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醫博英語真題摘要寫作範文
1. An approach to successful English writing
Ladies and gentlemen,
First of all, I’d like to extend my sincere congratulations to your success of sitting here as a
candidate of Master degree which results from your great efforts of years.
This is the first time that we have met here for my English writing course. It is also a
beginning of new experience, a new leaf of your life, of which you may have good reasons to
cherish many wonderful wishes and expectations.
It is pleasing that you are no longer to be supposed to learn just for passing some kind of
compulsory exam, such as CET Band 6, though all of you will have to write a conventional
composition in your finals. You come here mainly for something practical, useful and necessary in
your future career, written skills of English communication. You come here to learn more about
English writing, to polish what you have commanded and to enhance your current writing
proficiency. You may want to be able to write an English medical paper to publish your findings,
an English abstract for your Chinese article, or an English report to your foreign colleagues on
your recent project. Some of you will sit for the English entrance examination for medical doctoral
candidates. I will try to meet these different needs with something that I call essential notions and
functions (意念功能)of English writing.
The proficiency of English writing is a very broad concept which involves not only many
notions (意念) but also countless communicative functions. If we say someone is good at
English writing, we actually mean that he is capable of expressing some notions and his English
writing skills are just sufficient to perform the needed functions. In this sense, to learn English
writing is to learn the skills needed to express one’s specific notions and functions. From the point
of view of linguistic communication, to write is to perform many specific communicative tasks of
expressing necessary notions and completing necessary functions. It seems that communicative
notions and functions are too various and too great in number, but we should know that they are
not equally important, useful, essential, practical, or necessary for us. The most essential and
frequently used ones are limited in number but enable us to perform the majority of our
communicative tasks. What we are going to learn and try to command are essential notions and
functions (意念功能)of English writing.
To make a good beginning, you should first know what I am going to do and what you are
going to do with this course.
I am not going to conduct my course in a traditional way. I am not going to make me speak
all the time on the platform and you just sit and listen down there as well as make daydreams. I am
going to base my course on my teaching experience and findings of ages, on the theory of task-
based communicative approach.
I am no longer a teacher in a traditional sense, one who dominates the classroom because he
teaches his students what he knows but they do not know. I am going to be a guide who is just able
to help you with what I know but you do not know, or are not good at, to acquire what you need to
know.
The first thing you are going to do is to attend my classes. Attendance is compulsory no
matter how skillful you are at English writing. If you are a proficient writer, you can make
contributions to the course by helping me and your classmates. Class activities are centered round
practical communicative tasks which you are supposed to get involved. Class participation is
1
2. encouraged and so part of the classroom time will be devoted to it.
Next you are going to perform and complete written communicative tasks assigned by me.
They will take you lots of time out of class if you want to do a good job. In this way, I will show
you how you can really master what you need in your future written communication and develop
competence in medical English writing by yourselves.
Classroom time will be devoted to illustration, explanation, discussion, group work, and
students’ participation. Classroom activities will be decided not only by me but also by you. Part
of the contents of the course has been prepared by me in advance but part of the contents is going
to be decided by you, by what you do and by how you perform the tasks. As a result of this
arrangement, different classes will have different tasks or contents.
Assignments must be submitted to a designated e-mail address where they will be recorded
and checked. A special exercise-book and computer work are necessary.
The final exam is based on what we have done in class, and the final evaluation is based on
attendance, classroom participation, assignment and final exam.
I hope all of you will have a wonderful and fruitful time in the next four months being with
me. I hope you will find a successful approach to English writing.
Last, I’d like to ask for your understanding and tolerance for my lack of personal attention,
for I am overloaded with 22 periods a week and more than 1000 students to be attended in writing.
A、应试要点
一
写文章摘要,最忌讳逐字逐句地翻译汉语原文中的一些句子。不幸的是,许多考生往往
这么做,尤其喜欢翻译第一句,这是因为他们不得写文章摘要的要领。在英语写作水平还没
有到达高级程度的情况下,死译的结果就是写出来的东西错误百出,让人不忍卒读。由于时
间和英语水平的限制,许多考生翻译的句子往往是东一句西一句,写出来的摘要没有逻辑
杂乱无章,成绩自然不会好。写好摘要的要点是:
.1 文摘写作成功的关键的第一点。总结出原文的中心思想。拿到原文,不要马上动
笔,要用 5――10 分钟对原文进行再加工。这点非常重要,考生千万要记住。首先,
看看阐述的是什么事物或事情,也就是文章的主题。看看是说明或描写事物的客观
性质、作用、特征、前因后果、过程、意义、及方法,还是表明对事物的主观看法与态
度。这样,找出作者的主要观点或论点。其次,看看作者是如何表达他的中心思想
的,是描述、说明、比较、例证、定义、还是分类,并找出主要的论点。这里特别要注
意的是,由于中文写作的散点思维的特点或者作者的思维素质,医学博士生英语
入学考试所节选的中文文章,往往显得内容杂乱、观点不明,条理不清,很难总结。
但无论如何,考生必须总结出一个条理大致清楚的、有若干主要论点支持的中心思
想来。再加工是关键。在总结的过程中,考生可以将原文中的带有结论性的重要句
子用笔划出来,帮助自己整理思想。近年来写作考试反映出来的考生的一个最大问
题是,写出来的东西杂乱无章,东一句西一句,大大影响了考生作文的得分。记住,
一定要使你写出来的摘要有一个明确中心思想,语句要连贯,有逻辑。
.2 文摘写作成功的关键的第二点。尽管时间很紧张,但还是最好写出一个粗略
的非常简单的汉语提纲和中心思想,形式不拘。汉语提纲和中心思想必须简单。语
言和思想都要简单,否则考生无法用简单的规范的英语表达出来。可以说,总结再
加工就是简化。考生要时刻想象,你的短文的读者是小学三年级的学生,你写出的
2
4. 化合物提供的热量应为 3.5 兆焦,约需碳水化合物 210 克,折合大米约 280 克。”,这些句子
都可以避而不写。
又如,在 04 年的考题中,“民营医院的出现让人想起十几年前人们对超市的概念认识
也是比较模糊的。即使总认为里面装修豪华、高档,但因货物很贵而不愿意进门。而今超市大
大普及了,人们纷纷进入购物,因为物有所值。民营医院或许正有类似的经历,它也将有一
个自然成长的过程。而 2002 年我国政府又提出了在卫生资源相对过剩的地方,鼓励投资者
通过收购、重组现有公立医院的方式举办赢利性医疗机构和民办非赢利性医疗机构,提出了
社会资本投资着重于目前服务能力较欠缺的老年慢性病护理、康复、婴幼儿保健等领域”,
“不同于民营医院的是,医药费还可以报销。”,这些大段的话都可以基本不去考虑怎么用英
语表达。
有时原文的语句很重要,不能规避,但用英语表达又有困难,这时可以考虑部分规避,
也就是简化。如在 04 年的考题中,“随着社会观念的变化和政策环境的改善,民营医院必能
与公立医院相辅相成,互争高低,成为医疗卫生界一道独特的风景,从而为人民群众提供
更多更好的医疗服务。”是一句重要的结论性的句子,最好用英语表达出来。那么可以简化为
“随着社会观念的变化和政策的改善,民营医院必能与公立医院一道为人民提供更好的医疗
服务。”还有,“为了留住病人,公立医院开始实施全方位的改革措施,不仅在管理体制上、
人事制度上进行改革,而且更多的是纷纷打起了技术、服务、环境、价格牌。”也可以简化为
“为了留住病人,公立医院在管理上开始实施全面改革”。
在摘要写作的考试中,规避是比较容易掌握的技巧,但规避得恰到好处还需要有意识
的注意,考生可以通过实战练习提供的参考摘要细心揣摩。
三
一个意念功能,可以用几种大体相当的语言方式表达出来,这是语言能力熟练的表现
和结果。英语专业的学生,都经过长期的这方面的训练,才达到熟练的英语表达能力。这种
训练叫 paraphrase。Paraphrase 的能力,就是变通的能力。非英语专业的学生,往往没有这种
训练,也就很难用多种不同形式来表达同一种意念。但他们在培养英语写作能力的过程中,
要有意识地注意练习和培养这种能力。
一个重要的意念,我们不能规避,但它的汉语表达形式让我们感到用英语表达不出来,
或者感到硬用英语表达出来,结果多半是错的。这时,我们就需要运用变通的技巧,或者说
能力。变通就是将汉语的意念,用我们能够掌握的英语形式大体相当地表达出来。变通的原
则是把不会的变成会的,把复杂的变成简单的。这和上面说讲的“写你会写的,不要写你
想写的”原则是一致的。后面课文中的句型讲解与练习,有大量的变通的实例,尤其是斜体
标明的句子,考生们可以自己体会。
变通有词与词组层面上的和句子层面上的两种,下面再举例说明。
雌激素(estrogen)可以用 female hormone 来表示,冲动(impulse)可以用 sudden
excitement 来表示,悲剧(tragedy)可以用 sad result 来代替,诱发(induce)可以 lead to 或
result in 来代替,慢跑(jog)可以用 slow running 来表示。“打技术、管理牌”肯定不能说成
“play technological and management cards”,可以根据不同上下文,变通成“改善技术、管理”
(improve technology and management)或者“利用技术、管理”(make use of technology and
management)。
要表达“乡村一级卫生院医疗质量无法保证。”,如果有考生觉得“质量无法保证”不好说,
一下子又想不起来“保证”如何拼写,最好变通一下,说一个大概类似的意念就行了:“乡村
4
5. 一级卫生院医疗质量通常不好。”或者“你无法有好的医疗质量在乡村一级卫生院。”变通成我
们熟悉的形式之后,表达起来成功的把握就大多了:You can not have good medical services
in village clinics.,或者 The quality of medical services in village clinics is usually poor.
另外,同一种意念有多种表达方式时,我们的选择要注意使得文章中的句式有变化,
或者是我们最有把握的那一种。如果原句为“洋医院的优势在于,病人能得到医务人员的尊
重和周到的服务。”,可以表达的句式有“The advantage of foreign-invested hospitals is that a
patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.”(表语从句),
“It is to the advantage of foreign-invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate
medical services from medical workers.”(主语从句),“ It is a great advantage of foreign-
invested hospitals that a patient can enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical
workers.”(主语从句),以及“Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage that a patient can
enjoy respect and considerate medical services from medical workers.” ( 同 位 语 从 句 ) ,
“ Foreign-invested hospitals have an advantage, because a patient can enjoy respect and
considerate medical services from medical workers.”(原因状语从句)。考生可以根据自己的
具体情况来选择。再例如,“忽视人的心理社会背景,影响了医疗服务的质量。”可以有以下
表达:“If a doctor overlooks the social and mental background of his patient, his medical service
can be weakened.”(条件关系、忽视),“Ignorance of the social and mental background of a
patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.”(忽视、影响),
“Neglect of the social and mental background of a patient can harm the medical service.”(忽视、
有 害 ) , “ When a doctor does not pay attention to the social and mental background of a
patient, he can not provide good medical services.”(注意、提供),以及“Ignorance of the
social and mental background of a patient can result in poorer outcome of the medical service.”
(忽视、因果关系)。考生可以根据自己所掌握的句型的熟练程度或上下文,在心中作出选
择。
变通是一种必需的、有效的写作策略,考生在后面的句型讲解和练习中可以看到更多的
运用。随着英语语言能力的提高,变通的能力和技巧也会日益熟练,写作不再是一件让人头
痛的苦差事。
1.汉语提纲
健康教育的重要性与必要性
原因:影响人类健康的因素及医学模式改变
好处:促进健康,花费比治疗少,大大降低慢性病发病率
必要:卫生工作的根本目的和发展的战略重点:以健康为中心,而不应以疾病为中心,保
障全体人民群众的健康
目前我国健康教育方面的不足:投入、人员、设备不足
任务:加强医学院校健康教育与促进健康专业的建设、完善社区卫生服务、建立各类健康服
务中心。
B、参考摘要
Passage 1
With the development of modern society, the causes and patterns of diseases are changing
and so is the medical mode. The focus of the future medicine will be on the prevention of diseases
and self health care. Therefore, health education will become more and more important in the new
5
6. century.
In a modern society, an increasing number of people will suffer from chronic noninfectious
diseases, but their conventional treatments are usually very expensive but effects are far from
satisfactory. Medical practice in the western developed countries has proved that health care is a
good economical way to greatly reduce incidences of chronic noninfectious diseases and to keep
fit. Consequently, both WHO and our country call for a great development and promotion of
public health education since the future medical work should be centered on people and their
health rather than on diseases. In order to improve people's health and reduce health risk factors,
the best way is to develop public health education that can involve the participation of all the
people.
There are, however, many problems in health education in our country. The major ones are:
lack of investment and specialists, poor facilities, and poor community health services. In order to
change this situation, we should take effective measures to promote health education in medical
colleges. Moreover, we should set up all kinds of health service centers in local communities. (230
words)
Passage 2
In this article the author talks about the importance of health education in the future
medicine. In the future modern society, chronic and noninfectious diseases will become the
greatest threats to people’s health. As a result, health education will be a chief concern for the
medical workers in our country and will play a more and more important role in public health care
and prevention of chronic diseases. Many western developed countries have made great
achievements by carrying out health education. There is no doubt that health education can
improve people's health by reducing occurrence of chronic diseases among people. It costs much
less money than ordinary treatment of chronic diseases. So medical units at all levels should take
it as one of their basic daily tasks.
The author also holds that our country has not had much experience and has much to do in
health education. The money, facilities, devices, teachers for health education are not enough. We
should carry out health education in more local communities and pay more attention to it. In
conclusion, the writer suggests that all the medical workers should take part in health education,
because prevention of diseases is more important and effective than treatment of diseases.
(203words)
2
1.汉语原文
育儿谨防入“误区”
一般来说,如今大中城市里的年轻父母对子女的营养问题相当重视,他们也有足够的
经济实力为子女提供良好的膳食。然而,我们在临床工作中却看到,有些小儿面黄肌瘦、体
重偏低。对这些小儿进行膳食营养调查后发现,其中多数小儿存在着热量摄入不足的问题。
不少小儿在增加热量摄入后,症状得到明显改善。显然,热量的缺乏是导致这些小儿消瘦的
6
8. Passage 1
In this article, the author writes about a wrong idea held by many young parents in rearing
their children. Nowadays, young parents in big cities attach great importance to the care and
nutrition of their children. But in the clinical investigations many children are found to be
underweight and thin. The main cause, the author believes, is lack of calories in their diet.
Many young parents feed their children under the mistaken idea that animal food is much
more nutritious than grain. So they provide their children with too much protein-rich meat but
without enough carbohydrate food, such as rice and corn, which is also indispensable in children’s
diet.
Carbohydrate is a major source of calories for the human body. It supplies 60% of the
calories the body needs. Moreover, carbohydrate plays an important role in maintaining the proper
functioning of the body. When carbohydrate is in short supply, the normal growth of children is
affected and they show signs of malnutrition.
A health diet is one that keeps a nutritional balance. Animal protein, carbohydrate and food
rich in vitamins are equally important for children’s health. Young parents should fully realize this
and provide their children with nutritionally balanced diet.
In conclusion, the writer says that people should get rid of the wrong idea and provide
enough grain food for the children. (223 words)
Passage 2
Nowadays young parents in cities pay much attention to the nutrition of their children and
can provide them with good food, but doctors find that many children are poorly nourished. They
are thin, pale and underweight. Obviously they do not take in enough heat or energy.
The reason for this problem is that there is a commonly accepted wrong idea among young
parents. They believe that animal food or expensive food is more nutritious while grain food or
cheap food is insignificant in nutrition. As a result, there is too much animal food but little grain in
the diet of the children. These parents do not know that grain food, namely carbohydrate, is the
main source of the heat that the body needs and plays an important role in the metabolism of the
body. If carbohydrate is insufficient and cannot produce enough heat, protein and fat can not play
their proper roles either. Lack of heat will eventually leads to many development problems to the
body, such as malnutrition, thinness, and slow growth.
To resolve the above problem, young parents should realize that the key point of nutrition is a
balanced diet. Human body needs all kinds of nutrition, including protein, fat, carbohydrate,
vitamins and trace elements. They are all essential to the health. (214 words)
1.汉语原文
大学生,心理咨询是你的朋友
1994 年秋,香港一位心理学家到南京大学找部分学生开座谈会,问了一个问题:如果
你有心理障碍,怎么办?许多学生淡然一笑:自己解决!
时过境迁,两年后,南京大学“大学生心理健康教育与研究中心”向学生发放了咨询卡。
8
10. 3.参考摘要
Psychological consultation is a friend of college students
Passage 1
In this article, the author introduces the development of psychological consultation in
Chinese colleges. In 1994, a psychologist found that many college students knew little about
psychological consultation. Only two years later, however, a psychological survey showed that
there was great enthusiasm about it in college students.
The data indicate that 70 – 80 % of college students have mental problems while 20.3% of
them even have mental disorders. Some become mental cases or even commit suicide just because
they fail to have their mental problems resolved. Since mental abnormalities greatly affect the life
and work of college students, colleges all over the country have been working hard to provide
mental health care for students. Institutes of mental health care have been set up and activities,
such as surveys, lectures and talks, have been carried out. The author cites examples to show that
these measures help students get rid of their mental problems.
Within a short time psychological consultation has developed into a special subject in
colleges and plays an important role in the healthy growth of students and construction of campus
spiritual civilization.
The article also points out some problems in the development. Some students are still too shy
to consult a mental clinic. Others fail to realize the great function of psychological advice or even
have wrong ideas about it. In conclusion, the writer emphasizes that it is a great task to make
students understand its advantages and take an active part in it. (245 words)
Passage 2
In this article, the author writes about mental consultation. In 1994, a Hong Kong mental
scientist asked students in Nanjing University a question," What will you do when you have
mental disorders?" At that time many students did not know such a thing as mental consultation.
But two years later, students in the same university showed much concern about mental health and
mental advice.
The data show that 70—80% of college students have mental problems and 20.3% of them
have mental illness. The writer also cites examples to show that mental disorders have greatly
affected the life and study of college students. Some have become mental patients or even killed
themselves because their mental problems were not resolved through psychological advice.
Therefore colleges in our country have taken a lot of effective measures to promote mental health
care for students. This has helped many students solve their mental problems.
But there are still some problems for the development of mental consultation. Some students
still have many wrong ideas about it. Many colleges have not realized the role of mental
consultation. In conclusion, the writer points out that it is a great challenge to make all the
students have correct ideas about it and take an active part in it. (210 words)
10
12. 关爱人、尊重人、对病人有全面了解
服务比一般门诊好,有时比专家好
对慢性病和不良生活方式有很好的作用
不仅防治身体疾病,还解除心理烦恼
3.参考摘要
Community health service
Passage 1
In this article the author discusses the necessity and advantages of community health service.
Medical service should not separate a disease from the patient but should pay much attention at
the same time to the mental and social background of the patient. It is just in this sense that
community health service is necessary and helpful, because it combines the advantages of humane
medicine and technical medicine.
Community health service can provide people living in the neighborhood with continuous,
systematic, general, and convenient medical service, because the general practitioners there have a
close contact with their patients. They are usually very familiar with the psychological and social
backgrounds as well as the history of their patients. The author cites a vivid example to illustrate
that in many cases full understanding of the overall conditions of the patients can result in a better
treatment result than ordinary clinic therapy by experts.
Community health service provides not only medical treatment but also care, love, concern,
and kindness. Therefore, it is a better way to solve problems resulting from bad living style or bad
living habits. Experiences in some developed countries have proved that it can play an important
role in prevention and treatment of many chronic conditions, such as hypertension and heart
attack. In conclusion, the author thinks that doctors in local community health service should cure
people of both physical diseases and mental disorders. (233 words)
Passage 2
In this article the writer discusses the advantages of community health service. First it tends
to be continuous, systematic, general and convenient, because it serves every person and family
living in the community. Second, doctors in community health service know clearly the overall
psychological and social conditions of their patients. So their service quality is likely to be better
than 15- minute service of many clinical doctors in an outpatient department. Third, since there are
many different kinds of patients in the world, only the general doctors (practitioners) in
community health service have the conditions to fully understand, take care of and respect their
patients. As a result, besides clinical treatment, community health service can take care of, protect
and show concern about the patients. Next the writer points out that in many developed countries
community health service has succeeded in reducing many chronic diseases, such as high blood
pressure and heart attack. In conclusion, the writer thinks that community health service should be
greatly developed in our country. It can play an important role in the improvement of people's
12
13. health conditions, because it not only treats physical diseases but also mental disorders of the
patients. (196 words)
1.汉语原文
尽管冬季寒冷,但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼,一定
要注意自我保健,否则,会适得其反,冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、
冬泳等,下面结合冬季气候作介绍。
首先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天中多穿
衣服,衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气,使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时,机体的产
热大大增加,如果穿得过多,反而有害,应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时,可以
方便地脱掉。近年来服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进,这样可以保证良好的隔热性,
同时又保证了活动的自由性。
在寒冷环境下运动时,机体能量代谢增强,产热增加,此时机体血管扩展,大大降低
了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此,在运动间隙要特别注意保暖,及时加衣。寒冷环境中运动
时能量消耗大,代谢水平高,使身体内的能源物质消耗增多,在代谢过程中还需要各种维
生素的参与,如维生素 B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素 C 等需求增加。
因此,对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食,应注意增加较多的热量。一
般来说,冬季比春季从事同等强度的运动热量消耗高 10%左右。据测算,一个成年人两小
时的滑冰练习可增加消耗 1000—1500 千卡热量。在三大物质的比例中,因脂肪具有产热量
多的特点,且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒,故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例,一般可占全部热
量的 25%—30%;而蛋白质也应偏高,占 12%—18%;其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每
天消耗 3500 卡热量计算,蛋白质约需 130 克,脂肪 150 克,糖约 480 克。相当于每天应摄
入米饭或馒头 600 克左右,鸡肉 100 克,瘦猪肉 200 克,鸡蛋两个,牛奶两杯,植物油 50
克等。
冰雪项目锻炼中,膳食中维生素也应相应增加,维生素 C 能增强人体对寒冷的适应能
力。据文献,摄人大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度,缓解机体肾上腺的过
度应激反应,增加机体耐寒能力。
冬泳是我国北方的一大特色,冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性,但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险
的运动,必须掌握科学的方法。反之,就会影响身体健康,甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应
从秋季的冷水浴开始,逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力;冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充,
冬泳前不要喝酒:对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎患者,以及妇女
在月经期均不宜冬泳。
冬季有晨练习惯的人,遇大雾天,最好在室内进行,一是雾天能见度低,容易发生交
通事故;二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物,吸入人体易引起气管炎、喉炎、结
膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外,冬季晨炼应尽量用鼻呼吸,鼻道能对吸人的冷空气预热,鼻
粘膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘。对于严重的疾病患者,冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度。锻炼时应
根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度,以防旧病复发。注意循序渐进,掌握体育锻炼与药物治
疗相结合的原则。在天气过于寒冷时,最好不要外出锻炼。(1157)
13
19. 经过五到十年时间才发展成病人,一般在发病后的 2—3 年内死亡。与艾滋病人及艾滋病病
毒感染者的日常生活和工作接触不会感染艾滋病,艾滋病不会经电话机、餐饮具、卧具、游泳
池或浴室等公共设施传播,也不会经咳嗽、喷嚏、蚊虫叮咬等途径传播。遵守性道德是预防经
性途径传染艾滋病的根本措施。共用注射器、吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径,因此要拒绝毒
品,珍爱生命。避免不必要的输血、注射、使用没有严格消毒器具的不安全拔牙和美容等,使
用经艾滋病病毒抗体检测的血液和血液制品。(1372)
To simplify calculation, femur midshaft transverse plane can be proximately regarded as
homogeneous round, the place where screw going straight through the bone give it a largest bony
destroy will be the most weak in all diaphysis, a fracture may take place through the screw holes.
To simplify calculation, the cross section of femur midshaft was proximately regarded as a
homogeneous round and so the weakest point of the diaphysis is where screws go straight through
the bone and a fracture is likely to occur.
To simplify calculation, the cross section of femur midshaft is proximately regarded as a
homogeneous round and so the weakest point of the diaphysis is where screws go straight through
the bone because this part is most invaded so that a fracture is likely to occur.
The weakest point of the diaphysis is where screws go straight through the bone and invade
the bone tissue so hard that a fracture is likely to occur, if the cross section of femur midshaft is
proximately regarded as a homogeneous round.
As expected, better fixation was obtained with the combination of rigid and flexible fixation,
a high quality animal modal developed, having accurate defect dimension, reliable fixation
stability, less liability of comminuted fracture.
As expected, better fixation was obtained with the combination of rigid and flexible fixation
to develop a high quality animal model with accurate defect dimensions and less liability of
comminuted fracture.
As expected, a high quality animal model with accurate defect dimensions and less liability
of comminuted fracture was developed through better reliability provided by combination of rigid
and flexible fixations.
There are many factors which affect recovery of bone defects, in which the defect length is
of the most importance, that is, the recovery is length or/and size-dependent, the else include
experimental animal species, age, et al [19,23,30]. Additionally, defect site, blood flow of the soft
tissue around defect, with or without filler such as bone debris, new formed periosteum from
nearby phoroplast metaplasia, every factor of them plays a part in osseous recovery potential.
Many factors have been found to affect the recovery of bone defects, such as the defect
length, experimental animal species, defect site, blood flow of the soft tissue around defect, fillers
such as bone debris, newly formed periosteum from nearby phoroplast metaplasia, and age.
[19,23,30] The length of the empty defect segment is of the most importance so that the recovery
was called length or/and size-dependent [19,23,30].
As people say, the period in campus is the most colorful time in your whole life time, during
which you can show all your talent and skill.
(As people often say, the most colorful time in your whole life is your college days, during
which you can show all your talents and skills.)
They report school sirs, but it is hard to solve this problem. (They reported the theft events to
the related leaders, but they said it was hard to solve this problem. / They reported their thefts to
19
20. some related leaders who said it was hard to solve this problem.)
Second, some students pay little attention to those of their own, lack of sense of security,
laying things here and there. (Second, some students pay little attention to their belongings and
leave them here and there carelessly, due to lack of sense of security./ Second, as some students
lack sense of security, they do not take good care of their belongings, leaving them here and there./
Second, those who lack a sense of security usually are not careful about their personal articles,
leaving things here and there.)
63 例中 57 例术后骨折对线满意,6 例出现成角畸形,其中 4 例在矢状面上成角 10°,2
例在冠状面上成角 9
The postoperative alignment of fracture was satisfactory in 57 of the 63 cases, and the
angulation was found in 6 cases, in which 4 cases for 10°in the sagittal plane and 2 cases for 9°in
the coronal plane.
The postoperative alignment of fracture was satisfactory in 57 of the 63 cases, and the
angulation was found in 6 cases, of which 4 showed 10°angulation in the sagittal plane and 2 had
9°angulation in the coronal plane.
1 例股骨头缺血性坏死;2 例异位骨化+股骨头缺血性坏死导致髋关节骨融合。
Ischemia necrosis of femoral head occurred in 1 case, and 2 cases experienced heterotopic
ossification with ischemia necrosis of femoral head which led to osseous fusion of hip joint.
Ischemia necrosis of femoral head occurred in 1 case, and 2 cases experienced heterotopic
ossification with ischemia necrosis of femoral head which led to osseous fusion of hip joint.
Conclusion The
不同体重患者手术后腰背部疼痛明显缓解、日常生活质量改善,
All of the patients had reduction in pain , improvement in activities of daily living.
All the patients experienced relief of pain, and improvement in daily activities.
Medical Mode
1
Title: On current medical mode
Controlling idea:
Current medical mode is a bio-psycho-social one.
Current medical mode is concerned not only with the biological factors but also the psychological
and social factors of a patient.
Current medical mode pays much attention to the psychological and social factors that affect
human health as well as to the biological factors.
I definition of medical mode:
The chief characteristics of medicine of an era
The main concerns of medicine of a time
II. development of medical mode
A. Old medical mode: biological Centered on diseases
B. Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social Centered on patients as a social human being
III the reasons why medical mode changed from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social
medical one.
20
21. A. social changes
B. changes of disease spectrum
C. progress of medicine
IV. conclusion
A. Nations health education
B. medical workers Holistic therapy
Take social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis and treatment
Current Medical Mode
The medical mode may be regarded as the chief characteristics of medicine of an era, and it
mainly concerns of medicine of a time. With the development of society, two main medical modes
exist: old one and new one.
Old medical mode is also called biological one, and it is centered on diseases. That is, the
doctor only focuses on illnesses, not social human beings. Instead, new or current medical mode is
bio-psycho-social one, and it is centered on patients as social human beings. The doctor pays
attention to not only the sick man or woman, but his or her psychological status and social
environment. Compare with the former, the latter takes more factors into consideration.
Why does medical mode change from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social medical one?
The reasons maybe have many, however, three major causes must be considered. First of all,
social changes may rank the top. With the entrance to 21st century, our society becomes more and
more modernized, and more and more people move to cities, thus cities become more crowd than
before, but modern people possess fewer time to communicate each other because of heavier
burdens or some other reasons, as a result, some of them become anxious, lonely, angry, crazy and
so forth mental problems. Next, nowadays, disease spectra have been greatly changed, heart and
brain diseases and malignant neoplasms rank the top three death-caused illnesses , infectious
diseases are no longer the main reason of death. Finally, progress of medicine should not be
overlooked. With the advance of modern medical technology, more and more sophisticate
apparatus, such as CT, NMR, FCM and so on, have been invented. So many diseases are easier
and easier to diagnose and therapy, thus changes the medical mode.
In conclusion, with current medical mode having been established, on one hand, we should
enhance health education around the country, on the other hand, medical workers should set up
ideas of holistic therapy, taking social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis
and treatment as well as biological ones. Thus we can keep up with the requirement of current
medical mode. (356)
Improvements One:
Topic: On current medical mode
Controlling idea:
Current medical mode is a bio-psycho-social one.
Current medical mode is concerned not only with the biological factors but also the
psychological and social factors of a patient.
Current medical mode pays much attention to the psychological and social factors that affect
human health as well as to the biological factors.
21
22. Changes in society and disease spectrum and progress of medicine have caused the medical
mode to develop from a biological one into a bio-psycho-social one.
I definition of medical mode:
The chief characteristics of medicine of an era
The major (governing/prevailing) features of medical practice of an era
The main concerns of medicine of a time
II. Development of medical mode
A. Old medical mode: biological,
centered on diseases
B. Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social
centered on patients as a social human being
III Reasons why medical mode changed from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social medical
one.
A. social changes
B. changes of disease spectrum
chronic and non-infectious diseases have imposed the greatest threats to health
C. progress of medicine
inventions of antibiotics and vaccine
IV. conclusion
Measures suitable to current medical mode
A. nations
health education
B. medical workers
Holistic therapy
Take social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis and treatment
Current Medical Mode
The medical mode may be regarded as the chief characteristics of medicine of an era, and it
mainly concerns of medicine of a time. With the development of society, two main medical modes
exist: old one and new one.
(The medical mode may be regarded as the chief characteristics of medicine of an era, and
the main concerns of medicine of a time. With the development of society, two main medical
modes exist: an old one and a new one. [With the development of society, a new medical mode has
been developing from the traditional one.])
Old medical mode is also called biological one, and it is centered on diseases. That is, the
doctor only focuses on illnesses, not social human beings. (The old medical mode is also called a
biological one in which interests of medical workers are usually centered on biological aspects of
a patient. That is to say, doctors focus their attention only on illnesses, not on social beings of a
patient.) Instead, new or current medical mode is bio-psycho-social one, and it is centered on
patients as social human beings. The doctor pays attention to not only the sick man or woman, but
his or her psychological status and social environment. Compare with the former, the latter takes
more factors into consideration. (By contrast, the new current medical mode is bio-psycho-social
in nature because it demands medical workers to center their interests on all the aspects of a
patient as a social human being. In current medical mode, doctors are supposed to pay attention
22
23. not only to the sickness of a patient but also to his or her psychological status and social
environment. Compared with the former, the latter takes more factors into consideration.)
Why does medical mode change from a bio-medical one to a bio-psycho-social medical one?
The reasons maybe have many, however, three major causes must be considered. (Why has the
bio-medical mode been changing into a bio-psycho-social one? There are three major causes.)
First of all, social changes may rank the top. With the entrance to 21st century, our society
becomes more and more modernized, and more and more people move to cities, thus cities
become more crowd than before, but modern people possess fewer time to communicate each
other because of heavier burdens or some other reasons, as a result, some of them become
anxious, lonely, angry, crazy and so forth mental problems. (Social development may rank the
first. In modern times, more and more people can enjoy a comfortable and decent life. Increased
living standards have made people raised their demands on health. People are not satisfied with
mere absence of physical diseases, but want to be happy in mentality as well as in relationship
with other people and environment.) Next, nowadays, disease spectra have been greatly changed,
heart and brain diseases and malignant neoplasms rank the top three death-caused
illnesses , infectious diseases are no longer the main reason of death. (Next, diseases that
endanger human health the most have greatly changed. Infectious diseases are no longer the main
cause of death, but heart and blood-vessel diseases and malignant neoplasms rank the top three
death-related illnesses.) Finally, progress of medicine should not be overlooked. With the advance
of modern medical technology, more and more sophisticate apparatus, such as CT, NMR, FCM
and so on, have been invented. So many diseases are easier and easier to diagnose and therapy,
thus changes the medical mode. (Finally, progress of medicine should not be overlooked. With the
advance of modern medical technology, more and more sophisticated apparatuses, such as CT,
NMR, FCM, and effective medications, such as antibiotics and vaccine, have been invented. So
many physical diseases are easier to diagnose and treat than before. [It is easier for people to
diagnose and treat physical diseases than before.] Now contemporary people are capable of
expanding their medical interests to further improve their health and thus enhance their quality of
life.)
In conclusion, with current medical mode having been established, on one hand, we should
enhance health education around the country, on the other hand, medical workers should set up
ideas of holistic therapy, taking social and psychological factors into consideration in diagnosis
and treatment as well as biological ones. Thus we can keep up with the requirement of current
medical mode. (In conclusion, to accelerate the establishment of modern medical mode, nations
should take effective measures to enhance health education around the world. On the other hand,
to keep up with the current medical mode, medical workers should set up ideas of holistic therapy,
taking social and psychological factors as well as biological ones into consideration in diagnosis
and treatment.)
2
Outline:
Heading: On current medical mode
I the description of medical mode:
Medical mode
23
24. Old medical mode: bio-medical mode
Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social medical mode
II the reasons that medical mode changes from bio-medical mode to bio-psycho-social medical
mode.
changes of disease spectrum
advance of sociality
changes of life style
improving demands of health
concern of social-psychological-biological health instead of concern
of physical health
improvement of life quality
III the ways to turn our steps to bio-psycho-social medical mode
the conversion of national health policy
the changes of medical workers
IV the conversion of medical mode is not invariableness, it according to the social mode.
Current medical mode
Medical mode is a sum of important medical views, such as health views, disease views,
death views, etc. Specific medical mode is according to the character, level, tendency and goal of
medical development history. In history, there are many forms of medical mode, bio-medical
mode and bio-psycho-social medical mode are the main forms after 20 century. Compared with
bio-psycho-social medical mode, Bio-medical mode is a traditional and single medical mode
which often emphasizes pathology and symptom management, but it can not fit for the
requirement of modern medicine. Current medical mode, bio-psycho-social medical mode, is
careful about physical health, psychological health and social problem.
Why does traditional model change to the current medical model? The first reason is that
during the past fifty years, a lot of diseases can be cured by new methods and medical equipments.
And there are many other diseases emerging because of the changes of modern life styles. All of
these caused the spectrum of disease to change. The second, with the development of economy
and society, people not only pay attention to dress warmly and ear their fill, but also the high
quality of life. Finally, modernist show more and more concern of bio-psycho-social health instead
of only concern of physical health. They do not only comfort with the physical healthy, they need
to make friends with others, hygeian mentality too.
Although, demands from society and people put a requirement of change the medical model,
the change is still difficult. It needs the government and people especially medical workers try
hard together. First, government should set down new correlative national health policy. Second,
the doctors should change their opinions. Modern medicine is not only to treat with body disorder,
but also with the psychological disorder, the life style disorder, and so on. Doctors should pay
more attention to their patients, and try them hard to alter the distant relationship between doctor
and patient to warmly relationship. Third, health education can help people to improve their
behaviors, such as do more exercise, not to watch TV too much, not sit down too long without any
movement, etc.
In general, medical mode is a variableness concept and should fit for the changes of society,
diseases spectrum, demands of health. (375)
24
25. Improvements Two:
Outline:
Heading: On Current Medical Mode
I Description of the medical mode:
Medical mode
Old medical mode: bio-medical mode
Current medical mode: bio-psycho-social medical mode
II Reasons why the medical mode has changed from the bio-medical mode into the bio-psycho-
social medical mode.
Changes in disease spectrum
advances in society
changes of life style
Enhanced demands on health
concern about social-psychological-biological health in addition to
concern about physical health
improvement in life quality
III Ways to keep up with the bio-psycho-social medical mode
Changes in national health policy
Changes in medical workers
IV The medical mode is not invariable, but develops with the social progress.
On Current Medical Mode
Medical mode is a sum of important medical views, such as health views, disease views,
death views, etc. (A medical mode is a sum of important medical views, including health views,
disease views, and death views. [A medical mode is a sum of important medical views, involving
health, disease and death. / A medical mode is a sum of important medical views about health,
disease, death and so on.]) Specific medical mode is according to the character, level, tendency
and goal of medical development history. (A specific medical mode is determined usually by the
social and medical developments / different requirements [needs] of medicine at different times.)
In history, there are many forms of medical mode, bio-medical mode and bio-psycho-social
medical mode are the main forms after 20 century. (There have been two main medical modes
since 20 century, the biological one and bio-psycho-social one.) Compared with bio-psycho-social
medical mode, Bio-medical mode is a traditional and single medical mode which often
emphasizes pathology and symptom management, but it can not fit for the requirement of modern
medicine. (The traditional bio-medical mode is a single-element one which focuses only on
pathology and treatment of a disease. It has no longer been fit for the needs of modern people in
health.) Current medical mode, bio-psycho-social medical mode, is careful about physical health,
psychological health and social problem. (On the contrary, the current medical mode, a bio-
psycho-social one, is multiple, for it is concerned about not only a physical disease but also the
psychological health and disease-related social problems of a patient.)
Why does traditional model change to the current medical model? (Why is the traditional
medical mode changing?) The first reason is that during the past fifty years, a lot of diseases can
be cured by new methods and medical equipments. (The first cause [reason] is that the spectrum
25
26. (list) of diseases that harm human health the most has changed. A lot of human diseases can be
cured by new medical methods and devices since the 20th
century. Infectious diseases and plagues
that were the greatest threat to human health and claimed millions of lives seem to have been
conquered by human beings with antibiotics and vaccines.) And there are many other diseases
emerging because of the changes of modern life styles. (Instead, chronic, non-infectious and
mental diseases that result from modern life styles have caused the main proportion of human
deaths.) All of these caused the spectrum of disease to change. (All these have changed the major
tasks a medical worker should fulfill in modern and future society.) The second, with the
development of economy and society, people not only pay attention to dress warmly and ear [eat]
their fill, but also the high quality of life. Finally, modernist show more and more concern of bio-
psycho-social health instead of only concern of physical health. They do not only comfort with the
physical healthy, they need to make friends with others, hygeian mentality too. (Secondly, with the
development of economy and society, modern people have higher demands on their health. They
have been no longer content with absence of diseases, but desired a high quality of life. They are
concerned about not only physical health but also psychological health as well as harmony
relationship with their living environment.)
Although, demands from society and people put a requirement of change the medical model,
the change is still difficult. It needs the government and people especially medical workers try
hard together. (Although the changed tasks of medicine and enhanced demands on health have
made the reform of medical mode necessary, efforts from governments and medical workers are
needed.) First, government should set down new correlative national health policy. (First,
governments should lay down appropriate national health policies to promote development of the
bio-psycho-social medical mode.) Second, the doctors should change their opinions. (Secondly,
doctors should change their old medical ideas [concepts].) Modern medicine is not only to treat
with body disorder, but also with the psychological disorder, the life style disorder, and so on.
(They should be aware that modern medicine is not only to treat body disorders, but also deals
with mental disorders and health-related risks.) Doctors should pay more attention to their
patients, and try them hard to alter the distant relationship between doctor and patient to warmly
relationship. (They should pay more attention to health promotion, not just to disease
management.) Third, health education can help people to improve their behaviors, such as do more
exercise, not to watch TV too much, not sit down too long without any movement, etc. (Thirdly,
governments and medical workers should make joint efforts to carry out health education in all
kinds of forms, because it is an effective and economical way for people to raise their awareness
of health and get rid of risky life styles.)
In general, medical mode is a variableness concept and should fit for the changes of society,
diseases spectrum, demands of health. (In general, a medical mode changes with social
development and medical progress so as to meet the increasing demands of people.)
3
Outline
Ⅰ The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness.
Medical Model developed a great change results in changes of doctor’s role.
Ⅱ In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model.
①what reason results in this model.
26
27. ②The physician's task is to treat disease.
Ⅲ At present, Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical Model.
1 what reason results in this model.
2 The characteristic of this model has a great change.
3 The physician's task focuses on persons.
Ⅳ we should understand this change of Medical model.
Medical Model
The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness that is medically
based and looks at fitness as part of a lifelong pursuit of total wellness. With the improvement of
medical levels and the diversify of diseases, Medical Model developed a great change results in
changes of doctor’s role.
In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model. this medical model centers on disease in
many respects. In this time, it is a peak period of acute and infectious diseases. the physician's task
is to diagnose diseases, to discover their causes and symptoms, and design treatments. The
treatments are aimed at eliminating or minimizing the symptoms of the disease, or the cause of the
disease, or the disease itself.
At present, with the progressive urbanization of life accompanied by the industrial and
technologic revolutions humankind has seen the development of new and very different
adversities, particularly stress related diseases, acute and chronic that are directly linked to
personal attitudes and lifestyle. As a result, a Bio-Medical Model that cannot effectively
incorporate psychological, psychosocial, or spiritual factors-factors has become increasingly
evident. In order to suit for this diversify. Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical
Model. His concept of person-centered care focuses on persons, not patients; illness rather than
disease; an understanding of the personal situation, not just the biologic situation; clinical
judgment rather than diagnosis alone; healing rather than curing; collaboration with patients, not
just treatment of them; and the achievement of health rather than the eradication of sickness. This
concept emphasizes the responsibility of the individual patient in health maintenance and disease
prevention, with the physician acting as a partner. The physician's role in patient-centered care is
involved, not detached. Ignorance of the social and mental background of a patient can have a
negative effect on the outcome of the medical service.
As practitioners, we should understand this change of Medical model, approach our patients and
their problems within the framework of a conceptual model, make Bio-Psycho-Medical Model
served us well. (333)
Improvements Three:
Outline
Ⅰ The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness.
(Ⅰ The term "medical mode" refers to a philosophy of health and wellbeing.)
Medical Model developed a great change results in changes of doctor’s role.
(Great changes in the medical mode have resulted in changes of a doctor’s roles.)
Ⅱ In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model.
(ⅡThe medical mode in the past is biological.)
①what reason results in this model. (① The reason for this mode: task to treat diseases)
27
28. ②The physician's task is to treat disease. (////////)
Ⅲ At present, Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical Model.
(Ⅲ The medical mode at present has turned into a bio-psycho-social one.)
1 What reason results in this model. (Reasons for the new mode: )
2 The characteristic of this model has a great change. (////////)
3 The physician's task focuses on persons. (////////)
Ⅳ We should understand this change of Medical model.
(Ⅳ We should understand this change of Medical model.)
Medical Model
The term "medical model" refers to a philosophy of health and wellness that is medically
based and looks at fitness as part of a lifelong pursuit of total wellness. (The term "medical mode"
refers to a medical philosophy of health and wellbeing that looks upon physical and mental fitness
as a lifelong pursuit.) With the improvement of medical levels and the diversify of diseases,
Medical Model developed a great change results in changes of doctor’s role. (With constant
advancement of medical levels and changing spectrum of diseases that pose the gravest threats to
human health, great changes have taken place in the medical mode and consequently resulted in
changes in a doctor’s role.)
In the past, Medical Model is Bio-Medical Model. this medical model centers on disease in
many respects. In this time, it is a peak period of acute and infectious diseases. (The medical mode
in the past was biological and centered main efforts of medical workers upon diseases, because it
was a peak period of acute and infectious diseases.) the physician's task is to diagnose diseases, to
discover their causes and symptoms, and design treatments. The treatments are aimed at
eliminating or minimizing the symptoms of the disease, or the cause of the disease, or the disease
itself. (The chief tasks of medical workers in the past were to diagnose and treat diseases in
clinics, as well as to do medical research on diseases in labs.)
At present, with the progressive urbanization of life accompanied by the industrial and
technologic revolutions humankind has seen the development of new and very different
adversities, particularly stress related diseases, acute and chronic that are directly linked to
personal attitudes and lifestyle. (Since the industrial and technological revolutions accompanied
by global urbanization, the humankind has undergone a series of dramatic progress and changes in
every aspect of life. With advanced medicine, acute infectious diseases caused by harmful
microorganisms have no longer been the chief killer of human lives. When people can now enjoy
a much longer life expectancy, they find that chronic infectious diseases related to their life styles
and environments, including mental problems, have become the main danger to their health.
Modern people not only want to get rid of sufferings from diseases as much as possible, but also
want to stay healthy as long as possible. All these place/put increased demands on medical
workers, as they are supposed to promote human health instead of just curing diseases. To be
absent of diseases is just part of the new concept about health. [Health has been regarded as much
more than being absent of diseases.] Modern people have come to realized that health is closely
related not only to physical, or biological, factors but also to psychological, environmental and
social factors of a person.) As a result, a Bio-Medical Model that cannot effectively incorporate
psychological, psychosocial, or spiritual factors-factors has become increasingly evident. In order
to suit for this diversify. Medical Model has turned into Bio-Psycho-Medical Model. (As a result,
28
29. as the traditional bio-medical mode cannot meet the needs of contemporary people, a new bio-
psycho-social medical mode is developing.) His concept of person-centered care focuses on
persons, not patients; illness rather than disease; an understanding of the personal situation, not
just the biologic situation; clinical judgment rather than diagnosis alone; healing rather than curing;
collaboration with patients, not just treatment of them; and the achievement of health rather than
the eradication of sickness. This concept emphasizes the responsibility of the individual patient in
health maintenance and disease prevention, with the physician acting as a partner. The physician's
role in patient-centered care is involved, not detached. Ignorance of the social and mental
background of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the medical service. (The
new mode requires [asks] a medical worker to focus his attention on the overall conditions of a
patient, including his disease, mental status, social background and living environment. Ignorance
of the social and mental backgrounds of a patient can have a negative effect on the outcome of the
medical service offered by a doctor. The new mode also calls for collaboration between a doctor
and a patient. Maintenance of health and prevention of diseases are not just the business of a
doctor, but a responsibility of a patient. To a great extent, to keep away from health risk factors
and to follow a healthy life-style are a task to reduce chronic and non-infectious [life-style-related]
diseases much more for a patient than for a doctor.)
As practitioners, we should understand this change of Medical model, approach our patients and
their problems within the framework of a conceptual model, make Bio-Psycho-Medical Model
served us well . (As medical practitioners, it is beneficial for us to understand changes in the
medical mode. The philosophy of the bio-psycho-social medical mode will serve as a guideline for
our clinic and research work.)
4
On Current Medical Mode
Outline
Thesis: The current medical mode is concerned about not only diseases and patients, but also the
psychosocial impact.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
A. Definition of medical mode
B. Importance: protection of health; development of medicine
C. Great changes in medical mode
Ⅱ. Past medical mode:
A. Definition:
1. Biomedical mode
2. Reasons:
a. Main diseases affecting people’s health—infectious diseases
b. Definition of health: absence of disease or injury
B. Characteristics:
1. Attention to diseases
2. Ignorance of psychology and society
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30. Ⅲ. Definition of Current medical mode:
A. Bio-psycho-social medical mode: 1977,Engel
B. Reasons:
1. Change in spectrum of disease: main diseases—noninfectious diseases
2. Change in life style
3. Change in definition of health
Ⅳ. Characteristics of current medical mode:
A. Attention to both patients and diseases
B. Attention to psychology
C. Attention to social factors
Ⅴ.Conclusion:
A. A systemic and integrated medical mode
B. The need for a new medical mode
Medical mode is regarded as a sum of radical views and opinions about human’s life activity,
health and diseases. It is important for health protection and medical development. Medical mode
varies in different stages and can reflect the level of medical development. In the recent years,
great changes have taken place in medical mode. Biomedical mode was replaced by bio-psycho-
social medical mode.
Biomedical mode is disease-centered and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
In the past years, infectious diseases were the leading diseases affecting people’s health. Many
people died from these diseases such as smallpox, cholera and tuberculosis. It is necessary for
doctors to treat and control infectious diseases. On the other hand, people defined health as
absence of disease or injury and neglected other aspects such as psychology. Biomedical mode
was characterized by concern about diseases and treatment of diseases rather than human being.
This mode ignored the influences of social environmental and psychological factors on people’s
health.
Current medical mode, which is bio-psycho-social mode was brought out by American
psychiatrist Engel in 1977. He points out an integrative concept of health and disease should
include the interaction of biology, psychology and sociology. This mode meets the need of the
development of medicine, industry and technology. In the recent years, infectious diseases have
been controlled and cured by vaccine and antibiotics. Chronic noninfectious diseases increase
gradually and become a great threaten to people’s health. With the development of society, people
are no longer satisfied with simple life and pursue higher material and mental civilization. WHO
defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the
absence of disease or infirmity.
Current medical mode treats not only diseases, but also patients or human and pays more
attention to psychology that plays an important role in people’s health. The mode is also
concerned about social factors. Human is not only a natural one, but also a social one. Social
environmental factors, such as culture background, occupation, family and human relationship can
affect the psychosomatic health of human being.
In conclusion, current medical mode is a systemic and integrated medical mode, which cares
for both diseases and psychosocial factors. The outbreaks of SARS and avail flu make us realize
the damage of new infectious diseases and the importance of environment and ecosystem. So a
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31. new medical mode is needed to serve us better. (399 words)
Improvements Four:
Outline
Thesis: The current medical mode is concerned about not only diseases and patients, but also the
psychosocial impacts on human health.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
A. Definition of a medical mode
B. Importance: promotion of health; development of medicine
C. Great changes in the medical mode
(Ⅰ. Introduction:
Definition of a medical mode:
1. based on the concepts about human life, health and diseases
2. reflect the level of medical development
3. changes with time and social progress)
Ⅱ. Past medical mode: (The past medical mode:)
A. Definition: (///////)
1. Biomedical mode (1. Biomedical)
2. Reasons:
a. Main diseases affecting people’s health—infectious diseases
b. Definition of health: absence of disease or injury
B. Characteristics: (Results:)
1. Attention to diseases
2. Ignorance of psychology and society
(II. The past medical mode:
1. Biomedical
2. Reasons:
a. Main diseases affecting people’s health—infectious diseases
b. Views on health: absence of disease or injury
3. Results (Features):
a. Attention to diseases
b. Ignorance of psychological and social factors)
Ⅲ. Definition of Current medical mode: (The current medical mode:)
A. Bio-psycho-social medical mode: 1977,Engel
B. Reasons:
1. Change in spectrum of disease: main diseases—noninfectious diseases
2. Change in life style
3. Change in definition of health
Ⅳ. Characteristics of current medical mode:
A. Attention to both patients and diseases
B. Attention to psychology
C. Attention to social factors
Ⅴ.Conclusion:
31