all, social changes may rank the top. With the entrance to 21st century, our society
becomes more and more modernized, and more and more people move to cities, thus cities
become more crowd than before, but modern people possess fewer time to communicate each
other because of heavier burdens or some other reasons, as a result, some of them become
anxious, lonely, angry, crazy and so forth mental problems. (Social development may rank the
first. In modern times, more and more people can enjoy a comfortable and decent life. Increased
living standards have made people raised their demands on health. People are not satisfied with
mere absence of physical diseases, but want to be happy in mentality as well as in relationship
with other people and environment.) Next, nowadays, disease spectra have been greatly changed,
heart and brain diseases and malignant neoplasms rank the top three death-caused
illnesses ， infectious diseases are no longer the main reason of death. (Next, diseases that
endanger human health the most have greatly changed. Infectious diseases are no longer the main
cause of death, but heart and blood-vessel diseases and malignant neoplasms rank the top three
death-related illnesses.) Finally, progress of medicine should not be overlooked. With the advance
of modern medical technology, more and more sophisticate apparatus, such as CT, NMR, FCM
and so on, have been invented. So many diseases are easier and easier to diagnose and therapy,
thus changes the medical mode. (Finally, progress of medicine should not be overlooked. With the
advance of modern medical technology, more and more sophisticated apparatuses, such as CT,
NMR, FCM, and effective medications, such as antibiotics and vaccine, have been invented. So
many physical diseases are easier to diagnose and treat than before. [It is easier for people to
diagnose and treat physical diseases than before.] Now contemporary people are capable of
expanding their medical interests to further improve their health and thus enhance their quality of
life.)
In conclusion, with current medical mode having been established, on one hand, we should
enhance health education around the country, on the other hand, medical workers should set up
ideas of holistic therapy, taking social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis
and treatment as well as biological ones. Thus we can keep up with the requirement of current
medical mode. (In conclusion, to accelerate the establishment of modern medical mode, nations
should take effective measures to enhance health education around the world. On the other hand,
to keep up with the current medical mode, medical workers should set up ideas of holistic therapy,
taking social and psychological factors as well as biological ones into consideration in diagnosis
and treatment.)
2
Outline:
Heading: On current medical mode
I the description of medical mode:
 Medical mode
23

24.  Old medical mode: bio-medical mode
 Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social medical mode
II the reasons that medical mode changes from bio-medical mode to bio-psycho-social medical
mode.
 changes of disease spectrum
 advance of sociality
 changes of life style
 improving demands of health
 concern of social-psychological-biological health instead of concern
of physical health
 improvement of life quality
III the ways to turn our steps to bio-psycho-social medical mode
 the conversion of national health policy
 the changes of medical workers
IV the conversion of medical mode is not invariableness, it according to the social mode.
Current medical mode
Medical mode is a sum of important medical views, such as health views, disease views,
death views, etc. Specific medical mode is according to the character, level, tendency and goal of
medical development history. In history, there are many forms of medical mode, bio-medical
mode and bio-psycho-social medical mode are the main forms after 20 century. Compared with
bio-psycho-social medical mode, Bio-medical mode is a traditional and single medical mode
which often emphasizes pathology and symptom management, but it can not fit for the
requirement of modern medicine. Current medical mode, bio-psycho-social medical mode, is
careful about physical health, psychological health and social problem.
Why does traditional model change to the current medical model? The first reason is that
during the past fifty years, a lot of diseases can be cured by new methods and medical equipments.
And there are many other diseases emerging because of the changes of modern life styles. All of
these caused the spectrum of disease to change. The second, with the development of economy
and society, people not only pay attention to dress warmly and ear their fill, but also the high
quality of life. Finally, modernist show more and more concern of bio-psycho-social health instead
of only concern of physical health. They do not only comfort with the physical healthy, they need
to make friends with others, hygeian mentality too.
Although, demands from society and people put a requirement of change the medical model,
the change is still difficult. It needs the government and people especially medical workers try
hard together. First, government should set down new correlative national health policy. Second,
the doctors should change their opinions. Modern medicine is not only to treat with body disorder,
but also with the psychological disorder, the life style disorder, and so on. Doctors should pay
more attention to their patients, and try them hard to alter the distant relationship between doctor
and patient to warmly relationship. Third, health education can help people to improve their
behaviors, such as do more exercise, not to watch TV too much, not sit down too long without any
movement, etc.
In general, medical mode is a variableness concept and should fit for the changes of society,
diseases spectrum, demands of health. (375)
24

25. Improvements Two:
Outline:
Heading: On Current Medical Mode
I Description of the medical mode:
 Medical mode
 Old medical mode: bio-medical mode
 Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social medical mode
II Reasons why the medical mode has changed from the bio-medical mode into the bio-psycho-
social medical mode.
 Changes in disease spectrum
 advances in society
 changes of life style
 Enhanced demands on health
 concern about social-psychological-biological health in addition to
concern about physical health
 improvement in life quality
III Ways to keep up with the bio-psycho-social medical mode
 Changes in national health policy
 Changes in medical workers
IV The medical mode is not invariable, but develops with the social progress.
On Current Medical Mode
Medical mode is a sum of important medical views, such as health views, disease views,
death views, etc. (A medical mode is a sum of important medical views, including health views,
disease views, and death views. [A medical mode is a sum of important medical views, involving
health, disease and death. / A medical mode is a sum of important medical views about health,
disease, death and so on.]) Specific medical mode is according to the character, level, tendency
and goal of medical development history. (A specific medical mode is determined usually by the
social and medical developments / different requirements [needs] of medicine at different times.)
In history, there are many forms of medical mode, bio-medical mode and bio-psycho-social
medical mode are the main forms after 20 century. (There have been two main medical modes
since 20 century, the biological one and bio-psycho-social one.) Compared with bio-psycho-social
medical mode, Bio-medical mode is a traditional and single medical mode which often
emphasizes pathology and symptom management, but it can not fit for the requirement of modern
medicine. (The traditional bio-medical mode is a single-element one which focuses only on
pathology and treatment of a disease. It has no longer been fit for the needs of modern people in
health.) Current medical mode, bio-psycho-social medical mode, is careful about physical health,
psychological health and social problem. (On the contrary, the current medical mode, a bio-
psycho-social one, is multiple, for it is concerned about not only a physical disease but also the
psychological health and disease-related social problems of a patient.)
Why does traditional model change to the current medical model? (Why is the traditional
medical mode changing?) The first reason is that during the past fifty years, a lot of diseases can
be cured by new methods and medical equipments. (The first cause [reason] is that the spectrum
25

26. (list) of diseases that harm human health the most has changed. A lot of human diseases can be
cured by new medical methods and devices since the 20th
century. Infectious diseases and plagues
that were the greatest threat to human health and claimed millions of lives seem to have been
conquered by human beings with antibiotics and vaccines.) And there are many other diseases
emerging because of the changes of modern life styles. (Instead, chronic, non-infectious and
mental diseases that result from modern life styles have caused the main proportion of human
deaths.) All of these caused the spectrum of disease to change. (All these have changed the major
tasks a medical worker should fulfill in modern and future society.) The second, with the
development of economy and society, people not only pay attention to dress warmly and ear [eat]
their fill, but also the high quality of life. Finally, modernist show more and more concern of bio-
psycho-social health instead of only concern of physical health. They do not only comfort with the
physical healthy, they need to make friends with others, hygeian mentality too. (Secondly, with the
development of economy and society, modern people have higher demands on their health. They
have been no longer content with absence of diseases, but desired a high quality of life. They are
concerned about not only physical health but also psychological health as well as harmony
relationship with their living environment.)
Although, demands from society and people put a requirement of change the medical model,
the change is still difficult. It needs the government and people especially medical workers try
hard together. (Although the changed tasks of medicine and enhanced demands on health have
made the reform of medical mode necessary, efforts from governments and medical workers are
needed.) First, government should set down new correlative national health policy. (First,
governments should lay down appropriate national health policies to promote development of the
bio-psycho-social medical mode.) Second, the doctors should change their opinions. (Secondly,
doctors should change their old medical ideas [concepts].) Modern medicine is not only to treat
with body disorder, but also with the psychological disorder, the life style disorder, and so on.
(They should be aware that modern medicine is not only to treat body disorders, but also deals
with mental disorders and health-related risks.) Doctors should pay more attention to their
patients, and try them hard to alter the distant relationship between doctor and patient to warmly
relationship. (They should pay more attention to health promotion, not just to disease
management.) Third, health education can help people to improve their behaviors, such as do more
exercise, not to watch TV too much, not sit down too long without any movement, etc. (Thirdly,
governments and medical workers should make joint efforts to carry out health education in all
kinds of forms, because it is an effective and economical way for people to raise their awareness
of health and get rid of risky life styles.)
In general, medical mode is a variableness concept and should fit for the changes of society,
diseases spectrum, demands of health. (In general, a medical mode changes with social
development and medical progress so as to meet the increasing demands of people.)
3
Outline
Ⅰ The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness.
Medical Model developed a great change results in changes of doctor’s role.
Ⅱ In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model.
①what reason results in this model.
26

27. ②The physician's task is to treat disease.
Ⅲ At present, Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical Model.
1 what reason results in this model.
2 The characteristic of this model has a great change.
3 The physician's task focuses on persons.
Ⅳ we should understand this change of Medical model.
Medical Model
The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness that is medically
based and looks at fitness as part of a lifelong pursuit of total wellness. With the improvement of
medical levels and the diversify of diseases, Medical Model developed a great change results in
changes of doctor’s role.
In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model. this medical model centers on disease in
many respects. In this time, it is a peak period of acute and infectious diseases. the physician's task
is to diagnose diseases, to discover their causes and symptoms, and design treatments. The
treatments are aimed at eliminating or minimizing the symptoms of the disease, or the cause of the
disease, or the disease itself.
At present, with the progressive urbanization of life accompanied by the industrial and
technologic revolutions humankind has seen the development of new and very different
adversities, particularly stress related diseases, acute and chronic that are directly linked to
personal attitudes and lifestyle. As a result, a Bio-Medical Model that cannot effectively
incorporate psychological, psychosocial, or spiritual factors-factors has become increasingly
evident. In order to suit for this diversify. Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical
Model. His concept of person-centered care focuses on persons, not patients; illness rather than
disease; an understanding of the personal situation, not just the biologic situation; clinical
judgment rather than diagnosis alone; healing rather than curing; collaboration with patients, not
just treatment of them; and the achievement of health rather than the eradication of sickness. This
concept emphasizes the responsibility of the individual patient in health maintenance and disease
prevention, with the physician acting as a partner. The physician's role in patient-centered care is
involved, not detached. Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a
negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.
As practitioners, we should understand this change of Medical model, approach our patients and
their problems within the framework of a conceptual model, make Bio-Psycho-Medical Model
served us well. (333)
Improvements Three：
Outline
Ⅰ The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness.
(Ⅰ The term "medical mode" refers to a philosophy of health and wellbeing.)
Medical Model developed a great change results in changes of doctor’s role.
(Great changes in the medical mode have resulted in changes of a doctor’s roles.)
Ⅱ In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model.
(ⅡThe medical mode in the past is biological.)
①what reason results in this model. (① The reason for this mode: task to treat diseases)
27

28. ②The physician's task is to treat disease. (////////)
Ⅲ At present, Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical Model.
(Ⅲ The medical mode at present has turned into a bio-psycho-social one.)
1 What reason results in this model. (Reasons for the new mode: )
2 The characteristic of this model has a great change. (////////)
3 The physician's task focuses on persons. (////////)
Ⅳ We should understand this change of Medical model.
(Ⅳ We should understand this change of Medical model.)
Medical Model
The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness that is medically
based and looks at fitness as part of a lifelong pursuit of total wellness. (The term "medical mode"
refers to a medical philosophy of health and wellbeing that looks upon physical and mental fitness
as a lifelong pursuit.) With the improvement of medical levels and the diversify of diseases,
Medical Model developed a great change results in changes of doctor’s role. (With constant
advancement of medical levels and changing spectrum of diseases that pose the gravest threats to
human health, great changes have taken place in the medical mode and consequently resulted in
changes in a doctor’s role.)
In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model. this medical model centers on disease in
many respects. In this time, it is a peak period of acute and infectious diseases. (The medical mode
in the past was biological and centered main efforts of medical workers upon diseases, because it
was a peak period of acute and infectious diseases.) the physician's task is to diagnose diseases, to
discover their causes and symptoms, and design treatments. The treatments are aimed at
eliminating or minimizing the symptoms of the disease, or the cause of the disease, or the disease
itself. (The chief tasks of medical workers in the past were to diagnose and treat diseases in
clinics, as well as to do medical research on diseases in labs.)
At present, with the progressive urbanization of life accompanied by the industrial and
technologic revolutions humankind has seen the development of new and very different
adversities, particularly stress related diseases, acute and chronic that are directly linked to
personal attitudes and lifestyle. (Since the industrial and technological revolutions accompanied
by global urbanization, the humankind has undergone a series of dramatic progress and changes in
every aspect of life. With advanced medicine, acute infectious diseases caused by harmful
microorganisms have no longer been the chief killer of human lives. When people can now enjoy
a much longer life expectancy, they find that chronic infectious diseases related to their life styles
and environments, including mental problems, have become the main danger to their health.
Modern people not only want to get rid of sufferings from diseases as much as possible, but also
want to stay healthy as long as possible. All these place/put increased demands on medical
workers, as they are supposed to promote human health instead of just curing diseases. To be
absent of diseases is just part of the new concept about health. [Health has been regarded as much
more than being absent of diseases.] Modern people have come to realized that health is closely
related not only to physical, or biological, factors but also to psychological, environmental and
social factors of a person.) As a result, a Bio-Medical Model that cannot effectively incorporate
psychological, psychosocial, or spiritual factors-factors has become increasingly evident. In order
to suit for this diversify. Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical Model. (As a result,
28

29. as the traditional bio-medical mode cannot meet the needs of contemporary people, a new bio-
psycho-social medical mode is developing.) His concept of person-centered care focuses on
persons, not patients; illness rather than disease; an understanding of the personal situation, not
just the biologic situation; clinical judgment rather than diagnosis alone; healing rather than curing;
collaboration with patients, not just treatment of them; and the achievement of health rather than
the eradication of sickness. This concept emphasizes the responsibility of the individual patient in
health maintenance and disease prevention, with the physician acting as a partner. The physician's
role in patient-centered care is involved, not detached. Ignorance of the social and mental
background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service. (The
new mode requires [asks] a medical worker to focus his attention on the overall conditions of a
patient, including his disease, mental status, social background and living environment. Ignorance
of the social and mental backgrounds of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the
medical service offered by a doctor. The new mode also calls for collaboration between a doctor
and a patient. Maintenance of health and prevention of diseases are not just the business of a
doctor, but a responsibility of a patient. To a great extent, to keep away from health risk factors
and to follow a healthy life-style are a task to reduce chronic and non-infectious [life-style-related]
diseases much more for a patient than for a doctor.)
As practitioners, we should understand this change of Medical model, approach our patients and
their problems within the framework of a conceptual model, make Bio-Psycho-Medical Model
served us well . (As medical practitioners, it is beneficial for us to understand changes in the
medical mode. The philosophy of the bio-psycho-social medical mode will serve as a guideline for
our clinic and research work.)
4
On Current Medical Mode
Outline
Thesis: The current medical mode is concerned about not only diseases and patients, but also the
psychosocial impact.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
A. Definition of medical mode
B. Importance: protection of health; development of medicine
C. Great changes in medical mode
Ⅱ. Past medical mode:
A. Definition:
1. Biomedical mode
2. Reasons:
a. Main diseases affecting people’s health—infectious diseases
b. Definition of health: absence of disease or injury
B. Characteristics:
1. Attention to diseases
2. Ignorance of psychology and society
29

30. Ⅲ. Definition of Current medical mode:
A. Bio-psycho-social medical mode: 1977,Engel
B. Reasons:
1. Change in spectrum of disease: main diseases—noninfectious diseases
2. Change in life style
3. Change in definition of health
Ⅳ. Characteristics of current medical mode:
A. Attention to both patients and diseases
B. Attention to psychology
C. Attention to social factors
Ⅴ.Conclusion:
A. A systemic and integrated medical mode
B. The need for a new medical mode
Medical mode is regarded as a sum of radical views and opinions about human’s life activity,
health and diseases. It is important for health protection and medical development. Medical mode
varies in different stages and can reflect the level of medical development. In the recent years,
great changes have taken place in medical mode. Biomedical mode was replaced by bio-psycho-
social medical mode.
Biomedical mode is disease-centered and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
In the past years, infectious diseases were the leading diseases affecting people’s health. Many
people died from these diseases such as smallpox, cholera and tuberculosis. It is necessary for
doctors to treat and control infectious diseases. On the other hand, people defined health as
absence of disease or injury and neglected other aspects such as psychology. Biomedical mode
was characterized by concern about diseases and treatment of diseases rather than human being.
This mode ignored the influences of social environmental and psychological factors on people’s
health.
Current medical mode, which is bio-psycho-social mode was brought out by American
psychiatrist Engel in 1977. He points out an integrative concept of health and disease should
include the interaction of biology, psychology and sociology. This mode meets the need of the
development of medicine, industry and technology. In the recent years, infectious diseases have
been controlled and cured by vaccine and antibiotics. Chronic noninfectious diseases increase
gradually and become a great threaten to people’s health. With the development of society, people
are no longer satisfied with simple life and pursue higher material and mental civilization. WHO
defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Current medical mode treats not only diseases, but also patients or human and pays more
attention to psychology that plays an important role in people’s health. The mode is also
concerned about social factors. Human is not only a natural one, but also a social one. Social
environmental factors, such as culture background, occupation, family and human relationship can
affect the psychosomatic health of human being.
In conclusion, current medical mode is a systemic and integrated medical mode, which cares
for both diseases and psychosocial factors. The outbreaks of SARS and avail flu make us realize
the damage of new infectious diseases and the importance of environment and ecosystem. So a
30

31. new medical mode is needed to serve us better. (399 words)
Improvements Four:
Outline
Thesis: The current medical mode is concerned about not only diseases and patients, but also the
psychosocial impacts on human health.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
A. Definition of a medical mode
B. Importance: promotion of health; development of medicine
C. Great changes in the medical mode
(Ⅰ. Introduction:
Definition of a medical mode:
1. based on the concepts about human life, health and diseases
2. reflect the level of medical development
3. changes with time and social progress)
Ⅱ. Past medical mode: (The past medical mode:)
A. Definition: (///////)
1. Biomedical mode (1. Biomedical)
2. Reasons:
a. Main diseases affecting people’s health—infectious diseases
b. Definition of health: absence of disease or injury
B. Characteristics: (Results:)
1. Attention to diseases
2. Ignorance of psychology and society
(II. The past medical mode:
1. Biomedical
2. Reasons:
a. Main diseases affecting people’s health—infectious diseases
b. Views on health: absence of disease or injury
3. Results (Features):
a. Attention to diseases
b. Ignorance of psychological and social factors)
Ⅲ. Definition of Current medical mode: (The current medical mode:)
A. Bio-psycho-social medical mode: 1977,Engel
B. Reasons:
1. Change in spectrum of disease: main diseases—noninfectious diseases
2. Change in life style
3. Change in definition of health
Ⅳ. Characteristics of current medical mode:
A. Attention to both patients and diseases
B. Attention to psychology
C. Attention to social factors
Ⅴ.Conclusion:
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32. C. A systemic and integrated medical mode
D. The need for a new medical mode
Medical mode is regarded as a sum of radical views and opinions about human’s life activity,
health and diseases. (A medical mode is the typical way a particular medical system functions, or
common medical practices are carried out. It is based on the concepts about human life, health and
diseases.) It is important for health protection and medical development. (It can reflect the level
of medical development of a time or a place.) Medical mode varies in different stages and can
reflect the level of medical development. In the recent years, great changes have taken place in
medical mode. (It also changes with time and social progress.) Biomedical mode was replaced by
bio-psycho-social medical mode. (////////)
Biomedical mode is disease-centered and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
(The traditional bio-medical mode is diseases-centered and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment
of diseases.) In the past years, infectious diseases were the leading diseases affecting people’s
health. (In the past years, acute infectious diseases posed the gravest danger to human life and
health.) Many people died from these diseases such as smallpox, cholera and tuberculosis. (Many
people died young from such diseases as smallpox, cholera and tuberculosis.) It is necessary for
doctors to treat and control infectious diseases. (It was the most urgent for doctors to save
endangered lives by treating and controlling them.) On the other hand, people defined health as
absence of disease or injury and neglected other aspects such as psychology. (Moreover, due to
low living standards and low demands on quality of life in the past, people at that time took health
as just absence of diseases or injuries and neglected other aspects of human life, such as
psychology, life-style and environment.) Biomedical mode was characterized by concern about
diseases and treatment of diseases rather than human being. This mode ignored the influences of
social environmental and psychological factors on people’s health. (Consequently, the old mode
failed to realize the significant influences of social, environmental and psychological factors on
people’s health.)
Current medical mode, which is bio-psycho-social mode was brought out by American
psychiatrist Engel in 1977. (The current medical mode is a bio-psycho-social one. Its concept was
first put forward by an American psychiatrist, Engel, in 1977.) He points out an integrative
concept of health and disease should include the interaction of biology, psychology and sociology.
(He pointed out that an integrative concept of health and disease should include the interaction
between biology, psychology and sociology.) This mode meets the need of the development of
medicine, industry and technology. (The new mode has resulted from the modern advances in
medicine and human society and is aimed at health promotion.) In the recent years, infectious
diseases have been controlled and cured by vaccine and antibiotics. Chronic noninfectious
diseases increase gradually and become a great threaten to people’s health. (While infectious
diseases can now be controlled and cured by vaccine and antibiotics, chronic noninfectious
diseases increase steadily and become the greatest threat to people’s health.) With the development
of society, people are no longer satisfied with simple life and pursue higher material and mental
civilization. (In addition, with the improvement of quality of life, people who are no longer
satisfied with simply being absent of diseases try to pursue higher physical and mental wellbeing.)
WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the
32

33. absence of disease or infirmity. (As a result, WHO has defined health as a state of complete
physical, mental, and social well-being but not just as the absence of disease or infirmity.)
Current medical mode treats not only diseases, but also patients or human and pays more
attention to psychology that plays an important role in people’s health. (The current medical mode
treats not only diseases, but also patients as a whole human being living under particular social
and environmental conditions. It pays much attention to psychological, social and environmental
factors that may play an important role in people’s health. It is health-centered rather than disease-
centered.) The mode is also concerned about social factors. Human is not only a natural one, but
also a social one. Social environmental factors, such as culture background, occupation, family
and human relationship can affect the psychosomatic health of human being. (According to the
new concept, a person is not only a natural being, but also a social one. Social and environmental
factors, such as cultural background, occupation, family and interpersonal relationship can affect
the psychosomatic health of a human being more than we have realized.)
In conclusion, current medical mode is a systemic and integrated medical mode, which cares
for both diseases and psychosocial factors. The outbreaks of SARS and avail flu make us realize
the damage of new infectious diseases and the importance of environment and ecosystem. So a
new medical mode is needed to serve us better. (In short, since the current medical mode
embodies an advanced systemic medical concept, it will benefit human beings by promoting
human health. There is no doubt that it suits the contemporary conditions much better than the
traditional mode. The outbreaks of SARS and avian flu have made us realize the importance of
environment and ecosystem to human health, as well as dangers of new infectious diseases.)
C、比较事物
1、 基本句型
基本句型：
1. … as … as [A is as good as B. A studies as hard as B. A studies hard just as B
does.]
2. 形容词、副词的比较级＋than
3. Of +比较的范围, 形容词、副词的最高级
及 ：动词 词组
compare with [in] sth / resemble sth / differ from [in] sth / vary from…to… / make a
comparison between sth/ have a difference in sth / have a resemblance in sth / have
several things in common
形容 及 ：词 词组
similar to sth / different from [in] sth / same [with] / common
介 ：词
33

34. like / unlike [A is like B. A is unlike B.]
副 及短词 语:
Similarly, / Likewise, / On the contrary, / In [By] contrast, / In the same way, / In a similar
way, / In a different way, / On the one hand …, on the other hand …
I. 表示相同与相似：
例句：
1. 走路可给予你许多与慢跑或跑步同样的益处，只不过所花时间长一些。
Walking can bring you many of the same benefits as jogging or running does, though it takes
more time.
Walking can benefit you just as jogging or running does, but it takes more time.
Like jogging or running, walking can bring you many benefits, though it is more time-
consuming.
2. 蛋白质的供热量虽与碳水化合物相同，但价格较贵。
Although protein can provide the same amount of calories as carbohydrate does, it is more
expensive.
Like carbohydrate, protein can provide calories, but it is more expensive.
3. 在这方面人和动物一样。
It is the same with man as with animals.
Man and animals are the same in this.
Man and animals are similar in this.
Man and animals are alike in this.
There is a resemblance between man and animals in this.
4. 这是因为非典引起的症状与许多其它疾病相似。
This is because SARS produces signs like many other sicknesses.
This is because SARS produces signs that are similar to those of other diseases.
This is because SARS produces signs that resemble those of other diseases.
5. 他的发现似乎与中国的一位科学家早些时候的研究相一致。
His findings seem to agree with [accord with] an earlier research by a Chinese scientist.
His findings seem to be in agreement with [in accord with] an earlier research by a Chinese
scientist.
His findings seem to be similar to those of an earlier research by a Chinese scientist.
6. 人生气时大脑释放的激素与紧张应激状态下分泌的激素相同。
When a person is angry, the brain releases the same hormones that are produced during
tense, stressful situations.
The hormones that are released by the brain when a person is angry are the same that are
produced during tense and stressful situations.
7. 对有些人来说，喝茶就像刷牙洗脸一样，时早晨正常活动的一部分。
34

35. For some people drinking tea is as much a part of normal morning activities as brushing
teeth or washing face.
For some people drinking tea is a part of normal morning activities as brushing teeth or
washing face is.
For some people drinking tea is a part of normal morning activities like brushing teeth or
washing face.
II. 表示不同、差别、区别：
例句：
1. 人有男女老少之分，工农商学兵之分，贫富地位高低之分，ABC 型性格之分，四种气
质之分等。
People differ [are different] in gender, age, occupation, social status, character and
temperament.
There are always differences between people in gender, age, occupation, social status,
character and nature.
People have different genders, ages, occupations, social and financial conditions, characters
and natures.
2. 医生与病人进行语言交流应注意因人而异、因时制宜和因地制宜。
When a doctor talks with his patient, his talk should vary from person to person, time to
time and place to place.
The conversation between the doctor and the patient should differ [vary] according to
different persons and occasions.
3. 由于病人的年龄、职业、性格特点、文化程度等不同，而且个人的病情不同，采取的交流
方式也应该不同。
As patients differ in age, occupation, character, education and disease, the way of talking
should vary [differ] accordingly.
Ways of communication should vary [differ / be different] according to a patient’s age,
occupation, character, education and severity of the illness.
Ways of communication should be different, because patients are different.
4. 相反，与仅仅两年前相比，大学生们对心理咨询的态度完全不同。
On the contrary, compared with only two years ago, the attitude of college students towards
mental consultation has been totally different.
On the contrary, the attitude of college students towards mental consultation has been
totally different from (that) only two years ago.
5. 洋医院与公立医院最大的不同是，前者挣的是服务费，后者挣得是药品钱。
The biggest difference between foreign-funded hospitals and public ones is that the former
earn money from their services and the latter from medications.
Foreign-funded hospitals differ greatly from public ones in that the former make money
chiefly from their services and the latter from medications.
35

36. Foreign-funded hospitals make money from services but public ones from medicines. That is
the biggest difference.
6. 专家还认为，应该根据人的不同年龄和体质状况，科学合理地搭配早膳。
Experts think that breakfast should be differently prepared according to different conditions
of people.
Experts think that breakfast should differ [vary] according to different conditions of people.
Experts think that it is scientific and reasonable for different people to have different
breakfasts.
7. 患者是具有不同个性的独特的人，对同一种情况，反应会千差万别。
Since patients are unique persons with various [different] personalities, they will respond
variously to the same situation.
Because patients are all unique and different in personality, their responses to the same
situation are surely various [different].
Because patients are different, their responses to the same situation are surely different.
8. 相反，一旦进入青年期，行为发展开始分化。
By contrast, once a child grows into an adolescent, his or her behaviour begins to be quite
different [various] from each other.
By contrast, in adolescence the behavior of adolescents begins to differ.
9. 循证医学与传统医学的不同有三点：一、经验的来源不同；二、证据来源不同；三、对个
人的要求不同。
There are three differences between evidence-based medicine and traditional medicine:
(different) sources of experience, (different) sources of evidence and (different)
requirements for doctors.
Evidence-based medicine differs from traditional medicine in sources of experience, sources
of evidence and requirements for doctors.
III. 表示对比：
例句：
1. 这些家长们认为，粮食所具有的营养价值像它们的市场价值一样，无法与动物性食品
相比。
The parents think that grain can not be compared with animal foods in terms of nutritive
value as well as market value.
The parents think that compared with animal foods grain is much inferior in nutritive value
as well as market value.
The parents think that grain is much inferior to animal foods in terms of nutritive value as
well as market value.
The parents think that like its market value, the nutritive value of grain is not as high as that
of animal foods.
2. 全科医生的服务质量会比目前不到 15 分钟看一个门诊病人的医疗质量高得多、好得多。
36

37. A general practitioner can provide much better medical service than the current outpatient
department which deals with a patient in less than 15 minutes.
The medical service of a general practitioner is much better than that of an outpatient
department, because the latter deals with a patient in less than 15 minutes.
3. 目前，与发达国家相比，我国健康教育投入甚微，健康教育运行机制和政府对健康教
育的管理尚不够协调。
At present, compared with developed countries, our country still has a long way to go in
health education.
At present, health education in our country is much poorer than [inferior to] that in the
developed countries in terms of government investment, operation mechanism and
management.
At present, compared with developed countries, there are many problems in our health
education.
4. 在三大物质中，脂肪具有产热量最多的特点。
Of the three substances, protein can produce the greatest amount of calories.
Protein can produce more calories than the other two substances.
5. 定期锻炼的最大受益者是你的心脏。
Regular exercise benefits your heart the most.
Your heart benefits the most from regular exercise.
Regular exercise benefits nothing more than your heart.
6. 与中轻年人相比，老年人的新陈代谢（metabolism）已经明显衰退。
Compared with the young and middle-aged, metabolism of the old people has obviously
declined.
Metabolism of old people has been obviously inferior to that of the young and middle-aged.
Metabolism of old people has been obviously slower than that of the young and middle-
aged.
7. 不过国内其它医院相比，洋医院目前的收费是很高的。
Compared with other kinds of hospital in China, charges in foreign-invested hospitals are
very high.
Charges in foreign-invested hospitals are much higher than those in other kinds of hospital
in China,
8. 目前在基础设施、诊疗设备、技术水平等方面，民营医院还难以与具备优势的公立医院
相提并论。
Private-owned hospitals are now much inferior to public-owned ones in basic facilities,
medical equipment and skills.
The basic facilities, medical devices and skills of private-owned hospitals are now much
poorer than those of public-owned ones.
The basic facilities, medical devices and skills of private-owned hospitals are not so
competitive as those of public-owned ones.
At present, private-owned hospitals can not be compared [compete] with public-owned ones
in basic facilities, medical devices and skills.
9. 我国有些中小城市，CT 的人均拥有量超过了世界上有些发达国家。
In some of the small and middle-sized cities, the owning rate of CT per person is higher than
[exceeds] that in some developed countries.
37

38. In some of the small and middle-sized cities, people own more CT per person than those in
some developed countries.
10. 这意味着后一代人总是要比前一代人占有地球的更多时间和空间，消耗更多的资源，
产生更多的污染
This means that the later generation always takes up more time and space on the earth, uses
more resources and produces more pollution than the previous generation.
11. 在过去 20 年中，世界上没有任何一个国家的医疗保健发展速度像中国那么快。
In the past 20 years, no country in the world has made more rapid progress than China in
medical care.
In the past 20 years, no country in the world has developed in medical care as quickly as
China.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 艾滋病病毒感染者外表和正常人一样。
2. 同样的原因产生同样的结果。
3. 他们处理这种消毒骨的方法与处理骨折的方法相同。
4. 这种病像皮肤癌但又不是皮肤癌。
5. 一位美国科学家报导了类似的发现。
6. 他们的身体需要咖啡或茶就像吸烟者需要烟叶一样。
7. 像体温一样生存质量是可以科学测量的。
8. 我国的膳食结构与西方不同。
9. 相反，同城里人不一样，农民喜欢价廉方便的中医。
10. 两组的症状大大不同。
11. 相反，有些高校对心理咨询的作用认识不足。
12. 研究人员发现，男孩和女孩在学习方式上有一些重大差异。
13. 男女在智力方面当然没有差异。
14. 人类所需要的各种营养素其市场价格有高低之分。
15. 烧伤严重程度不同，对烧伤病人的急救方式也不同。
16. 目前在所有治疗艾滋病的手段中，“鸡尾酒疗法”是效果最好的。
17. 环境污染对人体的影响比我们意识到的要大得多。
18. 很明显，放疗和化疗所带来的好处超过其不利的方面。
19. 健康教育作为防治慢性病的一种手段，与其他方法相比，有很多优点。
20. 中医看病没有西医来得快。
21. 西方人不能接受我们的一些生活习惯, 正如我们不能理解他们的一些价值观念。
22. A，B，S 在各项指数上比较接近，其中 A 在三者中生活质量最高。
23. 在防治不良生活方式疾病方面，社区卫生服务比普通正规医院作用更大。
24. 开展健康教育、促进健康，花费比治疗要少得多。
25. 竞争给我们带来的益处远比其代价大。
26. 安宁缓和医疗（hospice palliative care）比安乐死（euthanasia）似乎更是解决临终病人
38

39. 痛苦的良方。
27. 用最快速度建立起预防和治疗体系，把突发公共卫生事件对人们的身体健康和生命安
全造成的损失减至最小。
28. 医院用地越征越多，房子越盖越洋，设备越来越高尖。
29. 与老年人交谈时应用更尊重、更关心和体贴的语言
30. 更何况到公立医院看病的各种费用低于合资医院。
D、功能和意念
语言的使用。通常始于某种交际意图，通过一定的词语和结构形式而终于
一定的言语行为，即实现一定的交际功能和意念。学习英语，最终的目的是获
得使用英语进行语言交际、表达交际功能、意念的能力。
形式语法涉及语言结构形式本身。交际语法则关乎这种结构形式在各种具
体情况下的使用，即其所表达的交际功能意念。本书在吸取各家研究成果的基
础上提出一个全面的功能意念体系，并以详实的语料和例证解说功能意念的表
达方式及其常用的词语和句型，以满足英语学习的需要。
6．1 功能与意念概说 General remarks：functions and notions
1)定义与分类
说话和写作要利用词和词的组合，所以中国人学习英语时适当地了解英语
语法知识以便掌握词的组合规则(即形式语法)是有益的。但是，组合的语句归
根结底要用于一定的交际场合，因此重要的是学会在特定的情景或语境中为特
定的目的正确而恰当地使用语句，学会在什么情况下说什么和怎样说，即学会
使用英语表达交际功能意念。本书的交际语法就是为满足这一需要而编制的。
话语的功能指使用语言去实现什么交际动机、做什么事情或进行什么言语
行为。像陈述、询问、评价、表态、建议、命令、请求、道歉、感谢、惊奇、表扬等都是
常见的功能项目。这样一些功能都带有普遍性即一般功能，可以体现在不同的
具体情景之中，例如陈述与询问这两种信息交换的功能就可能出现在日常生
活、工作、社交、通信、旅游等活动当中。一般功能结合特殊的情景，便是话语的
特殊功能领域。
意念指说话的内容所涉及的概念或话题。按照抽象程度的不同，意念可分
为一般意念和特殊意念。前者如空间、时间、数量、质量、移动、关系等，后者如
个人情况、家庭、学习、健康、衣服、计算机、汽车、节假日等等。围绕着意念可以
展现各种话语。
功能和意念这两种要素在实际的话语中是紧密结合、相互依存的。如：
A：Excuse me。where can，get my parcel7 请问，在哪里领取包裹?
B：At the next counter． 下一个窗口。
以上对话，A 的言语行为即一般功能是索取信息，特殊功能是领取包裹；一般意
念是空间位置，特殊意念是包裹。
2)功能意念与语言形式
功能意念的表达与语言形式有对应的一面和不对应的一面。对应的一面
指某一功能意念常使用一定的语言结构形式表达。例如索取信息这一功能可
借助疑问句完成。提供信息可借助陈述句完成。请求和命令可借助祈使句完成。
但是，说话时的背景、条件、时间、场所、人际关系等语境要素千差万别，因而同
一功能意念的表达方式也随之变化，造成不同的语体(正式、非正式)、礼貌程
39

40. 度、语义差别和交际效果。例如索取信息中的问路就可能至少有如下的表达方
式：
(Please)Tell me where J can，l，ld 口 near 缈 bookshop．(祈使句)(请)告诉
我附近哪里能找到一家书店。
，，d like ro knowwhere J can，j，ld 口 near 如 bookshop．(陈述句)我想了解附
近在哪里能找到一家书店。
如 there 口 bookshop near 如?(疑问句)附近有书店吗?
Have you any idea where J can，i，Id 口 nearby bookshop?(疑问句)你知道附
近在哪里能找到一家书店吗?
J wonder where J can 月蒯口 near 缈 bookshop．(陈述句)我不知道附近在哪
里能找到一家书店。
Could you tell me where J can，i，ld 口 near 坶 bookshop?(疑问句)请问附近
在哪里能找到一家书店呢?
l hope you don’t mind my asking，but where can l 扛 nd n near 的 bookshop?
(疑问句)请别介意我向你打听一下，附近哪里有书店吗?
前四句都可在熟人、亲友之间使用，语体随便；第五句比较委婉；第六旬适合在
公共场所向生人提问，礼貌得体；最后一句则显得过分客气。
意念的表达也有类似情况。例如过去时间的表示可以使用一般过去时这
种动词形式。但也可以使用一般现在时形式表示不确定的过去时间，或增加描
述往事的真实感和生动性。(见 4．5．1 一般现在时)
反过来说，同一语言结构形式也可能完成不同的功能。像 It's cold i，I here．
(屋里冷。)这样一句话，在一般情况下可能是陈述情况；丈夫对妻子说时可能是
请求关上窗户；家庭主妇对暖气公司收费人说时可能是抱怨室温过低；朋友在
公共场所对朋友说时可能是警告不要入内，等等。
了解功能意念与语言形式对应的一面，有助于便利而系统地学习如何使用
语言完成交际任务，做到想说什么就能找到相应的词语和句型。了解功能意念
与语言形式不对应的一面。则有助于准确理解语言形式，掌握其丰富的表现力，
恰如其分地使用语言。
E、表示够与不够
一、 基本句型
I. 表示不够、缺少：
及 ：动词 词组
lack sth
名 及 ：词 词组
a lack of sth / a shortage of sth / inadequacy / deficiency
形容 及 ：词 词组
40

41. insufficient (to do sth) （尤指力量、金 或 源钱 资 ） / not enough / inadequate / lacking in sth
/ deficient in sth （多指含量不足）
副 及 ：词 词组
not (good) enough
例句：
1. 这种饮食缺钙。
There is deficient [insufficient] calcium in the diet.
The diet lacks sufficient calcium.
There is not enough calcium in the diet.
Calcium in the diet is deficient [insufficient].
2. 营养失调病是由于食物中缺少一种或多种健康所必需的物质。
Deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of one or more food substances necessary for
health.
Deficiency diseases are caused by foods lacking in one or more substances necessary for
health.
3. 经费不足，人才短缺，不能应付农村重大疫情和公共卫生突发事件。
Funds and medical workers are insufficient [inadequate] to deal with a grave epidemic
situation or a sudden public health crisis.
Insufficient [Inadequate] funds and medical workers cannot deal with a grave epidemic
situation or a sudden public health crisis.
An apparent lack of funds and medical workers makes us unable to deal with a grave
epidemic situation or a sudden public health crisis.
4. 公立医院的服务有许多不足之处，群众很不满意。
People are quite unsatisfied with many inadequacies [deficiencies / shortcomings] in the
services of public hospitals.
Inadequate [Deficient / Insufficient] services of public hospitals make people quite
unsatisfied.
People are not satisfied with the services of public hospitals.
5. 我国大部分城市都有缺水的大问题。
Water shortage is a big problem in most of the cities in China.
Most of the cities in China have [face] a great problem of water shortage.
Most of the cities in China do not have enough water.
6. 公立医院的改革力度不够。
The reforms carried out by the public hospitals are not effective [efficient / powerful /
adequate / thorough] enough. （放在形容 后面词 ）
The reforms carried out by the public hospitals are inadequate.
41

42. 7. 许多人对健康危险因素评价还不够了解。
Many people have not known Health Risk Factor Appraisal well enough. （放在副 后词
面）
Many people have inadequate knowledge [understanding] of Health Risk Factor Appraisal.
8. 性格与饮食有关的说法缺乏科学证据。
The belief that human characters are associated with diets lacks scientific evidence.
There is not enough evidence to support the notion that human characters are associated with
diets.
The scientific evidence is insufficient [inadequate] to support the notion that human
characters are associated with diets.
II. 表示过量、够、充分：
及 ：动词 词组
exceed sth / go beyond sth
名 及 ：词 词组
an excess of sth / to excess / in excess of sth
形容 ：词
excessive / enough / sufficient / adequate
副 ：词
excessively / sufficiently / too / enough / over-[前缀]
例句：
1. 过度节食者难免精疲力尽。
Excessive dieters are sure to feel exhausted.
People who diet to lose weight excessively [to excess] will surely feel exhausted.
People who go on a diet to lose weight excessively [to excess] will surely feel exhausted.
2. 不过洋医院的收费是对工薪阶层来说太高了，承受不了。
The prices [charges] at the foreign-funded hospitals are too high [excessive] for wage earners
to bear.
The excessively high prices [charges] at the foreign-funded hospitals are beyond wage
earners.
Wage earners cannot afford the high prices at the foreign-funded hospitals.
3. 超负荷的体力劳动和脑力劳动，是易患高血压的因素。
42

43. An overload [excess] of physical and mental labor is likely to lead to hypertension.
Excessive physical and mental labor is a likely factor of hypertension.
Physical and mental overwork is a likely factor of hypertension.
If one overworks [works too hard] physically and mentally, he is likely to develop
hypertension.
If one does physical or mental labor too hard, he is likely to develop hypertension.
4. 不要把自己的抱负目标定得太高。
Do not be too ambitious.
Do not be overambitious.
Do not have excessive ambitions.
Do not have your goals exceed your ability or realistic possibility.
Do not set goals beyond your ability or realistic possibility.
5. 只要不过分，饮酒是有好处的。
Drinking is OK as long as you do not do it to excess.
Drinking is beneficial to health as long as it is not excessive.
It does one good if one does not drink excessively [too much / to excess].
Dinking is good but overdrinking is bad.
6. 工作时间不要超过每周 50 小时。
Working time should not exceed [go beyond] 50 hours a week.
One should not work beyond 50 hours a week.
One should not work in excess of 50 hours a week.
One should work no more than 50 hours a week.
7. 疫苗的效果超过了科学家们的期望。
The effectiveness [results / outcomes] of the vaccine exceeded [went beyond] expectations
of the scientists.
The effectiveness [results / outcomes] of the vaccine were much better than the scientists had
expected.
The effects of the vaccine were excellent.
8. 人口过剩是指人口增长速度超过社会经济增长速度。
Overpopulation refers to the speed of population growth which exceeds [goes beyond] that
of social economic development.
Overpopulation means that the speed of population growth exceeds [goes beyond] that of
social economic development.
Overpopulation means that population increases faster than social economic development.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 缺钙的饮食可以引起老年骨质疏松 （osteoporosis）。
2. 农村卫生资金投入不足。
3. 缺少面对面交流阻碍了有益的医患关系的建立。
43

44. 4. 许多健康问题与饮食不良以及运动相对不足有关。
5. 农村许多地区医护人才严重短缺。
6. 健康教育专业学科师资缺乏，不能适应提高全民健康素质战略任务的需求。
7. 在碳水化合物不足的情况下，蛋白质和脂肪不能发挥它们应有的功能。
8. 缺乏自信的孩子往往害怕挑战。
9. 消毒不够，杀不死细菌。
10. 缺乏锻炼和吃得太多是肥胖病（obesity）的原因。
11. 儿童应该摄入足够的碳水化合物（粮食类食品）。
12. 含脂肪多的食物易产生饱腻感，无法摄入过多。
13. 这次预防控制禽流感的过程中，从开始就给予了高度关注。
14. 医疗费用过高，群众满意度难以提高。
15. 但如果人类平均寿命无节制地延长，将会给人类带来很多伦理困惑。
16. 大多数的人每天 7 小时的睡眠就够了。
17. 他们也有足够的经济实力为子女提供良好的膳食。
18. 艾滋病的治疗对大多数的病患者来说太贵。
19. 年轻人常常热情过度。
20. 医生的解释不要超过病人的理解能力。
21. 每日可服用复合维生素药物，但注意不能超过人体实际需要量。
22. 过度医疗超过了患者与社会的经济承受能力。
F、与疾病有关的意念的表达方式：
I. 疾病:
名 及 ：词 词组
terminal [serious / minor / slight / acute / chronic] illness;
fatal [infectious / contagious / curable / incurable / heart / lung / kidney] disease;
stomach [liver / skin] disorder;
disorder of the liver [stomach / skin];
throat [ear / lung ] infection;
a focal [acute / chronic] inflammation of the lungs;
及 ：动词 词组
suffer from an illness [a disease / a condition / a disorder / an attack];
catch [have / get / contract / develop] a disease [an illness];
be [feel / fall / become / get] seriously ill [sick] with a virus [measles / worry];
be unwell / not be well;
be prone to an illness;
recover from an illness;
diagnose a patient or a disease;
infect sb;
spread [induce / pass down / inherit] a disease;
[a disease] spread through sth;
44

45. 例句：
1. 她得了一种中枢神经方面的怪病。
She suffers from a rare disease of the central nervous system.
She develops [has; gets] a rare disease of the central nervous system.
2. 人们常常不好意思承认得了精神病。
People are often too embarrassed to admit that they have suffered from [developed] any
form of mental illness.
3. 她不舒服，她喉咙感染了。
She is not very well, because she has a throat infection.
She is not feeling very well, because she has a throat infection.
She is not feeling very well, because her throat is infected.
4. 像伤风这样的小病最好让它自己好。
Usually it is not necessary to treat minor illnesses such as colds.
Minor illnesses such as colds are usually best left to get better by themselves.
Minor illnesses such as colds usually do not need medical attention.
5. 去那个地区旅行的人都得到劝告，要接种疫苗，以防传染病。
Travelers to that area are advised to get vaccinated against infectious diseases.
6. 疟疾常常不能断根，病人会在几年里反复发作。
Malaria often doesn’t go away completely, and a patient may suffer from repeated attacks
over several years.
Malaria often cannot be cured [got rid of] completely, and a patient may suffer from
repeated attacks over several years.
7. 这场病让她好虚弱，容易感染。
The disease made her weak and likely to suffer from [develop / have / get] infections.
The disease left her weak and prone to all kinks of infections.
8. 这是我国慢性非传染性疾病发病的高峰期。
It is a period of peak morbidity [incidence] of chronic and non-infectious diseases.
It is a peak period of chronic and non-infectious diseases.
9. HIV 侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤。
After HIV invades a human body, it destroys the immune system and causes a variety of
incurable infections and caners.
10. 艾滋病是一种病死率极高的严重传染病，目前还没有治愈的药物和方法，但可预防。
Being a serious infectious illness with extremely high mortality, AIDS cannot be cured now
with any medicine or therapy but can be prevented.
Since AIDS is a serious infectious illness with extremely high mortality, there has now been
no medicine or therapy to cure it but some ways to prevent it.
11. 艾滋病不会经电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳池或浴室等公共设施传播，也不会经咳嗽、喷
嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。
AIDS cannot be spread through public facilities such as telephones, tableware, bedding,
swimming pools and bathrooms, or through such approaches as coughing, sneezing and
mosquito bites.
It is impossible for AIDS to spread through public facilities such as telephones, tableware,
45

46. bedding, swimming pools and bathrooms, or through such approaches as coughing, sneezing
and mosquito bites.
12. 高血压是人群中患病率很高的慢性病，是多基因遗传。
Hypertension is a chronic disease with high incidence [morbidity] among people, and can
be inherited [passed down] through polygenes.
13. 另外，病人会喘、失眠、恶心呕吐、食欲不振等。
In addition, the patient may experience shortness of breath, inability to sleep, sickness and
loss of appetite.
14. 在农村的很多地区，严重危害农民身体健康的传统的传染病、地方病、职业病和寄生虫
病等重大疾病仍未得到很好控制。
In many rural areas, grave diseases that endanger farmers’ health, such as traditional
infectious diseases, local [endemic] diseases, occupational diseases and parasite diseases,
have not been controlled.
II. 诊断和治疗：
名 及 ：词 词组
medical [surgical] treatment [therapy] / operation on sb / patient with (a disease) / large [small]
doses / a sterile bandage /
及 ：动词 词组
cure sb [sth] / cure sb of sth / treat sb [sth] / treat sb with sth / receive [undergo] treatment / have
an operation on sb / carry out [conduct / perform] an operation / diagnose [misdiagnose] a patient
[disease] (as sth) / make a diagnosis [misdiagnosis] on / respond to a treatment / bandage / dress
形容 及 ：词 词组
curable / incurable / therapeutic / sterile
例句：
1. 得了不治之症的病人常常病急乱投医。
Patients with incurable illness often seek whatever treatment they can get.
Patients with incurable illness often try everything they can to treat their illness.
2. 治疗疟疾，通常是给病人服用大剂量的奎宁。
The usual way of treating malaria is to give the patient large doses of quinine.
In treatment of malaria, the patient is usually given large doses of quinine.
The malaria patient usually takes large doses of quinine.
3. 采取治疗措施可以改善症状和体征。
The symptoms and physical signs can be improved by medical [therapeutic] treatments.
Medical [Therapeutic] treatments can result in improvement of the symptoms and physical
signs.
Medical [Therapeutic] treatments can improve the symptoms and physical signs.
46

47. 4. 这种治疗对他的病没有效。
His illness was not responsive to the treatment [therapy].
His illness did not respond to the treatment.
The therapy was not effective for his illness.
This treatment cannot cure his disease.
5. 对伤者进行不间断的看护，观察是否有呼吸困难的情况发生
Keep the victim under continuous observation for breathing difficulty.
Observe the victim continuously to see whether there is any breathing difficulty.
Tend to the injured continuously to watch out for breathing difficulty.
6. 对于任何烧伤，不可涂抹软膏（ointments）之类的东西，那样只会加重感染及体液流
失。
Never apply ointments on any kind of burns, because they only promote infection and loss
of body fluids.
7. 除非烧伤面积大，水泡多（blister），肿得厉害，一般不需要绷带包扎。
Usually it is not necessary to bandage a mild burn unless it covers a large area or there is a
lot of swelling and blistering.
8. 如果有呼吸问题，必须保持呼吸道的畅通，尽快将伤者送往医院。
If the breathing problem arises, an open airway must be maintained, and get the victim to
the hospital as quickly as possible.
If there is any breathing problem, try to keep the airway open and through and send the
wounded to the hospital as quickly as possible.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 他们得了非典型性肺炎。
2. 任何人都可以得传染病。
3. 医生应该总是告诉病人他们得了像癌症这样的不治之症吗？
4. 她要是不舒服，祝她早日康复。
5. 这种病，80％的病人完全康复，完全能过正常生活。
6. 该病的最常见的症状是高烧和全身的疙瘩丘疹（spots）。
7. 带有病毒的人也许没有任何不良感觉，但仍然可以感染他人。
8. 你要是伤口清洗得不好，会感染的。
9. 感染艾滋病毒的人大量增加。
10. “生活方式病”已越来越多地威胁人们的健康。
11. 疟疾在西非还是一种常见病，而且常常致命。
12. 一系列防御措施有效地控制了禽流感的暴发流行，保证了没有人间疫情出现。
13. 这类食物脂肪含量高，易诱发胆、胰（gallbladder and pancreas）疾患，或使这类疾病复
发、加重。
14. 一个学生突然哮喘发作，我不知所措。
15. 流感是高度传染的。
47

48. 16. 高血压不仅患病率高，而且容易引起心、脑、肾等严重并发症。
17. 一些药物和设备可以帮助许多人减轻这种听力病变。
18. 癌症末期病人最常见的症状就是疼痛。
19. 对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女在月经期均不
宜冬泳。
20. “非典”和高致病性禽流感的流行，其传播速度快、危害程度高，都对人类的健康，社会
经济发展造成严重的影响。
21. 如果发现或诊断得早，许多癌症病人是可以治愈的。
22. 这种病开始时容易被误诊为一般的感冒。
23. 许多小病不需要治疗，身体可以自己复原。
24. 她的胃已经动了好几次大手术。
25. 动手术的医生说，手术百分之百成功。
26. 中国医生开始用中草药治疗艾滋病人。
27. 这药可以治你的头痛。
28. 有些癌症现在可以治愈了。
29. 经过一段治疗之后，病人的病情开始很快好转。
30. 这些艾滋病人正在接受治疗。
31. 医生说她非去住医院治疗不可。
32. 受伤部位用水充分冲洗完毕后，立即用干燥清洁的消毒绷带包扎起来。
33. 不要去剥掉粘在烧伤部位的衣服，用敷料掩盖伤口即可。
34. 心灵创伤需要长期治疗，不像身体的伤口可以很快愈合。
35. 目前医院有些医生，冷面孔待病人，容易造成误诊，或临床诊断与病理诊断不符合。
G、表达减少、减轻、降低或防止、抑止、制止、控制、避免、妨碍、障碍
1、 基本句型
I. 表达减少、减轻、降低
名 及 ：词 词组
a slight [great] reduction in / price reduction / a decrease in / a drop in
及 ：动词 词组
reduce sth (from sth) to sth / decrease / ease pain [nervousness] / relieve [indigestion / boredom /
tension / pressure] / relieve sb of sth / alleviate symptoms [situation] / make reductions / go down
例句：
1. 卫生工作根本目的在于保障全体人民群众的健康，减少各种危害健康的因素，减少疾
病，提高人民群众的健康素质和生活质量。
The essential goals of medical work are to ensure health for all the people, to decrease
[reduce] health risk factors and illnesses, and to improve the health and quality of life for all
the people.
Medical work should decrease health risk factors and illnesses, and improve the health and
quality of life for all the people.
2. 摄人大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度。
48

49. Intake of a great amount of vitamins can obviously result in a less reduction [decrease /
drop] of body temperature in a cold environment.
To take a lot of vitamins can obviously reduce [decrease] the drop range [extent] of body
temperature in a cold environment.
Taking a lot of vitamins can obviously reduce [decrease] the range [extent] of body
temperature drop in a cold environment.
If one takes enough vitamins, his body temperature will not decrease too much in a cold
environment.
3. 降低体重除使血压下降外，总胆固醇（cholesterin）、血糖和尿酸（uric acid）也都相应
降低。
A decrease in weight can result in [lead to] a drop [reduction / decrease] not only in blood
pressure but also in total cholesterin, blood sugar and uric acid.
The decreased weight can make not only blood pressure but also total cholesterin, blood
sugar and uric acid drop accordingly.
Decrease of weight can lead to many benefits to our body.
4. 降低盐的摄人量，低脂肪、高蔬菜水果、高纤维的膳食，可以预防高血压。
To decrease [reduce] the intake of salt and to have a diet of low fat, high vegetable and fruit
and high fiber can prevent hypertension.
If one decreases [reduces] the intake of salt and has a diet of low fat, high vegetable and
fruit and high fiber, one can have fewer chances of developing hypertension.
Decreased [Reduced] intake of salt, low fat, high vegetable and fruit and high fiber in diet
can prevent hypertension.
5. 突出表现为对传染病控制的关注和经费投入的相应减少，公共防御措施削弱，专业人
员流失。
The striking signs [indications] are a decrease [reduction] in attention to control of
infectious diseases and financial support, weakened measures to protect public health and
loss of professionals.
It is evident that the government was less interested in control of infectious diseases and thus
spent less money on it, take fewer effective measures to protect public health and made some
professionals go away.
6. 瑜珈和打坐有助于她减轻思想压力。
Yoga and meditation help her in reducing [decreasing] stress.
Yoga and meditation help her reduce [decrease] stress.
Yoga and meditation help relieve her of stress.
7. 担心胆固醇水平过高的人常常尝试减少吃肉。
People concerned about cholesterol levels often try to cut down on meat.
Those who are worried about cholesterol levels often try to eat less meat.
8. 虽然你治不好癌症，但可以减轻症状。
You can not cure a cancer, but you can alleviate [reduce / relieve] the symptoms.
9. 农村合作医疗制度，目的在于减轻农民个人的沉重医疗经济负担。
The purpose of the cooperative medical care in the countryside is to reduce [decrease /
relieve / alleviate] the heavy financial burden on individual farmers.
The rural cooperative medical care system is to relieve individual farmers of the heavy
financial burden.
49

50. *The rural cooperative medical care system is to relieve the heavy financial burden of
individual farmers. [wrong]
II. 表达防止、抑止、制止、控制、避免、妨碍、障碍：
名 及 ：词 词组
preventive actions [measures] / obstacle to sth / obstruction to sth / block to sth / mental
obstruction
及 ：动词 词组
prevent sb/ sth (from) doing sth / avoid (doing) sth / stop sb/sth (from) doing sth/ discourage sb
from doing sth / check / block / control / obstruct
例句：
1. 在疾病流行期间要尽量避免到人群拥挤的公共场所。
People should avoid going to the crowded public places during the spread of a disease.
People should avoid going to the crowded public places during an epidemic.
People should not go to the crowded public places as much as possible during an epidemic.
2. 全社会的及时行动避免（阻止）了禽流感的爆发。
The prompt actions of the whole society prevented the bird flu (from) breaking out.
The prompt actions of the whole society prevented [ended / stopped / checked / blocked]
the outbreak of bird flu.
3. 把健康教育作为各级各类卫生单位的基本职能之一，最大限度地控制和消除人民身体
健康的各种危险因素。
We should make health education one of the essential tasks for all kinds of medical
organizations so that the risk factors of people’s health can be checked [controlled /
blocked] and eliminated as much as possible.
In order to check [control / block] and eliminate the risk factors of people’s health, health
education should become one of the basic duties for all kinds of medical units.
4. 在疫区旅行，要采取预防措施，避免传染。
While traveling in the epidemic district, take preventive measures [actions] to avoid
infection.
5. 艾滋病虽然无法治愈，但适当及时的治疗可以防止（阻止）病情迅速恶化。
Although AIDS is incurable, appropriate and timely treatment may prevent [stop] condition
of the victim (from) getting worse rapidly.
Although AIDS is incurable, appropriate and timely treatment may prevent [block / check]
rapid deterioration of the victim’s condition.
6. 药品的虚高价格和医院的乱收费妨碍了老百姓有病及时求医。
The unreasonably high prices of drugs and charges in many hospitals discourage [prevent /
stop] common people (from) seeking timely medical care when they are ill.
Common people often do not go to the hospital when they are ill because of high prices of
drugs and unreasonable charges in many hospitals.
7. 社会的误解和歧视抑止了他们参加社会活动的积极性。
The social misunderstanding and discrimination check [block /discourage] their enthusiasm
50

51. for social activities.
The social misunderstanding and discrimination prevent [stop /discourage] them (from)
taking an active part in social activities.
They do not take an active part in social activities because they are looked down upon by the
society.
8. 血块阻碍了血液在血管中的流动。
Clots of blood obstructs [checks / blocks] the free flow of blood in a blood vessel.
Clots of blood prevent [stop] blood (from) flowing freely in a blood vessel.
Blood cannot flow smoothly because of clots.
9. 有些药物具有抑制身体正常功能的副作用。
Some drugs can produce such side effects as checking [blocking / obstructing] normal
functioning of the body.
Some drugs can prevent [stop] the body (from) functioning normally.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 社区医生的人文医学服务，减少了许多慢性病的发病率。
2. 衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。
3. 我们应该采取有效措施避免发生突发公共卫生事故。
4. 我们要不惜一切代价避免（防止）传染病的蔓延。
5. 这使得乡村卫生院业务量大幅减少。
6. 资金短缺妨碍了农村卫生工作完成这项计划。
7. 我们要避免再次发生类似事件。
8. 这些计划对于阻止一些疾病的流行是必要的。
9. 十九世纪发明了减轻分娩疼痛的新药物。
10. 消毒的作用是抑制细菌的生长。
11. 交通事故中，行动及时常常能降低受害者的休克程度。
12. 中年时期组织器官的功能和生理功能日渐减退。
13. 锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度。
14. 老年人由于生物规律的作用，疾病增多，生活质量下降。
15. 实验表明吸入含有薄荷（mint）和百花香味（fragrance）的气体能使计算机操作人员
明显减少操作失误。
16. 安宁疗护（hospice palliative care）就是尽可能减轻临终病人的身体痛苦，提高他们的
生活质量。
17. 按摩能很好地减轻压力。
18. 人类平均寿命延长将导致老年社会的过早到来，人类生活质量下降，生命价值不能实
现。
19. 他避而不用公共卫生设备。
20. 我们可以采取什么措施来防止艾滋病的蔓延呢？
21. 人类为了解决人的生存问题，必定会采取措施控制人口的增长。
22. 过多的咖啡因（caffeine）会使人容易激动及精神紧张，妨碍我们得到充分睡眠。
23. 他们已经能够防止实验动物患糖尿病（diabetes）。
24. 人口问题仍然是人类社会可持续发展的最大障碍之一。
51

52. 农村医疗卫生事业发展的最大障碍是资金严重不足。
H、表示容易、多半、可能或难、难以、不会、不可能
1、 基本句型
I. 表示容易、多半、可能：
形容 及副 ：词 词
easy / likely / possible / probable / easily / possibly / probably
例句：
1. 只要领导重视，这问题容易解决。（容易有 个基本的不同的意 ，一个是不困 ，另两 义 难
一个是很有可能，望考生注意。）
As long as [ If ] leaders pay enough attention to this problem, it is easy to be resolved.
2. 工业的发展容易污染环境。
The industrial development is likely to make the environment polluted.
The industrial development is likely to pollute the environment.
The industrial development probably [likely] pollutes the environment.
It is probable [likely] for the industrial development to pollute the environment.
3. 癌症现在是有可能治愈的。
It is possible to cure a cancer now.
A cancer can be possibly cured.
It is possible that a cancer is cured.
4. 暴饮暴食容易得胃病。
Eating and drinking too much is likely to give you stomach trouble.
You are likely to get stomach disorder if you eat and drink too much irregularly.
It is likely [probable] for you to get stomach disorder if you eat and drink too much
irregularly.
One can likely [probably] get stomach disorder if he eats and drinks too much irregularly.
5. 鉴别烧伤的严重程度并非总是很容易。
It is not always easy to tell how serious a burn is.
It is not always easy to rate [assess] the severity of a burn.
6. 将来的医学有可能使人类的平均寿命延长到 120 岁。
It is possible that medicine will extend the life expectancy of human beings to 120 years in
the future.
It is possible for medicine to extend the life expectancy of human beings to 120 years in the
future.
Medicine will extend the life expectancy of human beings possibly to 120 years in the future.
Medicine will make it possible to extend the life expectancy of human beings to 120 years in
the future
7. 克隆人类现在技术上是可能的。
It is technically possible now to clone a human being.
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53. Technology has now made it possible to clone a human being.
8. 只要有可能，就要尽全力延长患者的生命，这一传统的医学伦理道德观现在受到越来
越多的人的置疑。
More and more people are questioning the traditional medical ethic that doctors should do
everything possible to prolong the life of a patient whenever possible.
II. 表示难、难以、不会、不可能：
形容 及副 ：词 词
difficult / unlikely / impossible / improbable / hard
：动词词组
have difficulty doing sth
例句：
1. 农村医疗卫生资金投入严重短缺，必然难以保证广大农民的卫生服务需求。
Since the funds for medical care in the countryside are quite limited, it is difficult to meet the
needs of farmers for medical services.
Since the funds for medical care in the countryside are quite limited, medical institutions
there have difficulty meeting the needs of farmers for medical services.
The financial resources for the rural medical care are far from enough. As a result, it is
difficult to satisfy the needs of a huge number of farmers for medical services.
Since the government has not invested much money in the rural medical are, the needs of
farmers for medical services are difficult to meet.
2. 由于药品的虚高定价，回扣应运而生，适度医疗难以实施。
Since prices of medicines are too high and backhanders result from them, it is difficult
[unlikely] for doctors to give patients proper treatment.
Since medications are unreasonably priced and doctors can get some money from them,
proper treatment is difficult [unlikely] to be realized.
Since medications are unreasonably priced and doctors can get some money from them,
hospital leaders have difficulty asking all the doctors to provide just proper treatment.
Because doctors can get some money from high prices of drugs, they are unlikely to give
proper treatment.
3. 人类平均寿命的无限延长使代际公平无法实现。
The unlimited prolonged life expectancy of human beings will make it impossible
[unlikely / improbable] to realize intergeneration justice.
If human life expectancy is prolonged too much, it is impossible [unlikely / improbable] to
realize fairness between generations.
4. 由于人类平均寿命的延长给人类和自然界带来的影响需要相当长的时问才能显现出来，
不容易被人发现。
Because the effects that the prolonged [extended / expanded] life expectancy has on human
race and nature will become apparent in a long time, it is difficult [unlikely / improbable]
for people to notice them now.
Because it will take a long time for the effects of prolonged life expectancy to become
53

54. apparent, people are not likely to notice them now.
5. 即使停止危险因素的继续作用，一般也往往改变不了病程。
Even if the effects of health risk factors are stopped, the course of disease is unlikely
[improbable] to be changed.
Even if health risk factors have no more effects, it is unlikely [improbable / difficult] for us
to change the course of disease.
6. 这时，开刀、化学治疗、放射治疗等都不能治愈患者或延长其生命。
At this stage, it is impossible to cure the patient or to prolong his life by surgery,
chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
At this time, the patient cannot be cured and his life cannot be prolonged by surgery,
chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
At this time, the patient cannot be cured and his life cannot be prolonged by any treatment.
7. 叫人难以理解的是，为什么大多数的吸烟者都觉得戒烟很难。
It is hard to understand why most smokers find it difficult [impossible] to give up (quit)
smoking.
It is hard to understand why most smokers have difficulty giving up (quitting) smoking.
8. 老百姓的医疗费用是任何政府都难以承受的财政负担。
It is hard [impossible / difficult] for any government to bear the financial burden of medical
expenses of the people.
Medical expenses of the people are a(n) hard [impossible / difficult] financial burden for
any government to bear.
Any government has difficulty providing free medical care to all the people.
9. 他们难以控制自己的情绪。
It is difficult [hard] for them to control their emotions.
They have difficulty controlling their emotions.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 多用平易明了的大众词语，尽量不用医学术语，病人容易理解接受
2. 有太多压力的人很容易生病。
3. 这种情况多半会出现。
4. 喝生水容易生病。
5. 冬季体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健，否则容易冻坏身体。
6. 儿童多吃含糖较高的食物，容易引起龋齿和肥胖。
7. 肥胖易患高血压。
8. 科学家正在尽一切可能攻克治疗艾滋病的难题。
9. 基因技术的发展将使得许多遗传疾病能够得以治疗。
10. 禽流感有可能传染给人类。（参考“是”句型 I）
11. 对病人的心理和社会情况缺乏了解，容易造成误诊。
12. 雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故。
13. 人类平均寿命的无限延长将使整个人类的可持续发展不能实现。
14. 与艾滋病人及艾滋病病毒感染者的日常生活和工作接触不会感染艾滋病。
15. 医疗质量无法保证。
54

55. 16. 传染病的暴发流行不是一个国家和地区可以控制的。
17. 意志薄弱的人多半不会取得很大的成就。
18. 这些卫生机构处于求生存难、求发展更难的状态。
19. 任何严重烧伤，须立即取得医疗救助，否则，烧伤不会愈合。
20. 得不到有效的医疗急救，伤者不会自愈。
I、表示肯定、确定、弄清、保证、确保或提供、供给、补充
一、 基本句型
I. 表示肯定、确定、弄清、保证、确保：
基本句型：
It is certain [sure] that … / There is no doubt that …
及 ：动词 词组
make sure [certain] that / be sure [certain] that / make sure [certain] of sth / be sure
[certain] of sth / ensure sth / ensure that / ensure sb sth
介 ：词词组
with certainty / without any doubt
形容 及 ：词 词组
sure [certain] to do sth / sure [certain] of sth / sure [certain] that
例句：
1. 小儿的正常发育和健康要保证均衡营养。
Make [Be] sure that children have balanced nutrition for their normal growth and health.
If you want your children to grow normally and healthily, you make sure [ensure] that they
have balanced nutrition.
Balanced nutrition is needed to ensure children normal growth and health.
For normal growth and health, balanced nutrition is ensured for children.
2. 高校心理咨询对校园精神文明建设肯定是有积极作用的。
College mental consultation is sure [certain] to play a positive role in the construction of
spiritual civilization.
It is sure [certain] that college mental consultation plays a positive role in the construction
of spiritual civilization.
There is no doubt that college mental consultation plays a positive role in the construction
of spiritual civilization.
Without any doubt, college mental consultation plays a positive role in the construction of
spiritual civilization.
3. 我们无法肯定下一次非典什么时候爆发。
We are not sure [certain] when SARS will break out once again.
We are not sure [certain] of the time when next SARS will break out.
4. 民营医院必定能与公立医院相辅相成，互争高低，从而为人民群众提供更多更好的医
55

56. 疗服务。
Private hospitals are sure [certain] to supplement and compete with public hospitals so that
they can provide better medical services for the people.
It is sure [certain] that private hospitals supplement and compete with public hospitals so
that they can provide better medical services for the people.
There is no doubt that private hospitals supplement and compete with public hospitals so
that they can provide better medical services for the people.
Without any doubt, private hospitals supplement and compete with public hospitals so that
they can provide better medical services for the people.
Private hospitals are sure to compete with public hospitals to provide better medical services
for the people.
5. 在给出信息的时候，医生首先要明确患者想知道哪些信息。
Before giving information, a doctor should first of all be sure [certain] what information the
patient wants to know.
Before giving information, a doctor should first of all know with certainty what information
the patient wants to know.
6. 人类为了解决人的生存问题，必定会采取措施控制人口的增长，这样就会使人类后代
平等降生的权利受到侵害。
In order to solve the problem of survival, human beings are sure [certain] to take steps to
control population increase. As a result, some human descendants will not have an equal right
of coming to the world.
It is sure [certain] that [There is no doubt that / Without any doubt,] in order to solve the
problem of survival, human beings will take steps to control population increase. As a result,
the equal rights of coming to the world for human descendants will be harmed [invaded].
In order to resolve the problem of survival, human beings are sure to take steps to control
population increase. As a result, some human descendants will have no chance to come to the
world.
7. 生活中一定要让孩子有适当娱乐，娱乐不但能调节情绪，舒缓压力，还能增长新的知
识和乐趣。
Make [Be] sure that [Ensure that] children have a proper amount of entertainment, because
it not only regulates emotions and relieves stress, but also brings about new knowledge and
fun.
You should ensure children a proper amount of entertainment, because it not only regulates
emotions and relieves stress, but also brings about new knowledge and fun.
8. 一定要从患者的实际出发，考虑患者的利益。
Doctors are sure to take the actual needs and interests of a patient into consideration.
Make sure that [Ensure that] medical treatments are based on the actual needs and interests
of the patients.
It is necessary for a doctor to treat his patient according to the actual conditions and interests
of the patient. （参 “是”句型见 ）
9. 如果有人衣服着火，不可让他奔跑，跑只会增加火焰伤及脖子和头部的可能性。
When someone’s clothing is on fire, make sure [ensure] he does not run, because running
only increases the chance of flames burning the neck and head.
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57. 10. 药物并不能保证你的健康。
Drugs cannot ensure you health.
Drugs do not ensure that you will be healthy.
You are not sure to keep healthy [get health] by taking drugs.
II. 表示提供、供给、补充:
及 ：动词 词组
provide sb with sth / provide sth for sb / supply （ 期固定地提供长 ）sb with sth / supply
sth to sb / provide for / supplement sth with sth / supplement sth by doing sth
名 及 ：词 词组
supply / supplement to sth
例句：
1. 他们有足够的经济实力为子女提供良好的膳食。
They have enough money to provide [supply] their children with good food.
They are rich enough to provide good food for their children.
They are rich enough to supply good food to their children.
2. 高校心理咨询为解决大学生的思想问题提供了新的途径。
Psychological consultation provides a new approach to [solving] mental problems for college
students.
Psychological consultation is a new approach to resolving mental problems for college
students.
3. 社区卫生服务能给生活在社区的人们提供连续、系统、综合和方便的卫生服务。
Community health care can provide people living in the neighborhood with continuous,
systematic, general, and convenient medical services.
Community health care can provide continuous, systematic, general, and convenient medical
services for people living in the neighborhood.
Community health care is continuous, systematic, general, and convenient for people living
in the neighborhood.
4. 许多中年人上要供养父母，下要供养子女，压力很大。
Many middle-aged people are undergoing great pressure, because they have to provide for
both their parents and children.
5. 医生认为，膳食外补充维生素大多数都是没有必要的。
Doctors believe that vitamin supplements to regular diet are largely unnecessary.
Doctors believe that it is unnecessary in most cases to supplement regular diet by taking
vitamin pills.
Doctors believe that it is unnecessary in most cases to take vitamin pills as a supplement to
regular diet.
Doctors believe that it is unnecessary in most cases to supplement regular diet with vitamin
pills.
6. 大量出汗之后，有必要补充点盐分。
After sweating a great deal, it is necessary to take in [have] some supplementary salt.
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58. After sweating a great deal, it is necessary to take in [have] some salt.
7. 在一些方面，中医可以补充西医的不足。
Traditional Chinese medicine can supplement western medicine in some respects.
8. 为了补充经费的不足，卫生部曾经允许医院药品加价 15％。
The Health Ministry allowed hospitals to increase drug prices by 15% to supplement their
financial resources.
The Health Ministry permitted hospitals to earn a profit of 15% from selling drugs as a
supplement to their funds.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 为了弄清非典的病因，全世界的许多医学实验室进行了深入的研究。
2. 为了身体正常发挥功能，你要保证足够的液体摄入。
3. 我们确信，不良生活方式是重要的致病因素。
4. 每日可服用复合维生素药物，但注意不能超过人体实际需要量。
5. 不久的将来一定能攻克癌症治疗上的难关。
6. 可以确定减肥对血压有益处。
7. 医生要利用“积极的倾听”来弄清楚病人所关心的问题是什么。
8. 艾滋病肯定不会通过与艾滋病人的日常接触传染。
9. 病因确定之后，才能对症下药。
10. 冬泳一定要在确保安全的条件下进行。
11. 为了老年人的健康，一定要保证他们每天喝牛奶吃新鲜水果。
12. 脸部烧伤，要确保伤者的头部和双肩托起。
13. 幼儿正值生长发育的旺盛时期，应当注重补充丰富的蛋白质和钙（calcium）。
14. 尤其是要保证老年人饮食中钙的供应，以防止骨质疏松（osteoporosis）。
15. 安宁疗护（Hospice Palliative Care）给临终的病患者及其家属提供生理、心理、情感、精
神以及财务上的合法帮助。
16. 政府投入的农村卫生事业经费不足。
17. 这种由医疗机构提供的超出个体和社会保健实践需求的医疗服务，医学伦理界把它称
之为“过度医疗”。
18. 政府无力向社会提供无偿医疗。
19. 你可以多吃一些黑色食品，作为对药物治疗的一种补充。
20. 科学实验研究为临床治疗提供了可靠依据。
21. 不断补充血糖是保持精力充沛的前提。
22. 碳水化合物提供的热量是人体热量的主要来源。
J、表达“是”：
“To be” 个句型（主＋系 ＋表 ）是英 里最最基本的，最最富有表 力的句型这 动词 语 语 达
之一。“是”的意思往往 藏在句子中，不用表 出来。下面介 三个 述、描述、表 点、隐 达 绍 陈 达观 态
度及判断的句型，是几乎每篇文章都可以用到的。注意下面的重 例句， 明同 的意思可复 说 样
58

59. 以用不同的“是”句型来表 。达
I. It is [was; will be] +形容词＋ [for sb] + to do sth…（表 （某人）做某事怎么怎么 的达对 样
一 判断，是每篇文章一定可以用到的句型。种 ）
常用的形容 有：词
necessary / unnecessary; important / unimportant; advantageous / disadvantageous;
common / uncommon; convenient / inconvenient; good / bad; easy / difficult; beneficial /
harmful; helpful / helpless; reasonable / unreasonable; possible / impossible; likely /
unlikely; fortunate / unfortunate
例句：
I．1 合理地搭配膳食也非常重要。
It is very important for us to have a reasonable and balanced diet.
I．2 他们错认为有营养的东西就是鸡、鸭、鱼、肉等含蛋白质较多的动物性食品。
It is totally wrong for the parents to think that only protein-rich animal food, such as fish,
meat and poultry, is nutritious.
It is mistaken that only animal foods, such as chicken and fish, are nutritious.
I．3 学生们在有“心头疙瘩”时寻求心理咨询的帮助，对他们有很大好处。
It is beneficial for the college students to make use of mental consultation when they have
mental problems.
When they have mental problems, students should go to seek help from mental consultation.
I．4 笔者曾提出，要用社会医学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革。
The writer pointed out that it was necessary for us to reform the current medical care from
the viewpoints of social medicine and humanistic medicine.
The writer pointed out that it was necessary for us to reform the current medical care. Much
attention should be given to patients as men.
I．5 开展全方位、多层次的健康服务和健康教育，促进健康，是低投入高产出的事业。
It is efficient and economical for us to foster [improve] people’s health through all kinds of
health service and health education.
I．6 尽管冬季寒冷，但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。
Although it is cold in winter, it is necessary for us to go in for physical training.
I．7 所以，选择食物时应选择富含碳水化合物（carbohydrate），同时有适量的纤维素
（cellulose）和少量的脂肪的食物。
Therefore, it is advisable for them to choose foods which contain a rich amount of
carbohydrate, a moderate amount of cellulose and a small amount of fat.
Therefore, they should have foods which contain a lot of carbohydrate, some cellulose and a
little fat.
I．8 中年人的饮食，要含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素、钙、磷（phosphorus）等。
It is beneficial [important] for middle-aged people to have a diet which is rich in protein,
vitamins, calcium and phosphorus.
59

60. Middle-aged people should have enough protein, vitamins, calcium and phosphorus in their
diet.
I．9 私人医院还难以与具备优势的公立医院形成公平、有效的竞争局面。
It is now difficult for private hospitals to compete with public hospitals on a fair and effective
basis.
It is now difficult for the private hospitals to compete with public hospitals.
I．10 艾滋病不会经电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳池或浴室等公共设施传播。
It is impossible for AIDS to spread through public facilities such as telephones, tableware,
bedding, swimming pools and bathrooms.
II. It is [was; will be] +形容词＋ that + 句子（表 某事怎么怎么 ，也是一 非常常用的达 样 种
表 判断和 的句型，可以和上面的句型互 ，在 法上属于名 性从句，要特 留达 结论 换 语 词 别
意。）
例句：
II．1 合理地搭配膳食也非常重要。
It is very important that we should have a reasonable and balanced diet. [要用虚 气拟语 ]
II．2 他们错认为有营养的东西就是鸡、鸭、鱼、肉等含蛋白质较多的动物性食品。
It is totally wrong that the parents think that only protein-rich animal food, such as fish, meat
and poultry, is nutritious.
II．3 学生们在有“心头疙瘩”时寻求心理咨询的帮助，已经越来越普遍。
It is more and more common that college students make use of mental consultation when
they have mental problems.
II．4 用社会医学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革，是很有必要的。
It is necessary that current reform of health care should be carried out in the light of social
medicine and humanistic medicine.
II．5 开展全方位、多层次的健康服务和健康教育，促进健康，是低投入高产出的事业。
It is efficient and helpful that we carry out all kinds of health service and health education to
foster [improve] people’s health.
II．6 尽管冬季寒冷，但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。
It is important that people should go in for sports in spite of cold weather in winter.
II．7 所以，选择食物时应选择富含碳水化合物（carbohydrate），同时有适量的纤维素
（cellulose）和少量的脂肪的食物。
It is, therefore, reasonable that they should have foods which contain rich carbohydrate,
certain cellulose and a little fat.
II．8 不言而喻，食物所含的热量要充分满足青少年脑力活动与体力活动的需要。
It is obvious that the energy provided by the food should meet the needs of mental and
physical activities of the adolescents.
It is obvious that calories of the food should meet the needs of adolescents.
II．9 很有可能，一些被有效控制的传染病重新流行，一些新的传染病不断爆发。
It will be most likely that some old infectious diseases which have already been effectively
60

61. controlled will spread once again and some new ones will break out.
It will be most likely that some old infectious diseases will spread again and some new ones
will appear.
II．10 中国 3／4 的农村人口只占用 1／3 的全国医疗卫生费用,这是令人吃惊的。
It is astonishing that 3/4 of the Chinese population in the rural areas only spend 1/3 of the
total national medical resources.
It is surprising that 3/4 of the Chinese people in the countryside only use 1/3 of the total
national medical funds.
III. 名词词组＋ be ＋ that + 句子（表 某事物是什么，也是表 判断和 的常用句型。达 达 总结 ）
常用的名 有：词词组
the obvious solution to this problem / the experts’ opinion of [about] this issue / the
effective way of doing sth / the key point of sth / the chief sign of sth / the serious
situation / the definite evidence / one of the grave consequences of sth / the good reason
for this phenomenon / the first problem brought by sth / the common belief / the public
opinion / the greatest difficulty in sth
例句：
III．1 解决这个问题的方法不言而明，那就是为孩子提供足够的粮食类食品。
The obvious solution to this problem is that parents should provide their children with
enough grain food.
III．2 笔者曾提出，要用社会医学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革。（作者的观点是，要用
社会医学观和人文医学观指导卫生改革。）
The writer’s opinion is that current reform of health care should be carried out in the light of
social medicine and humanistic medicine.
III．3 开展全方位、多层次的健康服务和健康教育，促进健康，是低投入高产出的事业。
（促进健康的高效而经济的途径是，开展各种健康服务和健康教育。）
The efficient and economical way to foster health is that we carry out all kinds of health
service and education.
III．4 寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健。（我们要注意的关键是，
寒冷的冬天进行体育锻炼，一定要自我保健。）
The key point we should remember is that we have to take good care of our health when we
go in for sports in cold weather.
III．5 此期主要表现是，全身淋巴结持续性肿大。
The chief sign at this stage is that lymph nodes all over the body grow swollen continuously.
III．6 洋医院的优势在于，病人能象客人一样，享受到舒适的环境、医务人员的尊重和周
到的服务。
The advantage of foreign-invested hospitals is that like a guest a patient can enjoy
comfortable environment, respect from medical workers and considerate medical services.
III．7 现在的问题是，我国的健康教育还很落后，不能适应提高全民健康素质战略任务的
需求。
61

62. The problem is that the backward health education in our country cannot fulfill the great task
of improving the heath of all the people.
III．8 社区卫生服务的意义在于，它体现了人文医学精神，使卫生服务提高一个档次，人
民健康水平更上一层楼。
The significance of community health service is that it is concerned with all the needs of
people and thus can provide better medical service to improve people’s health.
III．9 不可否认的事实是，传染病的暴发流行不是一个国家和地区可以控制的。
The fact is that no one country or area can control the outbreak and spread of infectious
diseases.
III．10 过度医疗引起的一个严重后果是，政府不满意，人民群众不满意，有良知的医务工
作者也不满意。
One of the grave consequences of excessive medical treatment is that the government, people
and medical workers with conscience are all dissatisfied.
课堂作业
（it is＋形容词＋for sb to do sth）
不定式
1. 我们必须培养独立分析解决问题的能力。
2. 如果再不采取有效措施，这种形势就更难处理了。
3. 这本书告诉我们，知道如何调节自己，适应改变了的环境，对人至关重要。
4. 有人认为，政府采取限制私人汽车的措施来解决交通堵塞的问题是有效的。
5. 大多数单亲父母独自照顾家庭有困难。
6. 对初学者来说，用英语思维比说英语更难。
7. 要找到与你观点相同的学生并不容易。
8. 对于大多数国家来说，发展外贸是当务之急。
9. 因此，所有大学生在入学后头几周能想一想怎样利用好学习和休闲时间，这显然最好
不过。
10. 过年送礼，这对中国人来说是很常见的。
11. 五六十年代，工作的目的是为人民服务。在市场经济的今天，工作的目的是为了赚钱。
Reference keys:
不定式（it is＋形容词＋for sb to do sth）
1) It is necessary for us to develop the ability to analyze and solve problems
independently.
We must develop the ability to analyze and solve problems independently.
2) If effective measure is not taken in time, it will be more and more difficult to deal with
(cope with, handle) this situation.
3) The book tells us that it is essential for us to know how to adjust oneself to the
changed surroundings.
4) Some people think that it is effective for the government to take measures to limit
private cars if it wants to solve the problem of traffic jams.
5) Most single parents found that it was difficult for them to take care of (look after) their
family alone (by themselves).
6) It is more difficult for an English learner to think in English than to speak English.
7) It is not easy for you to find a student who would agree with you (who keeps the
62

63. same view as yours) (who shares your opinion) (with the same view as yours).
8) It is most important for most countries to develop their foreign trade.
9) Therefore, it is obviously helpful (advisable) for all the college students to think over
how to make a good use of learning and spare time in the first weeks after their
admission.
10) It is common for Chinese people to send (present) gifts during the Spring Festival.
11) In 50s and 60s, the purpose of work was to serve the people, while in the current
market economy today, to work is to make money.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 还应保证低热量、低脂肪并适当地控制碳水化合物的摄人量。
2. 艾滋病也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。
3. 每年有数百万的人死于吸烟直接引起的疾病，但吸烟者仍然难以戒烟。
4. 在 50 岁以上的男性中，前列腺（prostate gland）肥大是常见的。
5. 现在拓展护士角色的做法既不恰当，也不安全。
6. 重要的是，护理要灵活，对于病人不断变化的临床要求能够迅速作出反应。
7. 此期的重要特征是青年人的行为迅速发展。
8. 循证医学(evidence-based medicine)的原则是治疗要基于经过系统评价的大量的临床
证据上。
9. 作者的忧虑是，禁止医院“以药养医”在目前是行不通的。
10. 人在社会交往中，吃亏、被误解、受委屈的事情总是不可避免的。
11. 2 个年轻人将至少要养活 6～12 名老人和小孩，这对他们来说显然是不公平的。
12. 医生与病人的交流，关键是使病人对其病情和治疗有清楚的了解。
13. 这些问题的解决，最基本的前提就是政府提供足够的农村卫生资源。
14. 严重的问题是，广大农民看病非常不方便。
15. 危险的是，一些被有效控制的传染病重新流行，一些新的传染病不断出现。
16. 建立和谐医患关系的有效而简单的办法是，要关心病人，真心对待他们。
17. 令人难以相信的是，机器人能够对人实施心脏手术。
18. 可怕的是，艾滋病的传播速度越来越快，范围越来越广。
19. 幸运的是，他们及时地得到了正确的营养指导，改变了不良膳食结构。
20. 讨论的重点是，医生如何树立“病人第一、质量第一、服务第一”的理念。
Reference keys:
1. 还应保证低热量、低脂肪并适当地控制碳水化合物的摄人量。
It is important to have foods with low calories and low fat and to control appropriately the
intake of carbohydrate.
It is important to have foods with low calories and low fat and with appropriate amount of
carbohydrate.
It is important that they should have foods with low calories and low fat and control
appropriately the intake of carbohydrate.
They should have foods with low calories and low fat.
63

64. 2. 艾滋病也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。
It is impossible for AIDS to spread through such approaches as coughing, sneezing and
mosquito bites.
It is impossible that AIDS spreads through such approaches as coughing, sneezing and
mosquito bites.
3. 每年有数百万的人死于吸烟直接引起的疾病，但吸烟者仍然难以戒烟。
Although diseases caused directly by smoking kill millions of people each year, it is still
difficult for smokers to stop.
Millions of people die from diseases caused directly by smoking every year, but it is still
extremely difficult for smokers to give up smoking.
4. 在 50 岁以上的男性中，前列腺肥大是常见的。
It is common for a prostate gland to become enlarged in men fifty years of age and older.
It is common that a prostate gland becomes enlarged in men fifty years of age and older.
5. 现在拓展护士角色的做法既不恰当，也不安全。
It is no longer appropriate or safe to widen the roles of nurse.
It is no longer appropriate or safe that we widen the roles of nurse.
6. 重要的是，护理要灵活，对于病人不断变化的临床要求能够迅速作出反应。
It is vital for care to be flexible and able to respond rapidly to a patient’s changing clinical
needs.
It is vital that care should be flexible and able to respond rapidly to a patient’s changing
clinical needs.
7. 此期的重要特征是青年人的行为迅速发展。
A significant feature of this stage is that adolescent behaviour undergoes a rapid
development.
It is characteristic for adolescents at this stage to undergo a rapid development in behaviour.
8. 循证医学(evidence-based medicine)的原则是治疗要基于经过系统评价的大量的临床
证据上。
The principle of evidence-based medicine is that doctors should base their treatments on a
huge amount of clinic evidence that has been systematically viewed.
The principle of evidence-based medicine is that treatments should be based on a huge
amount of clinic evidence that has been systematically viewed.
9. 作者的忧虑是，禁止医院“以药养医”在目前是行不通的。
The author’s worry is that it is infeasible to forbid hospitals to support medicine with
unreasonable profits from medications.
The author’s worry is that it is infeasible to prohibit hospitals from getting huge profits from
selling medications to support their medical services.
The writer worries that it is impossible to forbid hospitals to get huge profits from medicines.
10. 人在社会交往中，吃亏、被误解、受委屈的事情总是不可避免的。
It is inevitable for anyone to suffer a loss, be misunderstood or wronged in the social
intercourse.
It is inevitable that anyone may suffer a loss, be misunderstood or wronged in the social
intercourse.
Anyone is sure to have many unpleasant experiences when he gets along with people.
11. 2 个年轻人将至少要养活 6～12 名老人和小孩，这对他们来说显然是不公平的。
64

65. It is obviously unfair for two young persons to provide for at least six to twelve old people
and children.
It is obviously unfair that two young persons will provide for at least six to twelve old people
and children.
12. 医生与病人的交流，关键是使病人对其病情和治疗有清楚的了解。
The key point of the communication between doctors and patients is that the patients have a
good understanding of their conditions and treatments.
In the communication between doctors and patients, it is vital to have patients understand
their conditions and treatments well.
13. 这些问题的解决，最基本的前提就是政府提供足够的农村卫生资源。
The essential precondition for resolving these problems is that the Government should
provide enough medical resources for the countryside.
In order to resolve these problems, it is essential for the Government to provide enough
medical resources for the countryside.
14. 严重的问题是，广大农民看病非常不方便。
The serious problem is that it is very inconvenient for masses of farmers to seek medical
attention.
15. 危险的是，一些被有效控制的传染病重新流行，一些新的传染病不断出现。
The danger is that some of the effectively controlled infectious diseases begin to get spread
and some new ones are emerging [coming forth].
16. 建立和谐医患关系的有效而简单的办法是，要关心病人，真心对待他们。
A simple and effective way of establishing friendly relationship between doctors and patients
is that doctors show concern for patients and treat them well.
17. 令人难以相信的是，机器人能够对人实施心脏手术。
It is incredible that a robot [machine] can perform a heart operation on a human.
It is incredible for a robot [machine] to perform a heart operation on a human.
18. 可怕的是，艾滋病的传播速度越来越快，范围越来越广。
It is terrible that AIDS is spreading faster and faster, as well as more and more widely.
It is terrible for AIDS to spread at a faster and faster speed, and to wider and wider areas.
19. 幸运的是，他们及时地得到了正确的营养指导，改变了不良膳食结构。
It was fortunate that they got timely correct guidance on nutrition so that they could change
their unhealthy dietary structure.
It was fortunate for them to get timely correct guidance on nutrition and to change their
unhealthy dietary structure.
20. 讨论的重点是，医生如何树立“病人第一、质量第一、服务第一”的理念。
The focus of the discussion was how doctors could have [establish / bear] the notion “patient
first, quality first, service first” in their mind.
K、表达数量关系
1、 基本句型
表达数量关系：
65

66. 从广 上来 ，数量 系其 也是比 系，也与后面的“增加”、“ 少”的句型密切相义 讲 关 实 较关 减
。 独列 一个意念功能，是希望考生注意数量的正 表 。 句型在 表作文中 用关 单 为 确 达 这种 图 运
得很多，在摘要写作中，主要用来提供一些重要 据。证
基本句型：
be [increase / decrease / do sth] X times [ X %] as + 形容 或副词 词 + as sth
及 ：动词 词组
amount to / add up to / come to / account for（数量总计）
increase [rise / decrease / fall / drop] from … to … / increase [rise / decrease / fall / drop]
between … and …（数量增减）
increase [rise / decrease / fall / drop] (by) X times [X %]（数量增减）
名 及 ：词 词组
an increase [a drop] in sth / the proportion [ratio] of sth to sth
例句：
1. 2003 年的门诊量比上一年增加了 67％，达到 15，000 多人。
Compared with those of last year, the annual outpatients of 2003 increased [rose / went up /
grow] by 67%, amounting to 15, 000.
Compared with those of last year, there was a 67% increase in 2003’s outpatients, coming
to 15, 000.
The annual outpatients of 2003 increased [rose / went up / grow] by 67% of those of last
year, adding up to 15, 000.
2. 人均寿命在经济更发达的国家更长一些。日本上报的人均寿命最长，达 78 岁，其次是
加拿大，76 岁。
The average life expectancy was longer among [in] the more developed countries. The
longest one was reported by Japan, 78. It was followed by Canada’s, 76.
The average life expectancy was longer among [in] the more developed countries. Japan
reported the longest life expectancy, 78. This was followed by Canada, 76.
3. 该市 2004 年的人平均医疗支出是改革开放开始的 1978 年的 30 多倍。
The average medical expenses of people in that city in 2004 are over 30 times as great
[high] as in 1978 when the reform and open policy began.
The average medical expenses of people in that city in 2004 are over 30 times greater
[higher] than (those) in 1978 when the reform and open policy began.
The average medical expenses of people in that city in 2004 have increased over 30 times,
66

67. compared with (those in) 1978 when the reform and open policy began.
4. 每周饮酒次数为 3 次以上的妇女患乳腺癌的危险可增加 30％至 100％。
A woman who has 3 or more alcoholic drinks each week may increase her danger of breast
cancer between 30 and 100%.
The danger of breast cancer for a woman who has 3 or more alcoholic drinks each week may
be increased between 30 and 100%.
The danger of breast cancer for a woman who has 3 or more alcoholic drinks each week may
be between 30 and 100% greater than (that for) one who does not.
5. 三级医院治疗的病人平均为一级医院的 234％（两倍，一半）。
On average, a Grade Three hospital treats [deals with] 234％ [twice / half] as many patients
as a Grade One hospital.
On average, patients treated [dealt with] by a Grade Three hospital are 234％ [twice / half]
as many as those by a Grade One hospital.
6. 根据《中国日报》报道，1994 年中国人的寿命比 1988 年增加了 2 年，男子达到了平均
72.3 岁，女性平均 77.1 岁。婴儿死亡率也以每年 2％的速度下降。
According to China Daily, life expectancy of Chinese people rose [increased] (by) 2 years
from 1988 to 1994, with an average of 72.3 for men and 77.1 for woman. And infant
mortality [death rate] dropped [decreased] on average by 2% each year.
7. 为孩子提供足够的粮食类食品，使碳水化合物提供的热量达到总热量的 60%左右。
Parents should supply enough grain food to their children so that the calories provided by
carbohydrate can amount to [add up to / come to / account for] 60% of the total calories
needed by them.
Parents should supply enough grain food to their children, making the calories provided by
carbohydrate amount to [add up to / come to / account for] 60% of the total calories
needed by them.
8. WHO 公布影响健康的四个因素中，不良生活方式和行为占全球死亡因素的 60%，我
国也占 50%以上。
Among the four health-related factors that WHO published, unhealthy lifestyles and behavior
have accounted for 60% of the total causes of death worldwide, while in China the figure
has been above 50%.
Among the four health-related factors that WHO published, unhealthy lifestyles and behavior
have caused 60% of the total deaths worldwide, while in China they have done more than
50%.
9. 洋医院所收费用的 80％是患者为院方提供的高质量服务而付的，而公立医院的收入则
主要来自药品差价，有的达到了总收入的 90％。
80% of the charges by foreign-funded hospitals come from high quality service for the
patients, while 90% of the incomes of public hospitals from huge profits from medicines.
80% of the charges by foreign-funded hospitals come from high quality service for the
patients, while the incomes of public hospitals mainly come from the price differences of
medicines which can even amount to 90% of the total income in some.
10. 农村卫生总费用所占比例没有变大，反而缩小了，中国 3／4 的人口只占用 1／3 的医
疗卫生费用。
The proportion of expenditure for rural health care to the total national expenditure for
health care did not increase but decreased, for the 3/4 of the Chinese population only used 1/3
67

68. of the total national expenditure for health care.
Instead of becoming larger, the proportion of rural medical expenditure to the total national
medical expenditure became smaller, for the 3/4 of the Chinese population only had 1/3 of
the total national expenditure.
11. 世界上发达国家每 l，000 人所拥有的卫生服务人员为 10 名，根据 2000 年的统计数据，
我国的平均水平为 3.63 人；而农村不足 2 人。
In the developed countries, every one thousand people have 10 medical workers. In our
country, however, the national average number is 3.63 and the number for rural areas is
less than 2, according to the statistics of 2000.
For every one thousand people, there are 10 medical workers in the developed countries, but
in our country only 3.63 on average and even fewer in the rural areas according to the
statistics of 2000.
12. WHO 推荐的一个卫生服务机构的服务人员高、中、初级职称的比例是 l：3：1，我国农
村是 1：2．4：1．83。
The ratio of senior to intermediate to junior medical professionals recommended by
WHO for a medical organization is 1 : 3 : 1, but this ratio is 1 : 2.4 : 1.83 in the rural areas in
China.
13. 而世界上有些发达国家的大都市 CI 的拥有量仅为每 200 万人 l 台。
In some large cities of developed countries, there is only one CT machine for every two
million people.
In some large cities of developed countries, every two million people only have one CT
machine.
14. 吸烟者患心脏病的危险比普通人多两倍。
A cigarette smoker faces 3 times the normal danger of suffering a heart attack.
A cigarette smoker faces the danger of suffering a heart attack twice more than a normal
person.
A cigarette smoker faces 3 times the danger of suffering a heart attack for a normal person.
The danger of suffering a heart attack for a cigarette smoker is 3 times as great as that for a
normal person.
The danger of suffering a heart attack for a cigarette smoker is twice more than that for a
normal person.
15. 新的治疗方法可以使该病的死亡率从 90％以上降到约 60％。
The new therapy can reduce [decrease] the mortality of the illness from above 90% to about
60%.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 在从 1978 到 2004 年的 26 年期间，中国的私营医院增加了大约 7 倍，不过规模仍然很
小。
2. 死于心血管疾病的人数比 10 年前增加了一半。
3. 新中国成立的 1949 年，全国医生只有大约 8 万，到了 1998 年，50 年后，这一数字达
到了二百五十万。
4. 到 2000 年，许多国家的人均用水量只有 1975 年的一半。
68

69. 5. 十年前，医疗费用只占整个预算的 10％，而现在已占到 30％。
6. 根据一份调查报告，该地区的农村婴儿死亡率是全国平均的七倍。
7. 碳水化合物提供的热量是人体热量的主要来源，约占总热量的 60%。
8. 我国 7O~80％的大学生有心理问题，20.3％有心理障碍
9. 近 20 年来，高血压患病率下降 3/4，心血管患病率下降 2/3。
10. 冬季比春季从事同等强度的运动热量消耗高 10％左右。
11. 20 岁以上成人高血压患病率为 5．8％，临界高血压患病率为 3．3％，合计总发病率
为 9．1％。
12. 目前，合理的膳食摄盐量应该先控制在每日 7～10g，以后逐渐降低，逐渐达 5g 以下。
13. 1991 年中国农村卫生费用占全国卫生总费用的 33．73%，到 2000 年，所占比例下降
为 32．07%。
14. 按 WHO 的标准，医护比应该是 1：2，而我国是 1：0.61，农村更低。
15. 我国乡村卫生院的病床平均使用率低于 50％，有的才 20％―30％。
16. 实施健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）的公司由 1985 年的 65％增加到
1992 年的 90％以上。
17. 积极参加运动的妇女与不活动的妇女相比，患乳腺癌的可能性要低一半。
18. 一只雄性白鼠接受的咖啡因的最大剂量，相当于一个男人每天喝 90 杯咖啡的剂量。
19. 半数以上的病人，症状改善了 50％以上，有的达到 70％。
20. 从 1995 年到 2005 年，个人医疗开支上升了近 4 倍，从 850 元到 3200 元。
L、表达特征、特点、性质、性能和表达建议、劝告、意见
I. 表达特征、特点、性质、性能：
名 及 ：词 词组
the character of / the (physical or chemical) property of doing sth / a feature of / a
distinguishing characteristic of / the nature of sth /
及 ：动词 词组
be characterized by / characterize sb [sth] as (being) sth /
形容 及 ：词 词组
characteristic of sb [sth] / characteristic
介 ：词词组
by nature / in one’s nature / in character
例句：
1. 许多植物具有医药性能。
Many plants have medical properties.
Many plants can be used as medicines.
69

70. 2. 医患关系是一种什么性质的关系？
What is the nature of the doctor-patient relationship?
What is the doctor-patient relationship?
3. 嫉妒是人的天性。
It is only human nature to be jealous.
Human is jealous by nature.
Jealousy is in human nature.
Jealousy is a characteristic human nature.
4. 我国传统医学是人文主导型医学，西方医学为科技主导型医学。
Chinese traditional medicine is characterized by humanism, while western medicine is by
technology.
Humanism is characteristic of Chinese traditional medicine, while technology of western
medicine.
Chinese traditional medicine pays attention to people while western medicine to technology.
5. 社区卫生服务具有连续性、系统性、综合性和方便性。
Community health services have the features [characteristics] of being continuous,
systematic, comprehensive and convenient.
Community health services are characterized by continuity, systematicness,
comprehensiveness and convenience.
Community health services are characterized by being continuous, systematic,
comprehensive and convenient.
Community health services are continuous, systematic, comprehensive and convenient in
character.
6. 患者是具有不同个性的独特的人。
Patients are people with (different) individualities.
Patients are people who are different in personality [character].
Patients are different in personality [character].
7. 在整个青年期，人的行为都具有很大的盲目性和冲动性。
During the whole period of youth [adolescence], people’s behaviour is characterized by
blindness and impulsiveness.
Blindness and impulsiveness are two major characteristics [features] of people’s behaviour
during the whole period of youth [adolescence].
Blindness and impulsiveness are characteristic of people’s behaviour during the whole
period of youth [adolescence].
8. 种族是具有独特体质特点的人群，如肤色、骨结构、血型因子等。
Race is a group of people who share distinguishing physical features [characteristics] such
as skin colour, bone structure or blood group.
Race is a group of people who have common physical features.
II. 表达建议、劝告、意见:
及 ：动词 词组
suggest doing sth / suggest sth / suggest that … / advise sb to do sth / advise sb against
doing sth / advise sb against sth / advise sb on sth / follow [take] sb’s advice
70

71. 名 及 ：词 词组
suggestion（可数）of sth / suggestion that … / advice（不可数） on [about] sth / at the
suggestion of sb / on the advice of sb / a piece [word] of advice / professional [expert /
legal / medical / financial] advice
例句：
1. 作者建议增加粮食类食品在儿童饮食中的比例。
The writer suggested increasing the proportion of carbohydrates in children’s diet.
The writer suggested to increase the proportion of carbohydrates in children’s diet. [wrong]
The writer suggested parents to increase the proportion of carbohydrates in children’s diet.
[wrong].
The writer advised parents to increase the proportion of carbohydrates in children’s diet.
The writer suggested [advised] that parents should increase the proportion of carbohydrates
in children’s diet. （要用虚 气拟语 ）
2. 专家建议立即对此采取严厉（有效、及时、限制、鼓励）措施。
Experts suggested taking hard [effective, prompt, limiting, encouraging] measures [actions,
steps] to deal with this problem [situation].
Experts suggested prompt [immediate] severe [stern] actions against this problem.
Experts suggested [advised] that our government should take immediate and hard measures
to deal with this problem.
Experts suggested [advised] that severe [stern] actions [measures] against this problem
should be taken at once [promptly].
Experts made a suggestion that severe [stern] actions [measures] against this problem
[should] be taken promptly.
Experts made a suggestion that our government should take immediate and hard measures to
deal with this problem.
3. 他们没有采纳医生的建议。
They did not take [accept / adopt / listen to] the doctor’s advice [suggestion].
They did not do as the doctor had suggested [advised] before.
They turned a deaf ear to the doctor’s suggestion [advice].
They refused [declined] the doctor’s suggestion [advice].
They failed to follow the doctor’s advice [suggestion].
4. 根据医生的建议，他要尽快动手术。
According to the advice [suggestion] of the doctor, he must have an operation as soon as
possible.
At the suggestion of the doctors [On the advice of the doctors], he ought to be operated on
as soon as possible [he needs an operation as soon as possible. / an urgent operation is needed
for him. / an urgent operation is necessary for him. / an urgent operation should be done for
him as soon as possible].
5. 心理学家就如何保持心理平衡的问题向学生提出了有益的建议。
Psychologists advise college students on how to keep mental balance.
Psychologists offer [give] college students helpful advice on how to keep mental balance.
71

72. 6. 你的心理问题应该求医。
You should seek medical advice on [about] your mental problems.
7. 要劝好胜的人不要处处与人争斗。
We should advise aggressive [ambitious] persons against fighting with others over [about]
everything.
We should advise aggressive [ambitious] persons against competing with others for
everything.
8. 在体育锻炼的问题上我们要听从专家的劝告。
We should listen to [take / accept / adopt / follow] the experts’ advice on [about] physical
training.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 甜味是糖的固有特性。
2. 油有浮在水面的特性。
3. 这两种病有一些共同特点。
4. 艾滋病具有在人群中快速隐蔽传播的特点。
5. 高校心理咨询经过不长时间的发展，己初步发展成为一门独具特色的教育学科。
6. 免疫缺陷病的共同特点是对感染的易感性明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤。
7. 青年期行为还有一个重要的特征就是充满了困惑。
8. 中国人的特点是勤劳和有耐性。
9. 循证医学(evidence-based medicine)的特点是科学分析和临床广泛运用现代医学信息。
10. 医生劝告学生要多做户外运动。
11. 作者同意美国精神科医生提出的建议。
12. 节食减肥之前要征求医生的意见。
13. 医生劝儿童不要在传染病流行期间去拥挤的公共场所。
14. 医生建议有严重呼吸疾病的人不要冬泳。
15. 一些公立医院欢迎任何人提出的改进对病人服务的建议。
16. 社会上就如何解决药品回扣的问题提出了各种各样的建议。
M、表达条件及条件关系或取决于、依赖于、受制于、基于、靠、决定
I. 表达条件及条件关系：
从广 上 ，条件 系也是一 因果 系。在 中，条件 系常常不用“如果”表示，义 讲 关 种 关 汉语 关
而是用“ ．．． ．．．”、“．．． ”、“随着．．．”和“有．．．”之类来表示，或者在更谁 谁 时
多的情况下， 藏在上下文中。中国学生受 思 的影响，往往用独立的 句来表 表示隐 汉语 维 单 达
72

73. 条件 系，不会用 接手段，希望考生特 留意，有意 地加以克服。我 需要掌握的是：关 连 别 识 们
接 ：连 词
if / the more…, the more.., / no matter / unless
介 及 ：词 词组
with / without / under [in]… conditions / under the condition of
及 ：动词 词组
set [lay down] conditions / meet [satisfy / fulfill] a condition
名 及 ：词 词组
living [working; good; terrible; whether; cold; icy; windy; normal; difficult; financial;
hygienic] conditions / physical [mental] condition （注意：表示身体条件，不用 数复 ）
例句：
1. 在碳水化合物提供热量不足的情况下，蛋白质和脂肪将首先被消耗以提供热量。
If carbohydrate cannot provide enough calories, protein and fat will be first used to provide
calories.
If the calories provided by carbohydrate is insufficient, protein and fat will be first consumed
to supplement calories.
2. 只有均衡营养素，小儿才能正常发育和健康。
Only under the condition of balanced nutrition can children grow normally and healthily.
（句首是 only 引 的状 ，主句的 倒装。导 语 谓语动词 ）
Only with balanced nutrition can children grow normally and healthily. （句首是 only 引导
的状 ，主句的 倒装。语 谓语动词 ）
3. 没有大学生的正确认识和主动参与，学校的心理咨询不能充分发挥作用。
Without correct understanding and active participation of college students, the mental
consultation in colleges cannot play its full role.
Unless college students understand and take part in it, the mental consultation in colleges
cannot play its full role. [unless 等于 if …not]
If college students do not understand or take part in it, the mental consultation in colleges
cannot play its full role.
4. 忽视人的心理社会背景，怎能实现医学的最终目的？
If the mental and social factors of people are ignored [overlooked], how can the final goal of
medicine be achieved [fulfilled]?
Without much attention to people’s mental and social backgrounds, how can the final goal of
medicine be achieved [fulfilled]?
73

74. 5. 随着社会的发展，影响人类健康的因素及医学模式也都有所改变。
With the development of society, factors that affect people’s health and modes of medicine
are changing.
6. 未来，谁掌握了健康教育，谁就掌握了自己的健康和命运。
*In the future, who master health education who master their health and fate. [wrong]
In the future, if you do well in health education, you can control your health and fate.
In the future, whoever grasps [masters] health education controls his or her health and fate.
In the future, unless you do well in health education, you can not control your health and
fate.
7. 在寒冷环境下运动，机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。
Under cold conditions [Under the condition of cold weather], blood vessels are expanded
and the cold-resistance of the body is greatly reduced.
If you take exercise in clod weather, the blood vessels of your body are expended so that
your cold-resistance is greatly reduced.
8. 对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者，以及妇女在月经期均不
宜冬泳。
If a person suffers from severe illnesses of heart, liver and kidney or other grave diseases, or
if a woman is in a period, it is not good for him or her to go in for winter swimming.
In case of severe illnesses of heart, liver and kidney, or other grave diseases, or a woman’s
period, it is not good for one to go in for winter swimming.
It is not good for people with many diseases and women in special period to go in for winter
swimming.
9. 冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行。
If it is a heavy foggy day in winter, it is advisable to do morning exercise indoors.
In case of a heavy foggy day in winter, it is advisable to do morning exercise indoors.
10. 在天气过于寒冷时，最好不要外出锻炼。
If the weather is too cold, it is not good to do exercise outdoors [in the open air].
Under too cold conditions [Under the condition of a too cold weather], it is not advisable
to do exercise outdoors [in the open air].
In case of a too cold day, you’d better not to go out to do exercise.
II．表达取决于、依赖于、受制于、基于、靠、决定：
从广 上 ，“义 讲 取决于、受制于”之类的意念是一种条件 系。关
及 ：动词 词组
depend on / determine sth / be determined by / be based on / rely on sb[sth] to do sth /
rely on sb [sth] for sth
形容 及 ：词 词组
dependent on
介 及 ：词 词组
depending on / according to
74

75. 例句：
1. 烧伤的程度由烧伤的原因、面积和受伤部位决定，
What caused the burn, how large an area was burned, and what part of the body was burned
determine just how serious the burn is.
Severity of a burn is determined by [dependent on] its cause, area and location.
2. 急救措施总是根据最严重的烧伤程度来决定的。
First aid measures are always based on the worst burn.
First aid measures are always taken according to the worst burn.
First aid measures depend always on the worst burn
3. 青年人的强烈的好奇心是由本能决定的。
The strong curiosity of young people is determined by [dependent on] instinct.
4. 大学心理咨询依赖于广大学生的积极参与。
College psychological consultation relies on numerous college students to take an active part
in it.
College psychological consultation relies on active participation [involvement] of numerous
college students.
5. 慢性病患者的生活质量并不完全取决于其疾病症状的严重程度。
The quality of life of patients with chronic diseases is not totally dependent on [determined
by] the severity of their symptoms.
The quality of life of patients with chronic diseases does not totally depend on the severity of
their symptoms.
The severity of symptoms does not totally determine the quality of life of patients with
chronic diseases.
6. 医患关系的完全正常化取决于医疗制度的彻底改革。
Total normalization of doctor-patient relationship depends on [relies on / is dependent on]
the thorough reform of medical system.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 污染物吸入人体易引起一些呼吸和过敏性疾病。
2. 现代社会生活节奏日益加快，竞争日趋激烈。
3. 过度节食者难免精疲力尽。
4. 当快节奏、高强度的工作需要你付出更大能量时，健康的身体能够游刃有余地释放潜能。
5. 每隔一段时间到林木茂盛的风景区踏青，可以令人体吐故纳新、调和呼吸、阴阳协调。
6. 在负离子充沛的地方，人们感到心旷神怡、精神振奋。
7. 如果在条件许可的情况下，幼儿的早餐通常以适量的牛奶、鸡蛋和面包为佳。
8. 如果常吃油炸的食品，可增加患癌症的危险。
9. 随着社会观念的变化和政策环境的改善，民营医院必能与公立医院互争高低，从而为
人民群众提供更多更好的医疗服务。
10. 艾滋病传染要有一个条件：体液接触。
11. 吸两支烟，10 分钟后收缩压和舒张压都升高。
12. 随着现代医学技术的发展，需要不断完善公共卫生体系建设。
75

76. 13. 如果不采取一些行之有效的措施制止过度医疗现象，政府不满意，人民群众不满意，
有良知的医务工作者也不满意。
14. 如果医生在交流过程中耐心、温和地讲解，那将会产生良好的心理治疗效果。
15. 如果人类平均寿命无节制地延长，将会给人类带来很多伦理困惑。
16. 如果这种情况的出现，这对人类来说将是一场灾难。
17. 如果进行环境因素检测或行为生活方式调查，能够发现危险因素的存在。
18. 随着危险因素数量增加及作用时间延长，危险因素转化为致病因素对机体产生危害的
作用逐渐显现。
19. 如果及时采取干预阻断措施，停止危险因素的作用，可以阻止疾病的发生。
20. 在正常条件下，艾滋病越早治疗效果越好。
21. 医疗设备越先进越贵。
22. 不管要花多少时间和金钱，我们必须整治环境污染，保障人民健康。
23. 不管气候条件（身体）如何，都应该进行适当的体育锻炼。
24. 不管采取什么措施，我们都要尽量满足农村最必要的卫生保健条件。
26. 安宁疗护（Hospice Palliative Care）靠的是团队的合作与努力。
27. 人的存在决定人的意识。
28. 农村医疗卫生条件的改善，要靠政府加大财政投入。
29. 人的幸福感在很大程度上并不取决于获得的财富。
30. 现在许多医生看病主要靠各种仪器检查及化验。
31. 健康新概念要求人们由依赖医生转向由自己把握健康。
32. 只有医生才能决定你的健康是一个流行片面的医疗观念。
33. 感染是否发生取决于入侵微生物的强大与否。
N、表达需要、必要、要求和变化、改变、改革
一、 基本句型
I. 表达需要、必要、要求：
基本句型：
It is necessary [unnecessary] for sb to do sth （参 “是”句型见 ）
There is no need [necessity] for (doing) sth
There is no need [necessity] [for sb] to do sth
及 ：动词 词组
need sth / need to do sth / need sb [sth] to do sth / need not do sth （情 用于否定态动词
和疑 式问 ）/ need doing / need sth for sth / meet [satisfy] a need [requirement] / require
sb to do sth / require sth / want sth / want sb to do sth
名 及 ：词 词组
in need of sth / a need to do sth / a need [requirement] for (doing) sth
76

77. 形容 及 ：词 词组
necessary for [doing] sth / necessary
例句：
1. 所有的动植物均需要碳才能生长。
All plants and animals need [require] carbon for growth.
All plants and animals need [require] carbon to grow.
Carbon is necessary for the growth of all plants and animals.
Carbon is necessary for all plants and animals to grow.
2. 感冒不必要使用抗生素。
There is no need for you to take antibiotics when you catch cold.
You have no need of using antibiotics when you catch cold.
You need not use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.
You do not need to use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold.
It is not necessary for you to take antibiotics when you catch cold.
You need not to use [take] antibiotics when you catch cold. [wrong]
3. 高校心理咨询是校园精神文明建设的必要组成部分。
College mental consultation is a necessary part of campus cultural construction.
4. 由于卫生资源的不足，我国有必要对新的医疗方法和设备，作出效益评价。
Because of insufficient medical resources, it is necessary for our country to conduct cost-
effect appraisals [assessments] for new medical therapies and equipment.
Because of inadequate medical resources, it is necessary that our country (should) conduct
cost-effect appraisals [assessments] for new medical therapies and equipment. （要用虚拟语
气）
Because we do not have enough medical resources, it is necessary for us to evaluate the
effects of new medical treatments and equipment.
5. 他们不必排队挂号，不必楼上楼下跑。
It is not necessary for them to have all the troubles of seeking medical attention.
There is no need for them to take all the troubles of seeking medical attention.
They need not have all the troubles of seeking medical attention.
They do not need to take all the troubles of seeking medical attention.
6. 但对医疗的高水平需求越来越盛行。
There are more and more needs [requirements] for high-level medical treatment.
More and more people want high-level medical treatment.
More and more people are in need of high-level medical treatment.
7. 浩如烟海的医学信息，需要进行系统评价和统计分析。
A vast sea of medical information needs reviewing systematically and analyzing
statistically.
A vast sea of medical information needs systematical review and statistical analysis.
A vast sea of medical information needs to be reviewed systematically and analyzed
statistically.
77

78. 8. 循证医学（evidence-based medicine）对临床医生提出很高要求。
Evidence-based medicine place [impose] strict requirements upon clinical doctors.
Evidence-based medicine is very challenging to clinical doctors.
9. 不要对自己所做的事要求十全十美。
Do not want [require] everything you do to be perfect.
You do not have to do everything perfectly.
You need not do everything perfectly.
You do not need to do everything perfectly.
There is no need for you to do everything perfectly.
10. 新技术大大消除了牙科医生打钻的必要。
New techniques sharply cut [reduce] the need [necessity] for drilling by a dentist.
There is no need for a dentist using the new technique to drill a hole.
New techniques make it unnecessary for a dentist to drill a hole.
II. 表示变化、改变、改革：
及 ：动词 词组
(sth) change / change sth (into sth) / change (from sth) to sth / vary from …to … / vary
between…and … / vary according to [depending on] sth / vary with / become / make
changes in sth / make alterations to sth / make reforms
名 及 ：词 词组
change [alteration] in / change from sth to sth / social [economic] change / change of /
social [economic] reform
形容 及 ：词 词组
changing / changed / changeable / varied
例句：
1. 人的体温可在 36 ℃与 42 ℃之间变化。
A person’s temperature can vary between 36 ℃ and 42 .℃
A person’s temperature can change from 36 ℃ to 42 .℃
2. 人的情绪往往随着气候的变化而变化。
A person’s moods often vary according to [depending on] the weather.
A person’s moods often change as the weather changes.
3. 社会经济的发展，使人们的生活方式发生了很大变化，引发了一些新的健康问题。
With the social and economic development, great changes have taken place in people’s life
styles and led to new health problems.
With the social and economic development, people’s life styles have changed greatly and
new health problems arise accordingly.
The social and economic developments have changed people’s life styles greatly and led to
new health problems accordingly.
4. 医生与病人进行语言交流应注意因人而异、因时制宜和因地制宜。
Verbal communications between doctors and patients should vary from patient to patient,
from time to time and from place to place.
78

79. Communications between doctors and patients should vary according to [depending on]
different patients, times and places.
Communications between doctors and patients should change as patients and occasions
change.
5. 在出生率不变的情况下，人类社会将变得愈来愈老化。
On condition that the birthrate is stable, the human society will become more and more
aging.
When the birthrate does not change, the human society will become more and more aging.
6. 通过改变生产和生活环境，改变人们不良的行为生活方式，降低危险因素的作用，延
长寿命。
The effects of risk factors can be reduced and lifespan prolonged by means of changing the
working and living environments and unhealthy lifestyles of the people.
If people change their living environments and unhealthy lifestyles, they can diminish the
effects of risk factors and prolong their lifespan.
7. 循证医学这三要素，使得传统医学行为迅速向循证医学行为转变。
The three basic elements made traditional medical practice become [turn into] practice of
evidence-based medicine.
The three basic elements changed traditional medical practice into practice of evidence-
based medicine.
8. 很难开发一种长期有效的抗流感病毒的药物，因为病毒很快发生变异。
It is impossible to develop a long-term effective medicine to kill flu viruses, because the
microorganisms change [vary] rapidly [easily].
It is impossible to develop a long-term effective medicine to kill flu viruses which change
[vary] rapidly [easily].
9. 现行医疗制度的改革是一项社会系统工程，要有其它社会经济制度改革的基础。
Reform of current medical system is a social comprehensive project which should be based
on reforms of other social systems.
As a social comprehensive project, reform of current medical system should be based on
reforms of other social systems.
Reform of current medical system is complicated and should be based on reforms of other
social systems.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 人体需要碳水化合物来制造用以产生热量的糖。
2. 医生需要与病人进行交流，了解病人的需要。
3. 人类对水的需求不断在增长。
4. 科学合理地搭配早膳，以满足人体健康的需要。
5. 食物所含的热量要充分满足青少年脑力活动与体力活动的需要。
6. 儿童与中老年期对钙的需要量增加，更应注意补钙。
7. 与医疗有关的问题都需要讨论。
8. 传染病的暴发流行的危险要求我们建立健全的突发公共卫生事件的应急机制。
9. 有益原则要求医护人员在治疗护理过程中选择最佳方案以使病人获益最大受害最小。
79

80. 10. 循证护理要求临床护士学习新的技能。
11. 对于精神及其脆弱的病人，感情的交流与投入对他们的生存非常必要。
12. 可持续发展的观念要求把个人利益和整体利益、眼前利益和长远利益结合起来考虑。
13. 随着社会发生巨大变化，影响人类健康的因素及医学模式也都有所改变。
14. 面对医学模式的转变，我们应该做些什么呢？
15. 搞好健康教育需要医务人员的配合，需要医生“转变角色”。
16. 许多公立医院对门诊服务进行了一些调整改动。
17. 如果不采取有力措施，农村卫生工作面貌会变得更加落后。
18. 学生对心理咨询的态度发生了改变。
19. 公立医院进行了新一轮的全方位的改革。
20. 血压水平随年龄和性别而异。
21. 即使停止危险因素的继续作用，一般也不易改变病程。
22. 一旦进入青年期，行为发展开始分化。
23. 如果不改变传统伦理关于人类平均寿命延长的道德观念，人类的未来将很难预测。
O、表达因果关系和影响
表达因果关系：
一基本功能意念，是任何写作的最基本的任 之一。要掌握以下基本表 方式：这 务 达
名 及 ：词 词组
cause for / reason for / factor for / explanation of / result of / consequence of / effect on /
influence on
副 及 ：词 词组
so / thus / therefore / as a result / as a consequence / accordingly / consequently /
because of / due to / owing to
接 ：连 词
because / as / since / so that / so
及 ：动词 词组
make sb do sth / make sth happen / result in / result from / lead to / cause sb to do /
cause sth to happen / affect / have an effect on / have an influence on / have an impact
on /
I. 表达产生、引起、造成、使得：
例句：
1． 自然化学反应造成食物软化或变色。
Natural chemical reactions cause foods to become soft or discolored.
Natural chemical reactions make foods (become) soft or discolored.
2． 这种化学物质引起的健康问题一般不严重。
The health problems caused by this chemical usually are not severe.
80

81. The health problems resulting from this chemical usually are not severe.
This chemical does not cause serious health problems.
3． 锻炼似乎可以减少体内雌激素（estrogen）的产生。
Exercise seems to reduce the body’s production of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to make the body produce less of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to result in [lead to] the body’s less production of the hormone estrogen.
Exercise seems to reduce estrogen in the body.
4． 该病常常造成患者死亡。
This disease often causes its victims to die.
This disease often makes its victims die.
This disease often results in [lead to] the death of its victims.
This disease often kills its victims.
5． 这是因为它产生的症状与其它疾病相似。
This is because it produces [causes / brings about / result in] signs like many other
sicknesses.
II. 表达影响：
例句：
1. 他们研究该蛋白如何影响动物。
They study how the protein affects animals.
They study what effects [impacts] the protein has on animals.
2. 心理的不正常严重影响了大学生的生活、学习。
Mental problems have already interfered with the normal life and work of college students.
Mental problems have already had a negative effect [impact / influence] on the normal life
and work of college students.
Mental problems have already affected the normal life and work of college students.
3. 不良生活方式和行为受社会心理因素影响，要靠全科医学服务才能很好地解决。
Since unhealthy living styles and behaviours are influenced [affected] by social and mental
factors, they can be dealt with [corrected] only by general medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are under the influence of social and mental
factors, they can be treated only by general medical services.
Since unhealthy life styles and behaviours are linked to social and mental factors, they can
be corrected only by general medical services.
4. 其实早餐对人体健康、学习和工作效率有着直接的影响。
In fact, breakfast has a direct effect [impact / influence] on one’s health and the efficiency
of one’s learning and working.
In fact, breakfast can directly affect one’s health and the efficiency of one’s learning and
working.
5. 公立医院的服务问题，一直影响着医患关系实现正常化。
The service problems in public hospitals have always had a harmful impact [effect /
influence] on the normal relationship between doctors and patients.
The service problems in public hospitals have always been doing harm to the normal
relationship between doctors and patients.
6. 忽视人的心理社会背景，影响了医疗服务的质量。
81

82. If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service can
be weakened.
Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a negative effect on the
outcome of the medical service.
Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.
If a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a patient, he can
not provide good medical services.
III. 表达广义的因果关系：
除了上面 有明 的文字表示的因果 系以外，大部分的 中的因果 系都是没两组 显 关 汉语 关
有用明 的文字表示的，是暗含在上下文中的，而且可以用多 的英 的表 方式来表显 种 语 达 达
学生 要注意同一意念的多 表 方式及 法要点。中国学生写英 ，一个常 的毛病是句们 种 达 语 语 见
子很散，没有 接 将有 系的句子 接起来。 在就从学 因果 系的表 始，连 词语 逻辑联 连 现 习 关 达开
学 把句子用 接 接起来吧。习 连 词语连
例句：
1. 管理不善，问题很多。
Those problems resulted from [were caused by] the poor management. （注意！使用
result in 和 result from，前后的主 及 都必 用名 或者名 。语 宾语 须 词 词词组 ）
The poor management resulted in [caused / led to] many problems. （注意！result in 和
result from 的前后的因果 系正好相反。关 ）
Because of [Due to] the poor management, they had many problems.
Because the management was very poor, they faced many problems.
The management was so poor that they met with many problems. （注意！so that 常常分
用。开 ）
The management was very poor, so they had many problems.
The management was very poor. As a result, they had many problems.（注意！as a result
是副 性 ，不能 接 个分句，前面要用句号。词 词组 连 两 ）
2. 这个问题（情况）很严重，我们不得不制定相关法律来解决。
82

83. The problem (situation) is so serious that we have to make some laws to deal with it.
The problem (situation) is very serious so that we have to make some laws to deal with it.
Because this problem is very serious, we must make laws to deal with it.
The serious problem results in the necessity of making some laws to deal with it.
The serious problem resulted in the laws that we had to make to deal with it.
3. 现在许多农村人觉得看西医很贵，在大多数情况下他们更愿意去看中医。
Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is so expensive that they prefer to see
a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Many rural people think treatment of western medicine is too expensive so that they prefer to
see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Because many rural people think treatment of western medicine is very expensive, they
prefer to see a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
Expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the preference of rural people to see a
doctor of traditional Chinese medicine in most cases.
The expensive treatment of western medicine resulted in the popularity of traditional Chinese
medicine in most cases.
The high expenses of western medicine treatment resulted in the popularity of traditional
Chinese medicine among rural people in most cases.
The worry about the high expenses of western medicine treatment of (among) the rural
people resulted in their willingness (preference) to seek medical treatment of the traditional
Chinese medicine in most cases.
4. 艾滋病传播得很快，已成为对社会的重大威胁之一。
AIDS spreads so quickly that it has become a dangerous threat to our society.
AIDS spreads very quickly so that it has become a danger to our society.
Since AIDS spreads very quickly, it has become a great threat to our society.
5. 人人都应养成保持公共卫生的良好习惯，这样我们就能有一个干净整洁的生活、工作、
游玩的环境。
Every person should develop a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have
clean and comfortable surroundings in which we live, work, and play.
Every person should keep a good habit to maintain public sanitation so that we can have a
clean and tidy environment where we live, work, and play.
If every person keeps a good habit to maintain public sanitation, we can have a clean and tidy
environment where we live, work, and play.
6. 卫生资源短缺使他们的处境很困难。
The shortage of medical resources put them in a very difficult position.
The shortage of medical resources made their conditions [situation] very difficult.
The shortage of medical resources made them very difficult.
The shortage of medical resources caused a great difficulty for them.
The shortage of medical resources brought about [led to / resulted in] a great difficulty for
them.
The shortage of medical resources caused them to be in a difficult situation.
7. 医生粗心大意，就容易犯错误。
Carelessness of a doctor is likely to lead to [cause / result in] mistakes.
When a doctor is careless, it is likely for him to make mistakes.
83

84. A doctor may probably make mistakes just because of carelessness.
8. 医院之间的竞争十分激烈，大家都为了留住病人，纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。
As [Because / Since] the competition between hospitals grows increasingly fierce [intense /
stiff], hospitals are taking effective measures concerning technology, service, environment
and price to attract more patients.
The fierce competition causes hospitals to [makes hospitals] take effective measures
concerning technology, service, environment and price to attract more patients.
9. 人口的数量迅速增加，恶化了城市的卫生条件。
The rapid increase of city population resulted in [led to / caused] poorer sanitary conditions.
Because the city population increased rapidly, the sanitary conditions in the city became
worse and worse.
As a result of rapidly increased population, the sanitary conditions in the city became poorer.
10. 环境、教育不同，人的性格也不同。
Different environments and educations result in [lead to] different personalities.
Different personalities result from [are caused by] different environments and educations.
Because of different environments and educations, people can develop different
personalities.
As [Since / Because] people live in different environments and receive different educations,
their personalities are different.
11. 误诊是可怕的，往往会导致悲剧。
A terrible misdiagnosis often results in [leads to] a tragedy.
A misdiagnosis can be terrible, for it results in [leads to] a tragedy.
A tragedy often results from [is often caused by] a terrible misdiagnosis.
12. 疾病能给人类造成巨大损失。
Illness can result in [lead to] a great damage [loss] to human beings.
A great damage [loss] to human beings can result from [be caused by] fire.
13. 据专家分析，城市空气污染 70%以上是由汽车造成的。
According to experts’ analysis, more than 70% of air pollution in cities results from [is
caused by] autos.
14. 洋快餐方便快捷、口味不同、环境舒适，所以在大城市很流行。
The convenience, different taste and comfortable surroundings [environment] of the western
fast food centers result in their popularity in big cities.
The foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different taste and
comfortable surroundings [environment]. Therefore, it is very popular in big cities.
Because the foreign fast food is served conveniently and quickly, and in a different taste and
comfortable surroundings [environment], it is very popular in big cities.
15. 体育锻炼不仅强身健体，还有助于心理愉快。
Physical training results in [lead to] both a strong body and a happy mind.
Physical training can make people strong and happy.
16. 计算机使得我们的工作、生活、生产，乃至我们的整个社会发生了巨大变化。
Computers have brought about great changes to our work, life and production, even to the
whole society of ours.
Computers have made our work, life and production, even our whole society, change greatly.
Computers have resulted in [caused / led to] great changes in our work, life, production and
84

85. even the whole society.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1． 该病可以引起严重的心脏损伤。
2． 接种过实验性疫苗的实验室的猴子产生了抗艾滋病病毒的抗体。
3． 抗原使人体产生抗病的抗体。
4. 农村卫生资源严重不足的问题，极大地影响了农村卫生事业。
5. 医生与病人进行语言交流，能影响治疗效果。
6. 人类平均寿命的延长给人类和自然界带来的影响需要相当长的时间才能显现出来。
7. 禽流感给人们再次带来了恐慌，相关国家和地区一些行业的经济也受到影响。
8. 最容易受到这种化学物品影响的，是那些患有哮喘呼吸疾病的人。
9. 新的健康概念对整个现代医学产生了巨大影响。
10. 现在，人们的消费能力提高了，也舍得为孩子买高价的营养品。
11. 碳水化合物提供的热量不足，导致蛋白质和脂肪不能发挥它们的功能。
12. 只有均衡营养素，才能维持小儿的正常发育和健康。
13. 许多学生由于没有及时找医生进行心理治疗，使得心理问题发展为心理障碍，甚至成
为心理疾病。
14. 长期郁闷压抑，最终导致各种疾病症状出现。
15. 肝痛是工作紧张引起的。
16. 运动时应穿轻便的衣服，这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便地脱掉。
17. 在寒冷环境下运动，机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。
18. 身体内的能源物质消耗增多，维生素的需求也增加。
19. 脂肪具有产热量多的特点，增加脂肪有助于机体御寒。
20. 冬季遇大雾天，晨练最好在室内进行，一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是
冬雾中含有对人体有害的污染物。
21. 过度节食者难免精疲力尽。
22. 实验表明吸人含有薄荷（mint）和百花香味 （fragrance）的气体能使计算机操作人员
明显减少操作失误。
23. 这类食物脂肪含量高，胃肠一般难以承受，容易出现消化不良，并易诱发胆、胰疾患，
或使这类疾病复发、加重。
24. 老年人还要少吃甜食，因为多余的糖在体内转化为脂肪，容易引起无机盐缺乏。
25. 艾滋病病毒侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，
最后导致被感染者死亡。
26. 艾滋病威胁着每一个人和每一个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。
27. 共用注射器、吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径，因此要拒绝毒品，珍爱生命。
28. 人类平均寿命无节制地延长，将会给人类带来很多伦理困惑。
29. 许多头发问题源于一个人所吃的东西。
30. 好奇心和想象力常常导致成功。
31. 这个医生医术高明，看病认真负责，很受病人欢迎。
32. 由于没有固定场所和必需的设备，这种社区健康教育服务最终未能坚持下去。
33. 显然，热量的缺乏是导致这些小儿消瘦的主要原因。
85

86. Reference keys：
1． 该病可以引起严重的心脏损伤。
The sickness can lead to [result in / cause / give rise to] serious heart damage.
2． 接种过实验性疫苗的实验室的猴子产生了抗艾滋病病毒的抗体。
The laboratory monkeys that got an experimental vaccine medicine developed [produced]
antibodies against AIDS virus.
3． 抗原使人体产生抗病的抗体。
Antigens cause the human body to produce [develop] antibodies that fight the disease.
Antigens make the human body produce [develop] antibodies that fight the disease.
4. 农村卫生资源严重不足的问题，极大地影响了农村卫生事业。
Inadequate medical resources in the rural areas greatly affect the rural medical care.
Severe shortage of rural medical resources has a harmful effect on the rural medical care.
5. 医生与病人进行语言交流，能影响治疗效果。
The verbal communication between doctors and patients can have an effect on the treatment
outcomes.
The spoken communication between doctors and patients can affect the treatment results.
6. 人类平均寿命的延长给人类和自然界带来的影响需要相当长的时间才能显现出来。
The effects [influences / impacts] that the prolonged average human lifetime will have on
human beings and Nature will be shown in a long time.
It will take a long time for the effects of prolonged lifespan to become apparent.
7. 禽流感给人们再次带来了恐慌，相关国家和地区一些行业的经济也受到影响。
The bird flu brought people another panic which had a great harmful effect [impact] on the
economies in the countries and areas attacked by the disease.
The bird flu made people scared once again. As a consequence, the economies in the
countries and areas attacked by the disease were greatly affected [damaged].
8. 最容易受到这种化学物品影响的，是那些患有哮喘呼吸疾病的人。
The people most likely to be affected by this chemical are those who suffer from the
breathing disorder called asthma.
People with breathing disorders are likely to be affected by the chemical.
9. 新的健康概念对整个现代医学产生了巨大影响。
The new concept of health has produced a great influence [effect / impact] on the modern
medicine.
10. 现在，人们的消费能力提高了，也舍得为孩子买高价的营养品。
As [Because] people have more consumption power, they can afford to buy expensive
nutritious food for their children.
As [Because] people become rich, they can buy expensive nutritious food for their children.
11. 碳水化合物提供的热量不足，导致蛋白质和脂肪不能发挥它们的功能。
Because carbohydrates cannot supply enough calories, protein and fat cannot fulfill their
normal functions.
Due to [Because of] insufficient calories supplied by carbohydrates, protein and fat cannot
function well.
The problem that carbohydrates cannot supply enough calories makes protein and fat fail to
perform their normal functions.
12. 只有均衡营养素，才能维持小儿的正常发育和健康。
86

87. Only balanced nutrition can maintain normal growth and health of children.
Only balanced nutrition can result in [lead to] normal growth and health of children.
Normal growth and health of children can only result from balanced nutrition.
Only balanced nutrition can make children grow normally and healthily.
13. 许多学生由于没有及时找医生进行心理治疗，使得心理问题发展为心理障碍，甚至成
为心理疾病。
Because many students failed to consult a psychological doctor in time, their mental
problems developed into mental obstructions, or even mental illnesses.
Many students failed to consult a psychological doctor in time so that their mental problems
developed into mental obstructions, or even mental illnesses.
Many students failed to consult a psychological doctor in time. Consequently [As a result],
their mental problems developed into mental obstructions, or even mental disorders.
14. 长期郁闷压抑，最终导致各种疾病症状出现。
Long-term depression can cause [lead to / result in] symptoms of a variety of diseases.
15. 肝痛是工作紧张引起的。
The liver pain resulted from [was caused] by intense work.
Intense work was the cause of the liver pain.
16. 运动时应穿轻便的衣服，这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便地脱掉。
To do exercises we should wear light and convenient clothes which can be easily taken off
when we become very hot during exercises.
We should wear light and convenient clothes when we take [get] exercise so that they can be
easily taken off after we become very hot during exercise.
We should wear light and convenient clothes when we take [get] exercise, because we can
easily take them off after we become very hot during exercise.
17. 在寒冷环境下运动，机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。
When we do exercises in cold environment, blood vessels of our body will become expanded.
Consequently [Therefore], our body’s ability to resist cold will be greatly reduced.
Because blood vessels of our body will expand when we do exercises in cold whether, our
body’s cold resistance will be greatly reduced.
18. 身体内的能源物质消耗增多，维生素的需求也增加。
The increased consumption of energy substances in our body results in [leads to / causes] an
increased need for vitamins.
Because more energy materials are used up in our body, we need more vitamins.
19. 脂肪具有产热量多的特点，增加脂肪有助于机体御寒。
Because fat can produce more calories, to have more fat helps our body resist cold.
It is helpful to our body’s cold resistance to have more fat because fat produces a lot of
calories.
20. 冬季遇大雾天，晨练最好在室内进行，一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是
冬雾中含有对人体有害的污染物。
In a heavy foggy day in winter, morning exercise should be done indoors. This is because a
traffic accident is likely to happen in such weather and there are more harmful pollutants in
the winter fog.
In a heavy foggy day in winter, morning exercise should be done indoors. The reasons are
that low visibility in the heavy fog is likely to cause a traffic accident and that winter fog
87

88. contains harmful dirty substances.
21. 过度节食者难免精疲力尽。
Excessive dieting results inevitably in fatigue and exhaustion.
Excessive dieting surely makes people feel extremely tired [exhausted].
Excessive dieting surely causes people to feel extremely tired [exhausted].
22. 实验表明吸人含有薄荷（mint）和百花香味 （fragrance）的气体能使计算机操作人员
明显减少操作失误。
Experiments showed that breathing in air with mint and fragrance could make computer
operators greatly reduce operation errors.
Experiments showed that breathing in air with mint and fragrance could cause computer
operators to obviously reduce errors in operation.
Experiments showed that breathing in air with mint and fragrance could result in much fewer
operation errors by computer operators.
23. 这类食物脂肪含量高，胃肠一般难以承受，容易出现消化不良，并易诱发胆、胰疾患，
或使这类疾病复发、加重。
Because this kind of food contains too much fat for stomach and intestines to bear,
indigestion and disorders of gallbladder and pancreas are likely to happen, or such old
disorders can recur or become worse.
Too much fat in this kind of food is likely to cause [lead to / result in] digestive disorders or
make old ones return or become worse.
24. 老年人还要少吃甜食，因为多余的糖在体内转化为脂肪，容易引起无机盐缺乏。
Old people should take less sweet food, because extra sugar will turn into fat in the body and
consequently cause [lead to / result in] lack of inorganic salts.
25. 艾滋病病毒侵入人体后破坏人体免疫功能，使人体发生多种不可治愈的感染和肿瘤，
最后导致被感染者死亡。
After AIDS viruses invade the human body and destroy the immune system, they cause the
body to develop various incurable infections and tumors and finally cause the victim to die.
AIDS viruses invade the human body and destroy the immune system so that various
incurable infections and tumors will develop in the body and finally make the victim die.
26. 艾滋病威胁着每一个人和每一个家庭，预防艾滋病是全社会的责任。
Since AIDS is threatening every person and every family, it is a duty of the whole society to
prevent the disease.
AIDS is threatening every person and every family so that the whole society has a duty to
prevent the disease.
27. 共用注射器、吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径，因此要拒绝毒品，珍爱生命。
As [Because] AIDS is chiefly spread through sharing a needle to inject drugs, we should
reject [refuse] drugs and take good care of our life.
Because sharing a needle to inject drugs is a chief way of spreading for AIDS, we should
reject [refuse] drugs and cherish our life.
28. 人类平均寿命无节制地延长，将会给人类带来很多伦理困惑。
The unlimited prolonged average lifetime of human beings will cause [lead to / result in]
many ethical problems.
It will cause [lead to / result in] many ethical problems to prolong endlessly the average
lifetime of human beings.
88

89. Many ethical problems can result from [be caused by] the unlimited prolonged average
lifetime of human beings.
29. 许多头发问题源于一个人所吃的东西。
Many hair problems result from [are caused by] what one eats.
What one eats can result in [cause / lead to] many problems.
30. 好奇心和想象力常常导致成功。
Curiosity [Interest] and imagination often result in [lead to] success.
Curiosity [Interest] and imagination can often make one succeed.
31. 这个医生医术高明，看病认真负责，很受病人欢迎。
The skillful treatment and responsibility of the doctor resulted in [lead to] his popularity
among patients.
Because the doctor was very skillful and responsible, he enjoyed a great popularity among
his patients.
Because of his medical skills and responsibility, the doctor was very popular among patients.
32. 由于没有固定场所和必需的设备，这种社区健康教育服务最终未能坚持下去。
Without regular places and necessary equipment, the community health education could not
be carried on to the end.
Due to [Because of] lack of regular places and necessary facilities, the community health
education failed to be carried on.
33. 显然，热量的缺乏是导致这些小儿消瘦的主要原因。
It is obvious that insufficient energy has resulted in [led to] the thinness of the children.
It is obvious that insufficient supply of calories is the main cause of the thinness of the
children.
These children are weak and thin, because they do not have enough calories.
P、表达“有”
I．There is / are [There was / were; There will be; There has / have been] + sth（单数/复
数）in [at / on] + sth（表示某地方、范围、方面存在或出现某事物，这是一个用途广泛的句
型，也是学生容易犯错误的句型。）
例句：
I．1 我国每年有 100 万肿瘤病人未能放疗。
In our country there are one million patients with tumor who fail to get radiotherapy every
year.
One million patients with cancer fail to get radiotherapy every year in our country. [better]
*There are one million patients with tumor not get radiotherapy every year in our country.
[wrong]
One million patients with cancer do not get treatment every year in our country.
I．2 药品器具市场有不少问题。
There are many problems in the markets of medications and medical devices.
Many problems exist in the markets of medications and medical devices.
*The markets of medications and medical devices have many problems. [not good]
The markets of medications and medical devices face many problems.
89

90. I．3 在健康教育方面，中国与发达国家还有一定的距离。
There is a certain gap between China and developed countries in health education.
There exists a certain gap between China and developed countries in health education.
*In health education, China and developed countries have some distance. [wrong]
Health education in China is not as good as that in developed countries.
I．4 我国约有民办医院 400 多家。
There are nearly 400 private hospitals in our country.
I．5 没有治愈过敏症的办法。
There are no cures for allergies.
II. 主语（多半为有生命的）＋have / has [had; will have; have / has had] + sth （表示拥有、
具有，用途极广，但不少学生也容易犯错误。）
例句：
II．1 人的耳朵有两个功能：听声音和保持平衡。
The human ear has two main functions: hearing and maintaining balance.
II．2 艾滋病有三个特点。
AIDS has three basic characteristics [features].
II．3 我国 7O~80％的大学生有心理问题
70-80% of college students in our country have mental problems.
II．4 大多数的吸烟者都有肺部疾病。
Most smokers have lung problems.
II．5 临床护理专家在日常工作中有四种不同的角色：护理者、顾问、教育者和研究者。
Clinical nurse specialists have four different roles in their daily practice: nurse
practitioner, counselor, tutor [educator] and researcher.
III. contain sth / include sth （表示含有、包括）
例句：
III．1 其它反应还有胃痛、恶心、腹泻和气短。
Other reactions include stomach pains, sickness, diarrhea and shortness of breath.
III．2 他们的血液和体液里都含有大量艾滋病病毒，具有很强的传染性。
Their blood and body liquids contain lots of AIDS viruses which are highly infectious.
There are lots of highly infectious AIDS viruses in their blood and body liquids.
III．3 所以，应选择富有碳水化合物的食物。
Therefore, you should choose foods which contain a lot of carbohydrate.
Therefore, one should choose foods (which are) rich in carbohydrate.
III．4 狗会传播多种疾病，有一些是致人死命的疾病。
Dogs can spread many diseases, including some that are deadly to people.
Dogs can spread many diseases some of which can make people die.
III．5 一种食物中很难有全部的维生素。
One kind of food can hardly contain all the vitamins.
It is unlikely to have a kind of food that contains all sorts of vitamins.
III．6 差异可能有个体、宗教、性别、年龄、种族、生活方式、社会经济状况、家庭结构等。
The differences may include individuality, spiritual beliefs, gender, age, race, lifestyle,
socioeconomic status, and family structure.
III．7 临床护理专家（clinical nurse specialist）的作用有临床实践、咨询服务、教学以及相
关护理研究成果的应用。
90

91. The role clinical nurse specialists should include clinical practice, consultation, teaching
and the application of relevant nursing research.
实际上，汉语的“有”字，在许多情况下，是不须用 have 或 there is 之类的英语词汇表达出
来的，例如：
1． 有的细菌是有害于人体健康的微生物，有的则有益。
Some bacteria are harmful micro-organisms to our human body, but some are helpful.
*There are some bacteria are harmful micro-organisms to our human body, there are
some are helpful. [wrong]
Some bacteria are bad for health, but some are good.
2. 过去几年，农村医疗卫生的形势有了很大的变化。
The situation of rural medical care greatly changed in the past years.
There were great changes in the situation of rural medical care in the past years.
*The situation of rural medical care had great changes recently. [not good]
The situation of rural medical care witnessed great changes in the past years.
Rural medical care greatly changed in the past years.
3. 导致这种情况的原因，我认为有两点。
I think that two reasons resulted in this situation.
I think there are two reasons leading to this situation.
4. 好医院应该有什么病人治什么病人。
A good hospital should treat whatever patients come to it.
A good hospital should treat all kinds of patients.
A good hospital should not refuse any patient.
5. 在整个青年期，人的行为都具有很大的盲目性和冲动性。
In the whole period of youth, a person's actions are full of blindness and impulse.
In the whole period of youth, a person's actions are characterized by blindness and
impulse.
In the whole period of youth, a person's actions are often out of blindness and sudden
excitement.
When people are young, they often act blindly and impulsively.
6. 人类与艾滋病作斗争已经有二十多年了。
Man has been fighting against [dealing with] AIDS for more than twenty years.
7. 要让患者在生命的末期没有身体上的痛苦。
Make sure that patients do not suffer much physical pain at the end of life.
We should make patients free of [from] much bodily pain at the end of their life.
We can free patients of [from] much bodily pain at the end of their life.
8．有了对该病毒基因的全面了解，我们就能找出控制该病毒的方法来。
With a full understanding of the viral genes, we can find a way to control the virus.
If we can understand all about the viral genes, we can find out a resolution to check the
virus.
After we have known all about the genes of the virus, we can control the virus in an
effective way.
然而，又有许多情况下，汉语没有“有”字，但英语可以用最基本最简单的 have 或 there is
来表达，这一点很值得我们的学生注意。例如：
1． 影响健康的因素很多。
91

92. There are many factors which can affect health.
2． 基因将会在不同物种之间转移，转基因作物的培育过程中也会发生错误。
There will be movement of genes between species. There will be some mistakes in the
development of genetically-modified crops, too.
3． 目前使用的化学物资多达 20，000 种左右。
Currently there are some 20,000 chemicals in use.
4． 20％的大学生心理严重障碍。
20％ of college students have serious mental problems.
5． 近来许多社区开展了各种各样的健康教育活动。
Recently there have been a variety of health education activities in many communities.
6． 过去的一年中，试管婴儿的出生数量大幅度飙升。
There was a sharp increase in the number of newborn test-tube babies in the past year.
7． 他们个人卫生方面的问题很多。
They have many bad habits in personal hygiene.
There are many problems in their personal hygiene.
8． 治疗药物可分为三大类：抗 HIV 病毒药物，免疫调节剂和抗感染药物。
There are three kinds of treatment drugs: the anti-HIV ones, immunoregulation ones and
anti-infective ones.
9． 该物质在什么浓度上对人无害，尚不清楚。
There is no known level at which this substance is not dangerous to people.
We do not know which concentrations make this substance harmful to people.
10． 手术后无需用药。
There will be no need for any medication after operation.
11． 毫无疑问，抽烟有害健康。
There is no doubt that smoking is harmful to health.
12． 男人的寿命比女人短。
Men have a shorter lifespan than women.
Women usually live longer than men.
13． 这个医生对待病人态度亲切。
This doctor has a pleasant manner towards his patients.
The doctor is kind to his patients.
14． 乡村一级卫生院医疗质量无法保证，医疗事故更是经常出现。
You can not have good medical services in village clinics, and there are often medical
accidents there.
The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor, and there are often
medical accidents there.
课堂练习：
有句
1。交朋友必须要有原则。
2。有人过于重视考试的分数。
3。对任何事情来说，有准备比没有准备好。
4。有问题就要去解决。
5。这个措施有的地方适用，有的地方不适用。
6。这种情况，有人说可以，有人说不可以。
92

93. 7。有些地方和企业为追求眼前利益，不考虑生态环境，甚至以牺牲环境为代价。
8．如果有你的帮助，我们就能锦上添花。
有句（Reference keys）
1。交朋友必须要有原则。
We should follow a right principle when we make friends.
We should follow a righteous principle in making friends.
2。有人过于重视考试的分数。
Some people care too much about their points/ scores/ marks.
3。对任何事情来说，有准备比没有准备好。
To be prepared is always wiser than to be unprepared for every thing.
When we do any thing, it is always wiser for us to make preparations than not to make
preparations.
4。有问题就要去解决。
If we have problems, we should solve them. Problems should be solved.
5。这个措施有的地方适用，有的地方不适用。
This measure is suitable to some places / in some situations /in some aspects /under
some conditions while it is not suitable to other places.
We can adopt / take / use/ this measure in some situations but not in other ones.
6。这种情况，有人说可以，有人说不可以。
Some people agree to this situation while others do not.
Some people say yes to this situation while others do not.
Some people think that this situation is good enough but others do not think so.
7。有些地方和企业为追求眼前利益，不考虑生态环境，甚至以牺牲环境为代价。
Some places and enterprises obtain secure seek their short-term benefits disregarding
the ecological environment or even at the cost of the environment.
8．如果有你的帮助，我们就能锦上添花。
With your help (if we can get your help), we can do it better and better (we can make it
from better to better).
With you helping us, with us helped by you,
Without environment pollution (if there is no environment pollution/ we do not have
environment pollution), the sky will be bluer and the water clearer.
练习：
用英语表达以下意念：
1. 这两个孪生儿长得很像，但性格不同。
2. 有病不要拖，要马上看医生。
3. 这些学生的心理疾病的产生都有一个渐变过程。
4. 为了使大学生有一个健康的心理，全国各高校一直致力于大学生心理保健工作。
5. 医学服务还有照顾、保护、关怀之意。
6. 由粮食或糖提供的碳水化合物，在体内的物质代谢中同样具有非常重要的作用。
7. 蛋白质和脂肪在体内代谢中，除提供热量外还有许多重要功能。
8. 而我国目前却只有六七所医学院校设有该专业。
9. 冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、冬泳等。
10. 民营医院或许正有类似的经历，它也将有一个自然成长的过程。
11. 长期以来，我国的公立医院一直享有政府支持和财政补贴。
93

94. 12. 截止 2002 年，我国艾滋病病毒感染总人数已突破一百万。
13. 已经证实的艾滋病传染途径主要有三条。
14. 近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大进展。
15. 某些中药成分在体外实验中能抑制 HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。
16. 中医治疗骨伤很有经验。
17. 他是一个有才华的医生。
18. 最近，农村医疗卫生各个方面都有了很大进步。
19. 青年期行为还有一个重要的特征就是充满了困惑。
20. 农村合作医疗面临很多困难。
21. 生的时候要有尊严，死也要死得有尊严。
22．有了足够的碳水化合物，蛋白质和脂肪才能发挥正常作用。
Reference keys
1. 这两个孪生儿长得很像，但性格不同。
The twins look alike but have very different characters.
Cf. The twins look alike but are very different in character.
2. 有病不要拖，要马上看医生。
When you are sick, you should go to see a doctor at once.
3. 这些学生的心理疾病的产生都有一个渐变过程。
The mental disorders of these students develop gradually.
The mental illness in these students undergoes a process of gradual development.
4. 为了使大学生有一个健康的心理，全国各高校一直致力于大学生心理保健工作。
In order to make students mentally healthy, colleges all over the country have been making
great efforts to promote mental health care for them.
5. 医学服务还有照顾、保护、关怀之意。
Medical services mean attention, protection and care.
Medical services are to provide attention, protection and care.
6. 由粮食或糖提供的碳水化合物，在体内的物质代谢中同样具有非常重要的作用。
Carbohydrate which is provided by grain or sugar plays the same important role in
metabolism of the body.
In the same way, carbohydrate is very important to metabolism of the body.
7. 蛋白质和脂肪在体内代谢中，除提供热量外还有许多重要功能。
In metabolism of the body, protein and fat have many other important functions besides
providing calories.
In metabolism of the body, there are many other important functions besides providing
calories for protein and fat.
8. 而我国目前却只有六七所医学院校设有该专业。
At present, however, only 6 or 7 medical colleges in our country have set up this specialty.
At present, however, this specialty has been offered [established] in only about half a dozen
medical universities in our country.
At present, however, there are only 6 or 7 medical colleges in our country which have set up
this specialty.
9. 冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、冬泳等。
The winter sports events include chiefly skating, skiing, morning exercises and winter
swimming.
94

95. 10. 民营医院或许正有类似的经历，它也将有一个自然成长的过程。
The private hospitals are maybe experiencing a similar process of natural development.
11. 长期以来，我国的公立医院一直享有政府支持和财政补贴。
For a long time, public hospitals in our country have enjoyed [had] financial supports from
the government.
For a long time, public hospitals in our country have been financially supported by the
government.
For a long time, the government has been providing public hospitals in our country with
financial supports.
12. 截止 2002 年，我国艾滋病病毒感染总人数已突破一百万。
There had been more than one million victims of AIDS infection in our country by the end of
2002.
There had been more than one million people who had been infected by AIDS virus in our
country by the end of 2002.
More than one million people had been infected by AIDS virus in our country by the end of
2002. [better]
13. 已经证实的艾滋病传染途径主要有三条。
There are chiefly three confirmed ways for AIDS virus to get spread.
There are chiefly three confirmed ways AIDS virus can be spread.
It is confirmed that AIDS virus spreads chiefly through three ways.
14. 近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大进展。
Recently great progress has been made in research on treatment of AIDS.
*Recently research on treatment of AIDS has made great progress. [wrong]
15. 某些中药成分在体外实验中能抑制 HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。
Some Chinese herbal medicines are expected to have a good prospect of wide application,
because they could check HIV in experiments and are very cheap.
Some Chinese herbal medicines will be widely used, because they have proved to be able to
check HIV in experiments and are very cheap.
16. 中医治疗骨伤很有经验。
Chinese medicine is good [skillful] at treating bone injuries.
17. 他是一个有才华的医生。
He is a talented doctor.
He is an excellent doctor.
18. 最近，农村医疗卫生各个方面都有了很大进步。
Recently, great progress has been made in every aspect of medical care in the rural areas.
19. 青年期行为还有一个重要的特征就是充满了困惑。
Puzzlement is another significant characteristic of behaviours in the period of youth.
Another significant characteristic of behaviors in the period of youth is that they are often out
of puzzlement.
20. 农村合作医疗面临很多困难。
There are many difficulties for cooperative medical care in the rural areas.
Cooperative medical care in the rural areas faces many difficulties.
21. 生的时候要有尊严，死也要死得有尊严。
One should live with dignity and die with dignity.
95

96. One should live a dignified life and die a dignified death.
22. 有了足够的碳水化合物，蛋白质和脂肪才能发挥正常作用。
When carbohydrate is in sufficient supply, protein and fat can play their normal roles.
With enough carbohydrate, protein and fat can perform their normal functions.
Q、表达有利方面、优点、优势、有利于、有益于、有助于或不利方面、劣势、缺点、缺陷、
有损于、有害于、损害、损伤、破坏
1、 基本句型
I. 表达有利方面、优点、优势、有利于、有益于、有助于：
及 ：动词 词组
have the benefit of sth / get [gain] benefit [from sth] / benefit sb [sth] / benefit from sth / do
sb good / favor sb / give an advantage to sb [sth] / have [enjoy] an advantage / do more
good than harm
形容 及 ：词 词组
beneficial to [for] sb [sth] / good for sb [sth] / helpful / useful to [for] sb [sth]
名 及 ：词 词组
benefit to sb / health benefits / the full benefit [of sth] / a big [great] advantage over sth /
介 ：词词组
for sb’s benefit / with [without] the benefit [of sth] / in favor of sb [sth] / to the advantage of
sb [sth] / at an advantage
例句：
1. 新的治疗方法让千千万万的人受惠。
Many thousands have benefited greatly from the new treatment.
The new treatment has greatly benefited thousands of people.
Thousands of people have gained great benefits from the new treatment.
2. 严格的交通规章制度对大家都有好处。
Strict regulations are of great benefit to us all.
Strict regulations are useful [beneficial / good] for us all.
Strict regulations do all of us good.
Strict regulations benefit all of us.
All of us benefit from strict regulations.
3. 洋医院的昂贵而高质量的医疗服务有利于高收入人群。
The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are in
favour of [favour] people of high income.
The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals are to the
advantage of people of high income.
The expensive but excellent medical services provided by foreign-funded hospitals benefit
people of high income.
96

97. People of high income benefit from the expensive but excellent medical services provided
by foreign-funded hospitals.
4. 在正常的一日三餐之外，每隔 2－3 小时少量进餐，有利于保持充沛精力。
Having a little food every 2 to 3 hours in addition to the 3 regular meals a day is beneficial to
[benefits] the maintenance of full vigour.
If one wants to stay energetic / vigorous constantly, it is good [helpful / beneficial] to have a
little food every two or three hours in addition to the three daily regular meals.
5. 在调整免疫功能方面，与西药相比，中国的一些中药亦有一些优点。
In regulation of immune functions, some Chinese medicines enjoy [have] an advantage
over western medicines.
Compared with western medicines, some Chinese medicines have benefits of regulating
immune functions.
Some Chinese medicines are better than western medicines in regulating immune functions.
6. 这些措施有利于改进农村医疗卫生工作。
These measures [steps / actions] will benefit the cause of medical care and public health in
the rural areas.
These measures [steps / actions] are beneficial [useful] to the medical care and public health
in the countryside.
These measures [steps / actions] help improve [promote] the medical care and public health
in the rural areas.
These measures [steps / actions] improve [promote] the medical care and public health in
the countryside.
These measures [steps / actions] are a great help to the medical care and public health in the
rural areas.
7. 医生的劝告大有益处。
Doctors’ advice is a great help [benefit].
Doctors’ advice is very helpful.
Doctors’ advice is very beneficial [useful] to us.
Doctors’ advice does us much good.
8. 现在的医疗体制改革对中低收入者有利。
The current reform of medical care system is to the advantage of people with moderate or
lower income.
The current reform of medical care system favours people with moderate or lower income.
The current reform of medical care system is in favour of people with moderate or lower
income.
The current reform of medical care system benefits people with moderate or lower income.
People with moderate or lower income benefit from the current reform of medical care
system.
9. 独生子女政策利大于蔽。
The advantages of the only child policy outweigh its disadvantages.
The only child policy has done more good than harm.
There are more advantages than disadvantages in carrying out the only child policy.
II. 表达不利方面、劣势、缺点、缺陷、有损于、有害于、损害、损伤、破坏：
97

98. 及 ：动词 词组
have a harmful effect on sth [sb] / damage sth / harm sb [sth] / do more harm than good /
put [place] sb at a disadvantage / do harm [damage] to sth / do sth harm / cause sb [sth]
harm / suffer harm / destroy / hamper / injure
形容 及 ：词 词组
harmful [damaging] to sb [sth] / bad for sb [sth] / harmful / disadvantageous / destructive /
averse /
名 及 ：词 词组
disadvantage / defect / drawback / harm to sb / (there is) no harm in doing sth /
destruction / loss of / trauma / lesion / injury
介 ：词词组
at a disadvantage / to the disadvantage of sb [sth]
例句：
1. 农村卫生资源严重不足，不利于我国医疗卫生事业的发展。
The severe shortage of financial resources for the rural medical care has a very harmful
effect on [is very harmful to / is very bad for] the development of medical and health cause
in China.
The severe lack of medical resources in the rural areas has harmed the development of
medical and health cause in China.
The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this does a lot of harm to the development
of medical and health care in China.
The rural areas lack medical resources badly, and this causes a lot of harm to the
development of medical and health care in China.
2. 三种医院的服务各有不同的缺点。
The medical services in the three kinds of hospital have their respective disadvantages
[drawbacks / defects].
3. 损害公物要赔。
Pay the full price for anything damaged.
If you damage any public object [property], you have to pay it.
It is necessary for you to pay the full price of any public object damaged.
4. 健康损失比财产损失更重要。
Loss of health is more serious than loss of wealth.
Harm to health is more significant [greater] than loss of wealth.
To lose your health is much more terrible [worse] than to lose your money.
5. 补充点维生素倒也没有什么坏处。
There is no harm in taking some vitamins.
It does no harm for you to take some vitamins.
It is not harmful [bad] for you to take some vitamins.
You will suffer no harm if you take some vitamins.
98

99. 6. 虽然行为盲目性与冲动性有其不利的一面，但是，也有其有价值的一面。
Behavioural blindness and impulsiveness have their disadvantages as well as advantages.
Although behavioural blindness and impulsiveness are disadvantageous on the one hand,
they can be advantageous on the other hand.
7. 如果视力不好，干许多工作就会很不利。
If your eyesight is not good, you’ll be at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when
you perform many tasks.
Poor eyesight puts [places] a person at a big [major / serious / grave] disadvantage when
he performs many tasks.
8. 不会电脑现在很不利。
Anyone who can’t use a computer is at a disadvantage these days.
Inability to use a computer is disadvantageous now.
Inability to use a computer puts [places] a person at a disadvantage now.
9. 嫉妒是一种强烈的极具破坏力的情感。
Jealousy can be a powerful and very destructive emotion.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 这种药对免疫系统有利。
2. 骑自行车对健康和环境都有很大好处。
3. 先进的健康教育给西方发达国家带来很多优势。
4. 空气里的负离子（anion）浓度较高，有利于神经系统的调节。
5. 在这方面，女性通常比男性有优势。
6. 良好的心态有益于健康。
7. 多吃水果对身体有好处。
8. 任何事物有利必有弊。
9. 经常体育锻炼有益于身体健康。
10. 循证医学（evidence-based medicine）有优于传统医学的三个方面。
11. 钟南山是非常有益于人民的好医生。
12. 政府对公立医院进行财政补贴，使公立医院具有优势。
13. 抽烟有损健康。
14. 光线不好，看书伤眼。
15. 损害人民群众利益的事绝对不干。
16. 我们不能损人利己。
17. 过量使用抗生素，弊大于利。
18. 恶劣的天气大大损害了他们的健康。
19. 突发公共卫生事件对人民健康和社会经济发展造成极大的损害。
20. “过度医疗”带来许多不良后果，损害了医患关系。
21. 人类平均寿命无节制地延长会给整个人类社会带来很多害处。
22. 我们要将不利因素（条件）转化为有利因素（条件）。
23. 生理和智力上的缺陷使残疾人在社会生活中处于不利的地位。
24. 传染病可以对一个地区的生命财产造成极大破坏。
25. 众所周知，极高的噪音能引起听力损伤或听力丧失。
99

100. 26. 有研究表明，噪音似乎能够严重破坏人的血液循环系统――心脏和血管。
27. 病毒破坏了人体的免疫系统功能。
在医患关系中，病人常常是处于劣势地位的。
R、表达增加、增强、加强或提高、促进、改进、改善、进步
1、 基本句型
I. 表达增加、增强、加强：
名 及 ：词 词组
huge [massive / large / dramatic / sharp / rapid / significant / marked / slight / small /
modest / gradual] increase;
an increase in sth / price [pay / tax / population] increase
及 ：动词 词组
increase in value [price / importance];
increase (sth) from [to] sth / strengthen / heighten awareness / raise awareness /
intensify / add (to)
介 及 ：词 词组
on a sharp increase / on the increase
例句：
1. 在牛奶中加糖 5%—8%，也是提高（增加）热量摄入的一种有效方法。
To add 5%—8% of sugar in milk is a good [an effective] way to increase [raise] the intake
of calories.
Addition of 5%—8% of sugar in milk can well increase [raise] the intake of energy.
2. 在寒冷环境下运动时能量消耗大，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加。
Under the cold conditions, exercises consume [use up] a great amount of energy and make
the metabolism of the body much more active to produce more calories.
Doing physical training in cold circumstances consumes [uses up] a lot of energy. As a result,
metabolism of the body is sped up [intensified / increased / strengthened] and calorie
production is increased [intensified].
When one does physical training in cold whether, his metabolism increases to produce more
calories.
3. “过度医疗”增加了社会的医疗负担。
“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social burden of medical
care.
“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] increases [adds to] the social expenditure on
medical care.
“Excessive Treatment” [Overtreatment] makes the whole society spend more money on
medical care.
4. 免 疫 缺 陷 病 （ immune deficiency diseases ） 的 共 同 特 点 是 对 感 染 的 易 感 性
（susceptibility）明显增加和易发生恶性肿瘤（malignant tumors）。
100

101. The common feature of immune deficiency diseases is obviously increased susceptibility
[sensitivity] to infections and greater chances of developing malignant tumors.
All the patients with immune deficiency diseases are more likely to be infected and to develop
malignant tumors.
5. 在那些体重不随年龄增加的人群中动脉压也不随年龄增加。
In those whose body weight does not increase [go up / rise] with age, the arterial pressure
does not increase [go up / rise] with age either.
If a person does not put on more weight as he or she grows older, his or her arterial pressure
does not increase [go up / rise] with age.
6. 摄盐量又高，使钠与钾（natrium and kalium）的比值增大，促使血压升高。
High intake of salt increases the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood,
which consequently raises [heightens; increases] the blood pressure.
High intake of salt makes the ratio [proportion] of natrium and kalium in the blood become
greater, and consequently makes the blood pressure higher.
7. 由于“非典”后我国加强了公共卫生体系建设，应对突发公共卫生事件的能力有了很大
提高。
Because our country intensified [strengthened / enhanced] the construction of public
health system after the attack of SARS, the capacity [ability] to deal with public health
emergencies was greatly increased [strengthened / enhanced].
Because we strengthened the construction of public health system after the SARS incident, we
can deal with public health emergencies much better.
8. 人类平均寿命的延长还会加重（增加）人类后代的负担。
The extended life expectancy of human beings will put on more [increase] burdens on their
descendants.
If average human lifespan is expanded, human descendants will have more [greater]
burdens.
II. 表达提高、促进、改进、改善、进步：
名 及 ：词 词组
improvement in sth / progress（不可数） in (doing) sth / advance in sth;
rapid [good / slow / steady / significant / economic / scientific / medical] progress
及 ：动词 词组
promote / advance / enhance / raise / make progress / make improvements /
例句：
1. 让病人参与的目的是为了促进在病人护理和治疗服务水平方面的改善。
The aim of patients’ involvement [participation] is to promote [increase] the level of
treatment and nursing services.
Patients can help improve the level of treatment and nursing services.
2. 空气中的负离子不仅能调节神经系统，而且可以促进胃肠消化、加深肺部的呼吸。
Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also promote [accelerate;
speed up] digestion and breathing.
Anions in the air can not only regulate the nerve system, but also help the digestion in the
101

102. stomach and intestines and breathing in the lungs.
Anions in the air are good for the nerve system, digestion and lungs.
3. 只有提高人的素质和公共道德水平，我们才有一个干净整洁的公共环境。
Only after we have enhanced the quality of people and public morals can we have a clean
and tidy public environment.
Only the enhanced quality of people and public morals can result in [lead to] a clean and
tidy public environment.
We must improve people’s quality and public morals before we can have a clean and tidy
public environment.
4. 提高对健康教育的认识才能促进社区卫生工作。
If you deepen the understanding of health education, you can make progress in community
health care.
We should deepen our understanding of health education before we can advance
community health care.
5. 手术后，病人健康好转得很快。
The patient was progressing [improving / recovering] favorably after surgery.
The patient was making rapid [good] progress after surgery.
The patient improved rapidly (in health) after surgery.
The patient’s health was getting much better after surgery.
6. 乡村卫生院的医疗条件现在好多了，但还有改善的余地。
The conditions in village clinics are much better now, but there is still room for
improvement.
7. 由于竞争，公立医院的服务现在有了很大改善和提高。
Because of competition, medical services have now improved [got better] greatly in public
hospitals.
There have now been great improvements in medical services in public hospitals due to
competition.
Because of competition, medical services in public hospitals have now shown great
improvements.
8. 近年来艾滋病的治疗研究有了很大进展，
Recently great progress has been made in research on treatment of AIDS.
In the recent years there have been great advances [developments / achievements] in
researches on treatment of AIDS.
9. 我们一定要提高公众对抽烟喝酒有关的健康危险因素的认识。
We must increase [raise / heighten] public awareness of the health risks associated with
drinking and smoking.
10. 从图表中我们可以看出，中国人民的生活质量近十年有了很大提高。
We can clearly see from the chart that there has been a dramatic improvement in the living
standards of Chinese people in the recent ten years.
We can clearly see from the chart that the living standards of Chinese people in the recent ten
years have been improved [raised] greatly.
11. 现在对艾滋病毒感染的了解有了很大的提高。
There has been significant progress in understanding the HIV infection.
Now we know more about HIV infection.
102

103. 12. 我国政府的资金投入的加大，将促进癌症的研究。
The increased amount of funds by Chinese government will boost progress in cancer
research.
Our government will spend more money on cancer research.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 男女的退休年龄都提高（增加）到 65 岁。
2. 就不在病人将死亡时做心肺复苏术、插气管内管、电击等会增加或延长其痛苦的措施。
3. 非典之后，我国加强了对突发卫生事件的监管力度。
4. 良好的心态能增加（提高）癌症病人战胜病魔的机会。
5. 同时，医生的自信心也会不断增强。
6. 特别是儿童与中老年对钙的需要量增加。
7. 不少小儿在增加热量摄入后，症状得到明显改善。
8. 维生素 C 能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力。
9. 愉悦感觉的气味都有助于提高大脑的觉醒程度。
10. 试管婴儿的出生数量大幅度飙升，由 20 世纪 80 年代的每年几百例发展到了如今的每
年数以万计。
11. 在诊疗时，医生还会增加心理咨询、健康教育等内容。
12. 二十世纪五十年代以来，离婚率一直上升，没有回落的迹象。
13. 饮酒使心排血量增加，间接地引起肾素水平增加而使血压升高。
14. 好的医疗制度应最大限度地增强人民的健康。
15. 农村医疗工作方面已经有了越来越多的改进。
16. 各高校采取积极措施促进了心理咨询的开展。
17. 使卫生服务提高一个档次，人民健康水平更上一层楼。
18. 过去五年中，我国医学研究人员在开发控制艾滋病的药物方面取得了很大进步。
19. 这篇文章谈论了近十年来中医研究的最新进展。
20. 牛奶增进健康。
21. 提高人的寿命提高人的寿命和提高生活质量一样重要。
22. 许多病人的投诉提高了公众对医疗服务质量问题的认识。
23. 我们必须大力改善农村的医疗卫生条件。
24. 关键在于提高医疗效率。
S、表示利用、使用、作用、应用、功能或方式、方法、手段、措施
1、 基本句型
I. 表示利用、使用、作用、应用、功能：
及 ：动词 词组
play a role in / function (as) / act (as) / serve (as) / serve to / use sth as sth / use sth for
doing (sth) / make (good) use of sth / use sth to do sth / apply / take advantage of / have
an effect on / have [fulfill] a function of / put sth to (good) use
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104. 名 及 ：词 词组
function / effect on sth / the use of sth /
介 及 ：词 词组
with / in use / out of use
例句：
1. 营养不良使各器官功能低下。
Malnutrition makes organs function poorly [inefficiently / ineffectively].
Poor nutrition harms the normal functions of organs.
Poor nutrition decreases the functional efficiency of organs.
2. 当健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）被用于指导人们改变不良健康行为
时，它的效用便得到了最大程度的发挥。
When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] to guide people to change their
unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.
When health risk factor appraisal is used [applied / adopted] for guiding people to change
their unhealthy behavior, its maximum role has been fulfilled.
Health risk factor appraisal plays its maximum role in guiding people to change their
unhealthy behavior.
3. 充分利用国外的先进经验，搞好我国的健康教育。
We should improve [promote] health education in our country by making good use of [using
well / taking advantage of] advanced experience of foreign countries.
We should make good use of [use well / take advantage of] advanced experience of foreign
countries and improve [promote] health education in our country
We should improve [promote] health education in our country with the help of advanced
experience of foreign countries.
4. 冬季晨炼应尽量用鼻呼吸。
Doing morning exercise in winter, we should breathe with nose as much as possible.
Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose to breathe as much as possible.
Doing morning exercise in winter, we should use nose for breathing as much as possible.
5. 一些中药在实验中能抑制 HIV，且价格便宜，预计会有很好的应用前景。
Since some Chinese herbal medicines have been found to be able to check HIV in
experiments and are cheap, they will have good [wide] application in the future.
Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will have
good [wide] application in the future.
Since some cheap Chinese herbal medicines could check HIV in experiments, they will be
put in good use in the future.
6. 抗生素不要滥用和误用。
Antibiotics cannot be overused, abused or misused.
7. 公共卫生体系的建设，对于有效地控制禽流感的爆发流行，起了重要作用。
The construction of public health system played an important [major / central / key / vital]
role in effective prevention of the outbreak and wide spread of bird flue.
8. 音乐作为一种护理方法，有很好的止痛片的作用。
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105. Music as a nursing method has a good effect on easing the pain.
Music as a nursing method can serve as a kind of painkiller.
Music as a nursing method has a good function of easing the pain.
II. 表达方式、方法、手段、措施:
及 ：动词 词组
take (effective) measures [steps /actions] to do sth
名 及 ：词 词组
way to do sth / way of doing sth / way (that) sb does sth / approach to (doing) sth /
scheme / strategy
介 及 ：词 词组
by doing sth / by means of sth / through sth [doing sth] / with doing sth / with sth / in a …
way [manner] / by this method / in this way
例句：
1. 通过专门的技术和仪器，现在可以拍摄出分子的照片。
By means of [With / Through] special techniques and instruments it is now possible to
photograph molecules.
2. 出乎意料的是，学生们以极大的热情（兴趣）作出了回应。
Unexpectedly, the college students responded with great enthusiasm [interest].
Unexpectedly, the college students responded in an enthusiastic manner [way].
3. 无法知道该治疗是否有效。
There is no way of knowing if the treatment will work.
We have no way of knowing whether the treatment is effective or not.
It is impossible to know whether the treatment is effective or not.
4. 健康危险因素评价（health risk factor appraisal）是研究危险因素与慢性病发病及死亡
之间数量依存关系及其规律性的一种技术方法。
Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which people study
the correlation between health risk factors and chronic diseases.
Health risk factor appraisal is a technical method [approach / means] by which medical
researches are done on the quantitative correlation between health risk factors, chronic
diseases and deaths as well as the rules of the correlation.
5. 烧伤严重程度不同，对烧伤病人的急救方式也不同
We should take different measures to deal with burns of different degrees.
The ways we treat burn emergency should vary according to the different degrees of the
burn.
First aid for burn victims varies according to the severity of the burn.
6. 健康教育已成为解决当代公共卫生问题的重要途径。
Health education has become an important way [method / means] of solving [resolving /
settling / dealing with] public health problems.
Health education has become an important way [method / means] to solve [resolve / settle /
deal with] public health problems.
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106. 7. 通过不断完善公共卫生体系建设，减少各种突发公共卫生事件对人民健康和社会经济
发展造成的损害。
We can reduce damages that sudden public health accidents may cause to people’s health and
social and economic development by means of [by way of / through / by] continuous
improvement of the public health system.
8. 这个问题应该用对双方都公平的方式来解决。
The problem should be resolved in a[n] manner [way / approach] that is fair to both sides.
9. 听音乐是一种减轻紧张情绪的方法。
Listening to music is one way of relieving [easing] stress.
Listening to music is one way to relieve [ease] stress.
10. 流感的传播方式和普通感冒一样，都是通过鼻和喉的分泌物传染的。
Flu is spread in the same way as a cold, through the secretions from the nose and throat.
The way flu is spread is the same as [the way] a cold [is], by means of the secretions from
the nose and throat.
Like a common cold, flu is spread through the secretions from the nose and throat.
练习:
用英 表 以下意念：语 达
1. 高校心理咨询，对学生的健康成长，发挥着突出的作用。
2. 许多家长不了解碳水化合物对人体的重要作用。
3. 其实早餐对提高学习和工作效率有着至关重要的作用。
4. 酒精有明显的升压作用。
5. 强安定药（major tranquillizers）不可滥用和误用。
6. 行为盲目性与冲动性有促进社会变革和社会发展的作用。
7. 医院的一些奖励措施对过度医疗起了推波助澜的作用。
8. 由于农村卫生资源严重不足的问题，农村的卫生机构的防病功能难以发挥。
9. 不久的将来，该物质可以得到广泛应用。
10. 蛋白质是构建机体细胞的材料，主要承担调节代谢、协调生命活动的重大任务。
11. 清洁的床单也可用来作为包扎伤口的绷带。
12. 不可用疼痛的程度作为治疗的标准。
13. 通过交流，医生和病人都将获得益处。
14. 由于病人个人的情况不同，采取的交流方式也应该不同。
15. 美国心理卫生学会提出了心理平衡的 10 条要诀，值得我们借鉴。
16. 以上措施可减轻伤者的痛苦，减少感染和休克的可能性。
17. 通过心理咨询，不少大学生心头疙瘩也被一一解开。
18. 我们用词语来表达思想。
19. 医生应该用和蔼可亲的方式对待病人。
20. 加强社区卫生服务是一种很好的提高人民健康水平的途径。
21. 一些著名的医学和健康专家提出了一系列简便可行的办法。
22. 艾滋病不会经公共设施传播，也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。
23. 中国医生发明了一种治疗该疾病的新途径。
24. 各级政府部门正在寻找解决药品价格虚高问题的办法。
25. 通过神经信息和激素，大脑向心脏发出信号。
106

107. 26. 你可以采取一些措施减小减肥药物的副作用所引起的不适。
27. 开始人们并没有认识到这种疾病的严重性，没有及时采取应急措施加以预防，致使流
行蔓延。
T、图表
1. 图表概述或描述中常用的句型
概述图表
2. As is shown by / can be seen in the graph (chart, table),
3. This is a table / chart / diagram / graph which describes ...
4. This is a table / chart / diagram / graph of ...
5. This table / chart / diagram / graph points out / indicates / shows / illustrates that ...
(the situation of)
6. As we can see from / in the table / chart / diagram / graph,
7. From the table / chart / diagram / graph we can see that ...
正如曲线所示，最近 5 年来该国人口飞速增长。
As is shown by the graph, there has been a rapid increase in the population of the
country in the past five years.
As is shown by the graph, there has been a rapid increase in the private-owned houses
and a rapid decrease in the state-owned houses in the past five years.
得出结论
1. It can be seen / concluded from the table that …
2. This table / chart / diagram / graph gives us a general idea of the changes / the grave
situation of ...
A. 从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从 1985 年到 1990 年中国的人均收入迅速提高。
From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of
the Chinese people increased (grew ,rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.
B. 从曲线图可以得出结论，最近 5 年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。
It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in
China in the past five years.
3. … amount to … （数量总计）
add up to
come to
sum up to
全部费用合计 200 美元。
All the expenses (costs) amount to (add up to) $ 200.
4. … increase from … to … （数量增减）
decrease
rise
fall
drop
A. 这个工厂生产的彩电已由 1986 年的 5000 台增加到 1990 年的 21000 台。
The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose, grew, climbed)
from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.
B.参加者的人数增加到 30 万。
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108. The number of participants grew up to 300000 persons.
C. 这个学校的教职工人数已减少到 700 人。
The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.
5.（be）three times as + 形容词 + as
A.钢的年产量上升 17%。 The annual output of steel rises by 17 per cent.
B.现在我们地区的粮食产量相当于 1970 年的 3 倍。
The grain production (output) in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.
6.Compared with … , …
与去年相比，今年 13 项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长。
Compared with that of last year, the output of 13 main products (items) this year has
increased to a great extent.
7.There is (was, has been) a rapid rise in …
be on the rise / be on sharp increase / on the increase (sudden decrease, the decline,
steady decline, gradual fall, slow or slight drop)
最近几年来这个地区的棉花产量有了迅速增长。
The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.
The cotton output in this area has been on rapid rise (increase) in the past few years.
——“结尾”段落中常用的句型：
1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …
4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clear that …
Health improvement in developing countries
From the above charts we can see that developing countries have made great progress
(achievements) in heath care (their people’s health).
These two charts give us a general idea about the health improvement made by the
developing countries during the 30 years from 1960 to 1990.
From the above charts we can see that people’s health has been greatly improved in
developing countries.
The above charts show that…
The life expectancy in developing countries rose (increased) from a little (much) less than (a
little more than) 40 years (or so) old in 1960 to 60 years old in 1990.
The infant mortality in developing countries dropped (decreased) from nearly (roughly /
about / approximately) 200 deaths per 1000 births in 1960 to less than 100 deaths per 1000 births
in 1990.
From the above charts we can clearly see that developing countries made great / remarkable /
tremendous progress in heath care in the period of 30 years from 1960 to 1990.
The left chart shows that their life expectancy (the life expectancy of the people living there)
rose from less than 40 years old in 1960 to 60 years old in 1990. While the right chart indicates
that their infant mortality dropped from nearly 200 deaths per 1000 births to less than 100 deaths
per 1000 births in the same period.
I think that there are at least two main reasons leading to this improvement during the 30
years. First, with the economic development in most developing countries, (especially in the Asian
ones,) their living standards were continuously improving. As a result, people there could live
much longer. Secondly, with the progress of medical science and living standard, people there
could have better medical care. (The progress of medical science and living standard resulted in
108

109. better medical care for the people [the common people / the ordinary people / the majority of the
people].) Consequently, the death rates, especially the infant mortality, dropped greatly
(dramatically/ strikingly/ tremendously).
In a word, this health improvement is the greatest achievement of all that the developing
countries made.
In a word, it is not easy for the developing countries to make such an improvement in
people’s health.
In a word, the developing countries must have overcome a lot of difficulties to achieve such
an improvement (progress/advance) in people’s health.
In a word, the developing countries must have taken a lot of paintaking (effective) measures
(actions / steps) to achieve such an improvement (progress/advance) in people’s health.
Changes in People’s Diet
From the following figures we can see that people’s diet changed in the past 5 years from *** to
***.
It is clear (obvious / most striking) that people ate (consumed / had) more milk and meat but
less grain and fruit & vegetable. The increase of meat in people’s diet was the most obvious. Meat
had a 6% increase in 1989. The decrease of grain and that of fruit & vegetable were 4% and 3%
respectively in the past 5 years (in the same period).
The reason for the changes in people’s diet is that people’s living standard has been improved
with the economic development in our society. Better living conditions enabled people to eat
better. People had more money to buy (consume) more meat and milk, the kinds of food that were
only often consumed by the rich in the past.
In my opinion, such changes are generally good. More meat and milk in people’s diet will make
people healthier and stronger. (More meat and milk in people’s diet will result in healthier and
stronger people.) But the decrease of fruit & vegetable consumption in diet, (however), is not a
good thing (will have a negative impact on people’s health).
To have a balanced diet, people should eat more fruit & vegetable as well as more milk and meet.
(People should not only eat more meat and milk, but also more fruit & vegetable.) (179 words)
Sharp Increase in World Population
This is a bar chart which describes the sharp increase of world population from the beginning of
human race (man) to 1975.
According to the figures (statistics) given in the chart, it took at least half a million years, from the
beginning to the year 1830, for the human population to reach one billion. Then the world
population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930, only 100 years later. The third
billion was added by 1960, only thirty years later. From then on the global population was on a
more rapid rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which means an increase of another billion people
in only 15 years.
There are at least two reasons, I think, for such a sharp increase (the sharp increase in world
population). In the first place, the birth rate is continuously climbing in many countries, especially
in developing countries. Generally speaking, people there hold the opinion that the more children
they have the happier their lives will be. Secondly, the death rate in most developed countries
declines steadily because people's standards of living were raised and health care improved.
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110. In my opinion, the major reason for the population growth is not the rise in birth rate but the fall in
death rate. (201 words)
In my opinion, the global population explosion will surely result in many problems, especially
those concerning the continuous existence of the human race.
Average Personal Income of the Chinese Farmers form 1970 to 1990
According to the figures given by the graph, the Chinese farmers’ personal income rose steadily
from 1970 to 1990.
In the middle of 1970’s their average income was rather low. Their annual personal income was
about 140 yuan. But in 1980 the average personal income increased by approximately 50%,
reaching 210 yuan. As is shown by the graph, in 1985 their income doubled, amounting to 420
yuan. After that there was a consistent tendency to grow.
In a word, during the period of 20 years the farmers' income had gone up rapidly.
There were two reasons for the increase in the farmers' income in China. First, the Chinese
government carried out a reform and open policy. A large number of industrial businesses were set
up in the rural areas. Second, a significant progress was made in the agricultural technology. As a
result, the agricultural outputs were on the rise all the time. All these factors resulted in the steady
growth of farmers' income.
There is no doubt, I believe, that when China's agriculture develops more rapidly, the farmers'
living standard will be improved to a greater extent. (189 words)
110