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More from სამკითხველო სამკითხველო (19) მზია წერეთელი აღქმა, ყურადღება, მეხსიერება1. ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti
M
mzia wereTeli
2012
kognituri fsiqologia 1 -
aRqma, yuradReba, mexsiereba
saleqcio kursi
user
2. 2
sarCevi
Sesavali kognitur fsiqologiaSi....................................................................................4
sagani, Seswavlis sferoebi, ZiriTadi cnebebi .........................................................4
kognituri fsiqologiis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi .........................................8
kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZineba...........................................................................12
signalebis aRmoCena..............................................................................................................16
signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria da SegrZnebis zRurbli.......................................16
damkvirveblis kriteriumis zegavlena zRurblze................................................19
aRqma - sabazo sakiTxebi .....................................................................................................21
perceftuli konstantoba ...............................................................................................24
siRrmis aRqma.......................................................................................................................27
obieqtebisa da formebis aRqma.....................................................................................31
aRqmis geStalt-fsiqologiuri gageba.......................................................................32
saxis amocnobis Taviseburebebi...................................................................................34
aRqmis Teoriebi......................................................................................................................39
uSualo aRqma.......................................................................................................................39
“qvemodan-zemoT” da “zemodan-qvemoT” Teoriebi ....................................................40
“qvemodan_zemoT” Teoriebi ............................................................................................41
etalonis Teoria............................................................................................................41
prototipebis Teoria....................................................................................................43
TvisebaTa Teoria ...........................................................................................................44
struqturul-aRweriTi Teoria .................................................................................48
“zemodan-qvemoT” midgomebi ............................................................................................50
yuradReba..................................................................................................................................52
Sesavali.................................................................................................................................52
cnobiereba.............................................................................................................................53
cnobiereba da naxevarsferoebis specifikuroba ...................................................55
yuradRebis gamtarunarianoba da SerCeviToba ...........................................................58
smeniTi signalebi ..............................................................................................................58
mxedvelobiTi signalebi .................................................................................................60
SerCeviTi yuradRebis modelebi ..................................................................................61
brodbentis filtraciis modeli.............................................................................61
moreis SerCeviTi filtris modeli........................................................................63
treismanis atenuaciis modeli..................................................................................65
3. 3
doiCisa da doiCis gviani filtris modeli........................................................67
mravalmodaluri Teoria.............................................................................................68
naiseris sinTezi.............................................................................................................68
yuradRebis resursebis modelebi................................................................................69
agzneba, sifxizle da yuradReba .....................................................................................71
yuradRebaze moqmedi sxva faqtorebi.........................................................................73
strupis efeqti....................................................................................................................74
mexsiereba..................................................................................................................................76
mexsierebis funqciebi da kvlevis meTodebi............................................................76
mexsierebis tradiciuli modelebi.............................................................................79
argumentebi mravalsacaviani Teoriis sasargeblod........................................79
vos da normanis modeli..............................................................................................81
atkinsonisa da Sifrinis modeli.............................................................................83
sensoruli sacavebi: xatisebri da eqosebri sacavi .............................................86
sperlingis aRmoCena......................................................................................................87
sensoruli sacavebis funqciebi ...............................................................................91
xanmokle mexsiereba ..........................................................................................................92
xangrZlivi mexsiereba ......................................................................................................94
informaciis gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria..............................................................97
integraciuli modeli: muSa mexsiereba...................................................................100
muSa mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi.......................................................................104
mexierebis mravlobiTi sistema – tulvingi..........................................................105
koneqcionisturi perspeqtiva.......................................................................................108
glosariumi.............................................................................................................................110
gamoyenebuli literatura................................................................................................116
4. 4
Sesavali kognitur fsiqologiaSi
sagani, Seswavlis sferoebi, ZiriTadi cnebebi
es leqcia warmoadgens Sesavals kognituri fsiqologiaSi. Cven gavecnobiT
kognituri fsiqologiis sagans da kvlevis sferoebs, agreTve ganvixilavT
kognituri fsiqologiis ZiriTad cnebebs.
kognituri fsiqologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor xdeba adamianis mier
informaciis gadamuSaveba, ufro zustad ki, rogor xdeba aRqma, swavla,
damaxsovreba da azrovneba.
Cven yvelas gvainteresebs pasuxi kiTxvebze:
ratom xdeba, rom obieqtebi ufro Sors gveCveneba nislian dReebSi,
vidre isini sinamdvileSi arian?
ratom xdeba, rom cxovrebis garkveuli momentebi (mag., bednieri
wuTebi an bavSvobaSi Seqmnili uxerxuloba) adamianebs Zalian kargad
axsovT, Tumca aviwydebaT Zveli nacnobis saxeli?
ratom eSiniaT adamianebs TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobis ufro metad,
vidre - avtomobiliT? daSavebis an sikvdilis Sansi avtomobiliT
mgzavrobisas xom gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre TviTmfrinaviT
mgzavrobisas?!
ratom gvaxsovs ukeT is adamianebi, romlebsac bavSvobaSi SevxvdiT,
vidre isini, romlebic erTi kviris win vnaxeT?
ratom xarjaven amden fuls politikuri liderebi reklamaSi?
am da sxva kiTxvebze Cven SegviZlia pasuxi gavceT kognituri fsiqologiis
daxmarebiT. kognituri fsiqologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi
formebs, ratom axsovT zogierTi faqti, zogierTi ki aviwydebaT, rogor
swavloben isini enas da a.S.
amgvarad, kognituri fsiqologia Seiswavlis imas, Tu rogor iReben
adamianebi informacias samyaros Sesaxeb, rogor inaxeba igi mexsierebaSi da
gadamuSavdeba codnis saxiT da bolos, ra zegavlenas axdens es informacia
adamianebis yuradRebasa da qcevaze. kognituri fsiqologia moicavs fsiqikuri
5. 5
procesebis mTel diapazons _ SegZnebidan dawyebuli, azrovnebiT da amocanis
gadawyvetiT dasrulebuli.
kognituri fsiqologiis warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv, iyeneben informaciis
gadamuSavebis modelebs. es aris evristikuli modelebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba
arsebuli literaturis organizebisTvis, Semdgomi kvlevebis stimulaciis da
koordinaciisTvis da agreTve mecnierebs Soris komunikaciis xelSesawyobad.
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli gulisxmobs, rom Semecnebis procesi
SeiZleba daiSalos garkveul etapebad, romelTaganac TiToeuli warmoadgens
erTgvar hipoTetur erTeuls. igi moicavs im unikaluri operaciebis nakrebs,
romlebic sruldeba Semomaval informaciaze. navaraudebia, rom reaqcia
movlenaze (mag: kiTxvaze pasuxi) moicavs aseTi etapebisa da operaciebis
seriebis Sesrulebas.
gadamuSavebis yovel axal etapze informacia gadadis wina etapidan. Semdeg
xorcieuldeba misi gadamuSaveba am etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli operaciebis
gamoyenebiT. informaciis gadamuSavebis yvela etapi erTmaneTTan aris
dakavSirebuli, Tumca pirvel etapad mainc miiCneven Semomavali informaciis
etaps.
stimulebi, movlenebi, signalebi an gamaRizianeblebi, romlebic gare
samyarodan Semodis informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemaSi, cxadia, uSualod ar
aisaxeba adamianis fsiqikaSi, isini gardaiqmneba garkveul simbolur formebSi,
romlebsac kognituri fsiqologebi `Sinagan reprezentaciebs~ uwodeben. Cveni
warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar aris realobis identuri. ra Tqma
unda, informaciis reprezentacia dakavSirebulia im stimulebTan, romlebsac
Cveni SegrZnebis organoebi iReben, magram gadamuSavebis dros isini
garkveulwilad icvleba. es cvlilebebi anu modifikaciebi dakavSirebulia
Cvens warsul gamocdilebasTan da mis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli codnis
mdidar da rTul sistemasTan. xdeba Semosuli informaciis abstrahireba da
Senaxva adamianis mexsierebaSi. Tumca, rogorc Semdgom davrwmundebiT,
zogierTi STabeWdileba (stimuli, gamaRizianebeli an maTi nakrebi) uSualo
saxiTac inaxeba. am da sxva sakiTxebs Cven mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
informaciis gadamuSavebis modeli svams or mniSvelovan kiTxvas:
1. ra etapebs gadis informacia gadamuSavebis procesSi?
2. ra saxiT inaxeba informacia?
6. 6
es aris kiTxvebi informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebisa da misi Senaxvis
formebis anu struqturis Sesaxeb.
ufro detalurad ganvixiloT struqturisa da procesebis cnebebi.
struqtura (forma) gamoiyeneba kognituri sistemis agebulebisa da
organizaciis aRsaniSnad. es aris garkveulad metaforuli termini, rac imas
niSnavs, rom postulirebuli struqturebi pirobiTi warmodgenebia azrobrivi
elementebis organizebis wesis Sesaxeb. amdenad, mniSvnelovania, rom gaviziaroT:
struqturuli modelebi ar warmoadgens maT uSualo, TvalsaCino aRwerebs.
erT-erTi aseTi modelis magaliTia mexsierebis struqturuli modeli, romelic
“TavSi yuTebis“ metaforas efuZneba. am da sxva struqturul modelebs Cven
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. aq ki ubralod gaviziaroT, rom es metaforuli
cnebebia da, cxadia, ar SeiZleba maTi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gageba.
terminiT “procesi” aRiniSneba operaciebisa da funqciebis nakrebi, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba azrobrivi movlenebis gaanalizeba da cvlileba. “procesi”
aqtiuria xolo “struqtura” _ SedarebiT pasiuri. Cven ganvixilavT procesebs,
roca SeviswavliT mexsierebaSi kodirebas, daviwyebas, gadamuSavebas da sxv.
informaciis gadamuSavebaze struqtura da procesebi erTad muSaoben.
amasTan, erTi meoris Sedegia: garkveuli struqturebi yalibdebian informaciis
gadamuSavebis procesebis Sedegad, romlebic Tavis mxriv, garkveulwilad
informaciis Senaxvis struqturebis mier imarTeba.
kognituri fsiqologia cdilobs Seiswavlos rogorc informaciis Senaxvisa
da gadamuSavebis kognituri procesebi, aseve kognituri struqturebi anu
formebi. amdenad, kursis ganmavlobaSi Cven SeviswavliT ZiriTad im monacemebsa
da Sexedulebebs, romlebic arsebobs am or sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
Cven momavalSi xSirad gamoviyenebT or cnebas. esaa konceptualuri
mecniereba da kognituri modelebi. isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia, magram
gansxvavdebian imiT, rom konceptualuri mecniereba _ Zalian farTo cnebaa,
xolo kognituri modeli ki aRniSnavs konceptualuri mecnierebis calkeul
klass. mecnierebi kognitur modelebs qmnian (ageben) garkeul movlenebsa da
obieqtebze dakvirvebis Sedegad da eqsperimentebis safuZvelze. isini
gamoiyeneba garkveul kognitur sferoSi an qvesferoSi arsebuli
kanonzomierebebis aRwerisa da axsnisTvis. aseTi modelebis magaliTebia
7. 7
yuradRebis filtraciis modeli an mexsierebaSi informaciis gadamuSavebis
modeli.
am modelTa mizania:
. kvlevebis organizeba;
. dakvirvebisa da cvlilebis Sedegebis gaazreba;
. dakvirvebis Sedegad aRmoCenili faqtebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba;
. axali hipoTezebis Camoyalibeba;
. iseTi movlenebis winaswarmetveleba, romlebic jer ar gamovlenila;
. sxva mecnierebTan kavSirebis damyareba da komunikacia.
amgvarad, kognituri modelebi garkeul metaforebs warmoadgenen, romlebic
dafuZnebulia dakvirvebaze da daskvnebze da aRweren, rogor amoicnoba, inaxeba
da gamoiyeneba informacia.
kognituri fsiqologiis Seswavlis sferoebia: aRqma, xatebis amocnoba,
yuradReba, mexsiereba, warmosaxva, ena, ganviTarebis kognituri aspeqtebi,
azrovneba, amocanis gadawyveta, problemis gadaWra, adamianuri da xelovnuri
inteleqti. kursis msvlelobisas Cven ganvixilavT am sferoebSi arsebul
ZiriTad miRwevebs, agreTve mniSvnelovan eqsperimentebs da Teoriul modelebs.
sanam am sakiTxebis Seswavlaze gadavidodeT, mokled ganvixiloT kognituri
fsiqologiuri mecnierebis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi.
8. 8
kognituri fsiqologiis meTodologiuri safuZvlebi
kognitur fsiqologias safuZvlad udevs garkveuli mecnieruli
Sexedulebebi. qvemoT Cven mokled ganxixilavT maTgan ramdenime ZiriTads.
1. kognitur fsiqologiaSi monacemebi srulad unda iyos ganxiluli axsniTi
Teoriis konteqstSi, magram Teoria carielia empiriuli monacemebis gareSe.
es debuleba xazs usvams kognitur fsiqologiaSi monacemTa aRwerisa da
Teoriuli axsnis erTobliobas. debulebis ilustraciisTvis gavixiloT
magaliTi: davuSvaT, Cven viciT, rom adamianebs aqvT gacilebiT kargi unari,
icnon is obieqtebi, romlebic naxes, vidre - aRadginon informacia maT Sesaxeb;
maT gacilebiT ukeTesi Sedegebi aqvT sityvebis cnobaSi, romlebic manamde
wavukiTxeT, Tu gaigoneben maT, vidre maSin, roca maT sityvebis damoukideblad
aRdgena moeTxovebaT. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianebs
gacilebiT ufro kargi cnobis mexsiereba aqvT, vidre – reproduqciuli
mexsiereba. es Zalian saintereso empiriuli ganzogadebaa. magram mecniereba
moiTxovs ara mxolod kanonzomierebebis ganzogadebas, aramed mis axsnasac.
mecnierebisTvis mniSvnelovania dadgindes, Tu ratom xdeba ase. amasTanave,
Teoria gvexmareba empiriuli monacemebis ganzogadebis SezRudvebis
gacnobierebaSi da im sazRvrebis identifikaciaSi, romelTa farglebSic es
kanonzomierebebi vrceldeba.
mecnierebis mniSvelovani funqciaa winaswarmetyveleba. Teoria gvexmareba
viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu ra pirobebSi da garemoebebSi gamovlindeba mocemuli
kanonzomiereba.
meore mxriv, Teoria empiriuli monacemebis gareSe carielia. ar SeiZleba
Cajde savarZelSi da ubralod gamoigono mecnieruli Teoria. aseTi Teoria
spekulaciuri iqneba. mecniereba moiTxovs Teoriis empiriul Semowmebas da
dadasturebas.
amgvarad, monacemebi da Teoria erTmaneTzea damokidebuli. Teoria
ganapirobebs monacemTa Segrovebas, rac gvexmareba Teoriis daxvewaSi, mis
koreqtirebasa da axli hipoTezebis CamoyalibebaSi. Semdeg Teoria isev
gvibiZgebs monacemebis Segrovebisken da a.S. mecnierebis ganviTarebasa da
winsvlas swored Teoriisa da monacemebis es mudmivi interaqcia ganapirobebs.
9. 9
1. kognicia zogadad adapturia, magram ara mis yvela specifikur
gamovlinebaSi.
rodesac Cven vaanalizebT Cvens SesaZleblobebs, Cven vrwmundebiT, Tu
ramdenad kargad muSaobs Cveni kognituri sistema.
evoluciis Sedegad Cven movaxerxeT Cveni kognituri aparaturis ise
ganviTareba, rom mas SeuZlia Zalian akuratulad (zustad) moaxdinos garemos
stimulis dekodireba. mas asee SeuZlia Sinagani stimulebis gagebac, romlebic
xelmisawvdoms xdis CvenTvis informaciis umravlesobas. Cven SegviZlia aRqma,
swavla, damaxsovreba, fiqri, msjeloba da problemebis gadaWra. Tumca
stimulebs SeuZliaT gvibiZgon informaciis araswori gadamuSavebiskenac. imave
procesebma _ aRqmam, msjelobam da mexsierebam, SeiZleba migviyvanos
Secdomamdec. amis magaliTebia aRqmis iluziebi, stereotipuli msjeloba da
Sexedulebebi, azrovnebis rogiduloba da a.S. adamianebi, umravles
SemTxvevebSi, adekvaturad gadaamuSaveben informacias, magram isini ar arian
unakloni. amdenad, Cven gvaqvs maRali donis adaptaciuri, magram ara unaklo
kognituri sistemebi.
3. kognituri procesebi zegavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze da arakognitur
procesebzec.
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben ganacalkevon da ise Seiswavlon
kognituri procesebi. miuxedavad amisa, maT ician, rom sinamdvileSi kognituri
procesebi erT mTlian sistemas warmoadgenen da, Sesabamisad, erTmaneTze
zegavlenas axdenen. magaliTad, mexsierebis procesebi damokidebulia aRqmis
procesebze. ras daimaxsovrebT _ es garkeulad damokidebulia imaze, Tu ras
aRiqvamT. zustad aseve, azrovnebis procesebi damokidebulia mexsierebis
procesebze. ar Seileba ifiqroT imaze, rac ar gaxsovT.
arakognituri procesebi da kognituri procesebic aseve erTierTgavlenas
ganicdian. magaliTad, Tqven ukeT swavlobT, Tu gaqvT swavlis motivacia.
Sesabamisad, Tqven gacilebiT uaresad iTvisebT masalas, Tu Tqven daTrgunuli
xarT da ar SegiZliaT dasaswavl masalaze koncentrireba.
10. 10
amdenad, kognituri fsiqologia ara mxolod kognituri procesebis
urTierTzegavlenas swavlobs, aramed iTvaliswinebs maT urTierTqmedebas
arakognitur procesebTanac.
kognituri fsiqologiis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli sfero, am
TvalsazrisiT, aris kognituri da biologiuri procesebis urTierTzegavlenis
Seswavla. bolo wlebis ganmalobaSi SesaZlebli gaxda garkveuli kognituri
procesebis lokalizaciis dadgena Tavis tvinSi. dadginda agreTve, rom swavla
garkveul cvlilebebs iwvevs tvinSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom kognituri
procesebic zegavlenas axdenen biologiur struqturebze. amdenad, kognituri
procesebi adamianis sxva sistemebTan erToblivad muSaoben.
4.kognicia Seswavlili unda iyos sxvdasxvagvari da mravalmxrivi
mecnieruli meTodebis saSualebiT.
axalbeda mkvlevarebi zogjer eZeben “saukeTeso” meTods kogniciis
Sesaswavlad. Tumca ar arsebobs erTaderTi swori gza kogniciis Sesaswavlad.
yvela kognitur process sWirdeba mravalferovani meTodebiT Seswavla. yvela
am meTodiT kvlevam erTian gagebamde unda migviyvanos: rac ufro meti,
gansxvavebuli teqnikiT mivalT erTi da igive daskvenamde, miT ufro maRalia am
daskvnis sarwmunoebis (sandoobis) xarisxi.
kogniturma fsiqologma unda iswavlos kvlevis es mravalferovani
teqnikebi imisTvis, rom iyos warmatebuli mkvlevari da mecnieri. Tumca,
mniSnelovania, rom meTodebi, romlebsac is gamoiyenebs, mecnieruli iyos.
mecnieruli meTodebi gansxvavdeba sxva meTodebisgan imiT, rom isini safuZvels
qmnian mecnierebis TviTkoreqtirebadi bunebisTvis. mecnieruli meTodebi
saSualebas gvaZlevs, uarvyoT araswori mecnieruli molodinebi. aramecnierul
meTodebs es Tviseba ar gaaCniaT. magaliTad, avtoritetis azrze dafuZnebuli
daskvna SesaZlebelia Zalian sasargeblo iyos yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram
is ar aris mecnieruli da Sesabamisad, ar aris TviTkoreqciuli. marTlac, erTi
avtoritetuli adamianis sityvebi xval SeiZleba CavanacvloT meore
avtoritetuli adamianis sityvebiT. am dros Cven verafers axals ver viswavliT
im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac es sityvebi exeboda. vinmes, Tundac Zalian
avtoritetuli adamianis azri, rom dedamiwa samyaros centria, ver aqcevs mas
samyaros centrad.
11. 11
5. yvela fundamentur kvlevas kognitur fsiqologiaSi unda hqondes
praqtikuli gamoyeneba da yvela praqtikulma kvlevam unda migviyvanos
fundamentur gagebamde.
politikosebs da zogjer mecnierebsac uyvarT maRalfardovani sityvebiT
msjeloba gamoyenebiT da fundamentur kvlevebs Soris gansxvavebaze.
sinamdvileSi, maT Soris gansxvaveba sulac ar aris ase mkafio. kvleva,
romelic fundamenturad gamoiyureba, xSirad maSinve gvibiZgebs praqtikuli
gamoyenebisaken. zustad aseve, kvlevas, romelSic TiTqos mxolod gamoyenebiTia
xSirad mivyavarT fundamentur Teoriamde. magaliTad, fundamenturi kvlevis
mixedviT, daswavla ukeTesia maSin, roca gameorebaTa Soris aris garkveuli
intervali, vidre maSin, roca gameorebebi erTmaneTs uSualod mosdevs. am
fundamenturma aRmoCenam maSinve gamoiwvia misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba swavlis
strategiebSi. amave dros, mowmis Cvenebis Seswavlam, romelic Zalian praqtikul
kvlevad gamoiyureboda, gamoiwvia mexsierebis sistemebis Sesaxeb Cveni
fundamenturi gagebis gafarToeba.
12. 12
kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZineba
Tanamedrove kognituri fsiqologiis wina istoria
kognituri fsiqologiis yvelaze aqtualuri problema _ `Sinagani
reprezentaciis” anu “kodebis” sakiTxi jer kidev uZvelesi droidan awuxebdaT
mecnierebs. maTi mTavari kiTxva exeboda imas, Tu rogoria informaciis Senaxvis
struqturebi da rogor xdeba codnis Camoyalibeba.
uZvelesi drois moazrovneebi cdilobdnen daedginaT, Tu sad mdebareobda
mexsiereba da azri.
Zveli egvipturi ieroglifebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, egviptelebs
miaCndaT, rom codna gulSia ganTavsebuli. am azrs iziarebda berZeni
filosofosi aristotelec. platons ki miaCnda, rom codnis Senaxvis adgili
tvinia.
berZeni filosofosebis mier sakiTxi ganxiluli iyo struqturisa da
procesebis TvalsazrisiTac. XVII saukunemde aqtiurad mimdinareobda kamaTi
imis Taobaze, Tu romelia wamyvani, xolo Semdgomi periodisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo romelime maTganze metad aqcentireba.
platonis mosazrebis mixedviT, azrovneba efuZneba stimulacias, romelic
miiReba mgrZnobelobis yoveli organodan. TiToeuli mgZnobelobis saxe
(modaloba) specifikur funqcias asrulebs. ase rom, platonis mixedviT,
adamianis aRqmas da Sexedulebebs obieqtis Sesaxeb gaaCnia sakuTari antipodi
fizikur samyaroSi. platonis mosazrebebs yvela ar iziarebda. maT Soris iyo
aristotelec. igi miiCnevda, rom adamianis goneba zemoqmedebas axdenda fizikur
samyaroze. obieqtis gacnobiereba, misi azriT, damokidebuli iyo adamianis
unarze gonebis saSualebiT gamoyos mag., cneba `magida“ sxvadasxva magidis
warmodgenebidan. garda adamianis abstrahirebis aqtiuri unarisa, aristotelem
ganaviTara kidev ori idea, romelmac didi zegavlena iqonia tradiciul
fsiqologiaze. es aris 1) asociacionizmis principi, romlis mixedviTac ideebi
erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian siaxlovis, msgavsebis an kontrastis principiT da
2) logikis kanonebi, romelTa mixedviTac WeSmariteba dgindeba induqciuri an
deduqciuri daskvnis safuZvelze. aristoteles ideebi ufro axlos aris
“procesebis” Tanamedrove gagebasTan, xolo platonis ideebi ki “struqturis”
Sesaxeb SexedulebebTan.
13. 13
codnis reprezentacia: Sua saukuneebi
renesansis epoqis filosofosebi da Teologebi miiCnevdnen, rom codna
adamianis tvinSia ganTavsebuli. SemuSavebuli iyo garkveuli sqemac ki, romlis
mixedviTac codnis SeZena SegZnebis organoebis gavliT xorcieldeba.
XVIII s_Si britanelma empirikosebma berklim, iumma, ufro mogvianebiT ki
jeims milma da misma Svilma jon stiuart milma ivaraudes, rom arsebobs sami
tipis Sinagani reprezentacia:
1. uSualo sensoruli movlenebi;
2. perceftebis mkrTali aslebi;
3. am mkrTali aslebis gardasaxvebi anu asociaciuri azrovneba.
XIX s_Si fsiqologia TandaTanobiT gamoeyofoda filosofias da
damoukidebel disciplinad yalibdeboda. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrules fexnerma, brentanom, helmholcma, vundtma, miulerma, ebinhausma,
kiulpem, galtonma, titCenerma da jemsma. XIX s. meore naxevrisTvis Teoriebi,
romlebic codnis reprezentacias xsnidnen, or nawilad gaiyo. pirveli jgufis
warmomadgenlebi (vilhelm vundti germaniaSi da edvard titCeneri amerikaSi)
azrobrivi reprezentaciis SeswavlaSi struqturas miiCnevdnen mniSvnelovnad.
meore jgufis warmomadgenlebi ki (brentanos meTaurobiT) procesebis
mniSvnelobas usvamdnen xazs. platonisa da aristotelesgan gansxvavebiT, am
etapze es mosazrebebi empiriul kvlevebTan iyo dakavSirebuli.
1889 w. gamoqveynda uiliam jemsis cnobili naSromi “fsiqologiis
principebi”, romelmac udidesi zegavlena moaxdina fsiqologiis, gansakuTrebiT
ki kognituri fsiqologiis ganviTarebaze. mexsierebis miseuli gageba pirdapir
ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove kognitur fsiqologias. jemss miaCnda, rom procesebi
da struqtura erTnairad mniSvnelovania fsiqologiuri mecnierebisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, dondersisa da ketelis eqsperimentebic azrobrivi operaciebis
Sesrulebis drois gasazomad.
codnis reprezentacia: XXs. dasawyisi
XXs._Si biheviorizmisa da geStalt-fsiqologiis aRorZinebam radikalurad
Secvala Sexedulebebi codnis reprezentaciis Sesaxeb. biheviorizmis
ZiriTadadi formula iyo “S-R” (“stimuli _ reaqcia”), sadac Sinagani
14. 14
reprezentaciis adgili aRar rCeboda. geStaltfsiqologebi ki Sinagani
reprezentaciis Teorias izomorfizmis konteqstSi agebdnen, efuZnebodnen ra
reprezentaciisa da realobis urTierTcalsaxa Sesabamisobas. kognituri
fsiqologia aRar iyo aqtualuri, igi bihevioristulma revuluciam daCrdila.
bihevioristul TeoriaSi yvela Sinagani mdgomareoba ganixileboda, rogorc
“Sualeduri cvladi.” es pozicia Zalian popularuli iyo XXs. pirvel
naxevarSi.
Tumca bihevioristma edvard tolmenma 1932 Caatara rigi eqsperimentebisa
virTagvebze da aRmoaCina, rom, miuxedavad imisa, virTagvebs daswavlili
hqondaT SemovliTi gziT sakvebamde misvla, isini mainc umoklesi gziT
midiodnen sakvebamde, Tuki aseTi saSualeba eZleodaT. tolmenis azriT,
cxovelebi TandaTanobiT imuSavebdnen garemos “suraTs” da Semdeg iyenebdnen
mas miznis misaRwevad. am “suraTs” mogvianebiT “kognituri ruka” uwodes.
tolmenis eqsperimentebSi virTagvebSi kognituri rukis SemuSaveba imaSi
gamoixateboda, rom isini sxvadasxva sawyisi wertilidan poulobdnen sakvebs.
amdenad, es Sinagani ruka iyo garemos Sesaxeb informaciis Sinagani
reprezentacia.
kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZinebis faqtorebi
XX saukunis 50_iani wlebidan mecnierTa yuradReba isev miipyro mexsierebis,
xatebis amocnobis, azrovnebis, enis da sxva kogniturma procesebma. kognituri
fsiqologia kvlav Semovida “modaSi”. 1956 weli gansakuTrebiT gamorCeuli iyo
kognituri procesebis kvlevebiT da am sakiTxebze gamoqveynebuli statiebiT.
isini exeboda yuradRebas, mexierebas, problemis gadaWras da sxva SemecnebiT
procesebs. 1967 wels gamovida ulrik naiseris wigni “kognituri fsiqologia”.
brunerma kognituri fsiqologiis aseT swraf aRmavlobas “kognituri
revolucia” uwoda.
kognituri fsiqologiis aRorZinebis mniSvnelovan faqtorebs warmoadgenda:
1. biheviorizmis “marcxi.” biheviorizmi ver xsnida adamianTa gansxvavebul
qcevas (reaqcias) erTi da igive stimulebze. igi ver xsnida agreTve erTi da
imave adamianis sxvadasxva reaqcias sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva stimulze
15. 15
adamianebis erTgvar reaqcias. dagrovili empiriuli monacemebi adamianis
Sinagani procesebis ignorirebis saSualebas aRar iZleoda.
2. kavSirebis Teoriis warmoSoba. kavSirebis Teoriam xeli Seuwyo
signalebis aRmoCenis da yuradRebis eqsperimentul Seswavlas, agreTve,
kvlevebs kibernetikasa da informaciis TeoriaSi, rac mniSvelovani iyo
kognituri fsiqologiis ganviTarebisTvis.
3. Tanamedrove lingvistikis ganviTareba. SemecnebasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebTan erTad ganixileboda enisa da gramatikis axali midgomebi.
metyvelebis fsiqologiaSi noam Comskis (Chomsky) axalma ideebma enis
SemoqmedebiTobisa da “transformaciuli gramatikis” Sesaxeb radikalurad
Secvales asociacionizmisa da biheviorizmis empiristuli pozicia.
4. mexsierebis axali kvlevebi. verbaluri swavlisa da semantikuri
organizaciis kvlevebma safuZveli Seqmna mexsierebis modelebis
CamoyalibebisTvis.
5. kompiuteruli mecniereba da sxva teqnologiuri miRwevebi. kompiuteruli
mecnierebis ganviTarebam da gansakuTrebiT ki, xelovnuri inteleqtis kvlevebis
Camoyalibebam fsiqologebs ubiZga gadexedaT Sexedulebebi informaciis
gadamuSavebis da Senaxvis sistemis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, axali teqnologiuri
xelsawyoebi Tvisebrivad axali tipisa da, amavdroulad, ufro zusti
eqsperimentebis Catarebis saSualebas iZleoda.
16. 16
signalebis aRmoCena
signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria da SegrZnebis zRurbli
gare samyaros Semecnebas adamianebi sensoruli sistemiT iwyeben. es sistema
moicavs sxvadasxva modalobas, rogoricaa, mxedveloba (vizualuri), smena
(audialuri), gemo, ynosva, taqtiluri SegrZnebebi (Sexeba) da sxv. fsiqologiis
safuZvlebSi Cven SeviswavleT SegrZnebebi, maTi modalobebi da Tvisebebi.
kognitur fsiqologiaSi Cven kidev erTxel ganvixilavT SegrZnebis
zRurblebs da gansakuTrebiT SevCerdebiT signalebis aRmoCenis Teoriasa da
SegrZnebis zRurblis Tanamedrove gagebaze.
diqotomia sensorul Sinaarssa da aRqmas Soris ukve didi xania,
fsiqologebis kvlevis sagania da igi dResac aqtualuria. miCneulia, rom
realobis aRmoCena da interpretacia ganpirobebulia rogorc signalebis
(stimulebis) TaviseburebebiT, aseve im codniTa da gamocdilebiT, romelic
adamians aqvs aRqmis momentamde. am WrilSi SegrZnebis zRurblis CvenTvis
cnobili klasikuri gageba mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. am TvalsazrisiT,
mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis signalebis aRmoCenis Teorias, romelic meoce
saukunis 20-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda.
signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria Camoyalibda gadawyvetilebis miRebis
statistikuri Teoriisa da eleqtoteqnikis safuZvelze. meore msoflio omis
dros inJinrebma SeimuSaves signalebis aRmoCenis Teoria, romelic
radiolokaciuri sadgurebis mier signalebis aRmosaCenad gamoiyeneboda.
tenerma da sversma aRmoaCines msgavseba radiosadgurebisa da adamianis mier
signalebis aRmoCenaSi. maTma samecniero naSromma adamianis qcevis Sesaxeb
signalebis aRmoCenisas didi zegavlena moaxdina sensoruli zRurblebis
Teoriaze. kerZod, dadginda, rom adamianis gadawyvetileba signalis arsebobis
an ararsebobis Sesaxeb damokidebulia ara mxolod signalis (gamRizianeblis)
intensivobaze (rogorc es manamde iyo cnobili), aramed gadasawyveti amocanis
Sinaarssa da amocanis rezultirebis codnazec. Semdgom kvlevebSi dadginda,
rom adamianis mier signalebis aRmoCenis albaToba marTvadia am faqtorebis
safuZvelze. ase, magaliTad, SesaZlebelia signalebis aRmoCenis albaTobis
Secvla “warmatebis” SemTxvevaSi “dajildoebis” meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.
17. 17
sensoruli aRmoCenis meqanizmis sirTulis sailustraciod ganvixiloT
Semdegi magaliTi: warmoidgineT, rom sadarajo koSkuraSi zis morige
damkvirvebeli. misi amocanaa, dReSi ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi yuradRebiT
adevnos Tvali radaris indikatorebs, rom ar gamoeparos mtris TviTmfrinavi.
Tu aseTi TviTmfrinavi marTlac gamoCndeba, maSin morigis mier TviTmfrinavis
amocnobaze SeiZleba milionobiT adamianis sicocxle iyos damokidebuli. Tu
misi gadawyvetileba mcdari iqneba (sinamdvileSi TviTmfrinavi ki ara, mag.,
gadamfreni frinvelebis gundia caSi), maSin igi cru gangaSs gamoiwvevs da misi
Secdomis Sedegad daixarjeba uamravi resursi.
amgvarad, indikatorze ori tipis signali SeiZleba gamoCndes:
“TviTmfrinavi” da e.w. “xmauri” (am SemTxvevaSi frinvelebis gundi). Tu morige
xmaurs TviTmfrinavad miiCnevs, maSin igi cru gangaSSi iqneba damnaSave da
SeiZleba daisajos. xolo Tu TviTmfrinavis signals “xmaurad” miiCnevs, maSin
gamova, rom mas gamoepara mtris TviTmfrinavi, ris aRmosaCenadac is
sinamdvileSi morigeobs (muSaobs). amgvarad, yvela SesaZlo variantidan morige
guSagisTvis misaRebia mxolod ori: “swori dadastureba” an “swori uaryofa”.
cxrili #1
cdis piris alternatiuli pasuxebi
signali aris signali ar aris
stimulis
alternativebi
signa
li
+
xmauri
swori aRmoCena
dadebiTi pasuxi stimulis
arsebobis pirobebSi
araswori uaryofa – gaSveba
uaryofiTi pasuxi signalis
arsebobis pirobebSi
xmauri
cru gangaSi
dadebiTi pasuxi
stimulis ararsebobis
pirobebSi
swori uaryofa
uaryofiTi pasuxi stimulis
ararsebobis pirobebSi
cxrilSi #1 warmodgenili sqemidan naTlad Cans, rom zRurbli
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqtorTa nakrebiT. stimulis intensivobis garda,
mis aRmoCenaze kidev sul mcire ori faqtori axdens zegavlenas: damkvirveblis
18. 18
molodini (gamoCndeba Tu ar stimuli) da stimulis arseboba-ararsebobis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis Sedegi (dasja Tu waxaliseba).
molodini SesaZlebelia gaizardos konteqstis zegavleniT an damatebiTi
stimulaciis safuZvelze. ganxilul magaliTSi konteqstis zegavlena iqneba,
mag., Tu mezobel saxelmwifoSi omi mimdinareobs an Tu romelime
saxelmwifosTan pilitikurma daZabulobam piks miaRwia). aseve, konteqstis
zegavlenaa winare gamocdileba, mag., weliwadis am dros bevri gadamfreni
frinveli brundeba Tbili qveynebidan.
laboratoriul eqsperimentebSi am faqtorebis manipulirebiT SesaZlebelia
signalebis aRmoCenis zRurblebze zegavlenis moxdena. morige guSagis
SemTxvevaSi, signalis gamorCena an cru gangaSi gamoiwvevs tragedias an tyuil
xarjebs. Sesabamisad, am realur situaciaSi eqsperimentebis Catareba
SeuZlebelia. Tumca, SesaZlebelia situaciis modelireba laboratoriul
pirobebSi.
laboratoriul pirobebSi aseve SesaZlebelia signalis aRmoCenaze
mosalodneli rezultatis faqtoris Seswavla “gadaxdis sixSiriT”
manipulirebis gziT. magaliTad, Tu Cven vTxovT cdis pirebs, daadasturon
ekranze naCvenebi garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis arseboba, romlebic mxedvelobis
velSi Cndeba eqspoziciebis naxevarSi SemTxveviTi TanmimdevrobiT. yoveli
sworad identificirebuli stimulis SemTxvevaSi Tqven cdis pirs uxdiT
garkveul Tanxas (mag., 5 cents) da yoveli arasworad identificirebuli
stimulis SemTxvevaSi ki uqviTavT imave Tanxas. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gadaxdis sqema
simetriuli iqneba. Tu Cven SevcvliT gadaxdis sqemas da gavxdiT mas
asimetriuls, maSin, Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba an Semcirdeba stimulis aRmoCenis
albaToba. stimulis aRmoCenisTvis dajildoeba-dasjis simetriuli da
asimetriuli sqemebi warmodgenilia cxrilebSi #2-4.
cxrili #2
gadawyvtileba
Tviseba aris Tviseba ar aris
Tviseba aris + 5 centi _ 5 centi
Tviseba ar aris _ 5 centi + 5 centi
19. 19
cxrili #3
gadawyvtileba
Tviseba aris Tviseba ar aris
Tviseba aris + 25 centi _ 5 centi
Tviseba ar aris _ 5 centi + 5 centi
cxrili #4
gadawyvtileba
Tviseba aris Tviseba ar aris
Tviseba aris + 5 centi _ 5 centi
Tviseba ar aris _ 5 centi + 25 centi
damkvirveblis kriteriumis zegavlena zRurblze
cxdia, Zlieri da intensiuri signali ufro advili amosacnobia, vidre
susti da naklebad mniSvnelovani. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven xarT wveulebaze da
aRmoaCineT, rom oTaxis meore boloSi myofi sawinaarmdego sqesis adamiani
Zalian xSirad giyurebT da misi mzera ikveTeba TqvensasTan. rogor moaxdenT am
signalis interpretacias? aRiqvamT mas, rogorc stimuls (anu gamowvevas)
Semdgomi socialuri kontaqtebisTvis? rogor moiqceviT da riT iqneba
ganpirobebuli Tqveni qceva? signalebis aRmoCenis Teoriis mixedviT, Tqveni
reaqcia damokidebuli iqneba Tqven gamocdilebaze (an survilebze), warmateba-
warumateblobis albaTobis Sefasebasa da mosuli signalis (mzeris) Zalaze.
pirvel rigSi, Tqveni amocanaa gaarkvioT aris es signali Tu “xmauri”. imisTvis,
rom mzeraSi signali amoicnoT saWiroa garkveuli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba.
rodesac signali aWarbebs am kriteriums, cdis piri mzeraSi signals amoicnobs.
xolo roca stimuli kriteriumze sustia an mcirea, maSin cdis piri ise iqceva,
rogorc signalis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. is, Tu ra doneze dgas es
kriteriumi, mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli damkvirveblis gamocdilebasa da
warmatebis Tu warumateblobis molodinze. swored amitom, am kriteriums
21. 21
aRqma - sabazo sakiTxebi
aRqma aris procesebis erToblioba, romelTa saSualebiTac Cven
amovicnobT, organizebas vaxdenT da mniSvnelobas vaniWebT garemo
stimulebisagan miRebul SegrZnebebs.
aRqma moicavs mraval fsiqologiur fenomens. am fsiqologiuri fenomenebis
Sesaswavlad fsiqologebi xSirad mimarTaven iseTi situaciebis Seswavlas,
romlebSic Cveni SegrZnebebisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWeba problemuria.
magaliTisTvis, ganvixiloT qvemoT warmodgenili naxati #1. mxedvelobis
SegrZneba gvawvdis naxatze arsebul srul informacias, Tumca adamianebis
umravlesoba Tavadapirvelad masze xedavs uazro gadRabnil laqebs. mxolod
garkveuli xnis Semdeg adamianebi xvdebian, rom suraTze gamoxatulia ZaRli,
romelic raRacas ynosavs. amgvarad, Tavdapirvelad Cven ar SegviZlia am
SegrZnebebis erTi mniSvnelobis mqone mTlianobaSi, mentalur konceftSi
organizeba. mentaluri koncefti - es aris Cven mier aRqmuli stimulis an
stimulebis gonebrivi reprezentacia. mis gareSe Cven ar SegviZlia
gavacnobieroT, Tu ra aRviqviT naxatze.
naxati #1
am magaliTze dayrdnobiT, Cven vnaxeT, rom zogjer Cven ver aRviqvamT imas,
rac arsebobs. zogjer ki piriqiT, Cven aRviqvamT imas, rac ar arsebobs. amis
sademonstraciod ganvixiloT naxati #2, romelzec Cven aRviqvamT TeTr fonze
22. 22
arsebul samkuTxedebs (marcxniv) da oTxkuTxeds. Tumca, Tu yuradRebiT
davakvirdebiT naxats, aRmovaCenT, rom samkuTxedebi, iseve rogorc oTxkuTxedi,
sinamdvileSi sruliadac ar arseboben. es samkuTxedebi, romelsac Cven vxedavT,
optikuri iluziebia. isini warmoadgenen iseTi vizualuri informaciis aRqmas,
romlebic fizikurad ar arseboben vizualur sensorul stimulebSi. amgvarad,
zogjer Cven ver aRviqvamT imas, rac aris realobaSi da zogjer ki - piriqiT.
daakvirdiT naxatze #3 gamoxatul kibes da SeecadeT gahyveT mas, sanam
bolomde ar axvalT. Tqven aRmoaCenT, rom es SeuZlebelia. am iluzias
„perceftul kibes“ an „dausrulebel kibes“ uwodeben. misi efeqti isaa, rom
„kibeebze asvlisas“ iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos mudmivad maRla
adixarT, magram sinamdvileSi wreze trialebT.
naxati #2
mTavari daskvna, romelic perceftuli iluziebis arsebobidan unda
gamovitanoT, is aris, rom ar aris aucilebeli, Cveni SegrZnebebi da aRqma erTi
da igive iyos. sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT, sensoruli organoebidan miRebuli
informacia yovelTvis ar emTxveva Cvens aRqmas (gonebaSi). Cveni goneba iRebs
arsebul sensorul informacias da alagebs (aorganizebs) mas ise, rom Seqmnas
Cveni garemos obieqtebis, Tvisebebis da sivrciTi mimarTebebis gonebrivi
(Sinagani) reprezentaciebi.
23. 23
naxati #3 – usasrulo kibe
Tumca adamianebs gvaqvs SedarebiT SezRuduli mxedveloba da midrekilni
varT iluziebisken, Cven vizualuri stimulebis dekodirebis da maTTvis
mniSvnelobis miniWebis gacilebiT ukeTesi unarebi gvaqvs, vidre - robotebs,
(Tundac Zalian daxvewil Tanamedrove robotebs). ra ganapirobebs am
upiratesobas? adamianis upiratesobas mravali misi unari udevs safuZvlad,
magram maT Soris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia codna da gamocdileba.
adamianebma gacilebiT meti ician garemosa da masSi mimdinare kanonzomierebebis
Sesaxeb, vidre - robotebma. ukve saukuneebia, rac xelovnebis warmomadgenlebma
ician, Tu rogor miaRwion, rom Cveni aRqma gaxdes samganzomilebiani, maSin,
rodesac vuyurebT organzomilebian gamosaxulebas. ra principebi ganapirobeben
Cvens realur Tu iluzorul aRqmas? pirvel rigSi, Cven ganvixilavT garkveul
perceftul informacias, romelic ganapirobebs organzomilebiani sensoruli
informaciis samganzomilebiand aRqmas. Semdeg Cven gavecnobiT im gzebs,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen aRqmis stabilurobas miuxedavad dakvirvebadi
sagnebis zomisa da formebis cvlilebisa. mxedvelobis, smenis, Sexebis, gemos an
sunis SemTxvevaSi Cven arasodes ar gveZleva zustad igive stimulebis
24. 24
erToblioba, romlis gamocdilebac manamde gvqonda. Sesabamisad, aRqmasTan
mimarTebiT, kognituri fsiqologiis winaSe ismeba fundamenturi kiTxva: „rogor
vaRwevT perceftul stabilobas (aRqmis konstantobas) sensoruli
receftorebis doneze am sruli arastabilurobis fonze?“
perceftuli konstantoba
saganTa aRqmis fizikuri pirobebi, rogorebicaa: ganaTebis xarisxi, sagnis
dacilebuloba Cvengan, xedvis kuTxe da sxv. mudmivad icvleba. Sesabamisad,
icvleba is informaciac, romelic SegrZnebis organoebis saSualebiT
mogvewodeba am sagnis Sesaxeb. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven TandaTanobiT
giaxlovdebaT ori studenti, romlebic erTmaneTSi saubroben. rac ufro metad
giaxlovdebian isini, miT ufro meti adgili eTmoba Tqven baduraze maT
gamosaxulebebs (miT ufro farTovdeba/ diddeba maTi gamosaxulebebi). erTi
mxriv, es proqsimaluri sensoruli mtkicebuleba (faqti) gviCvenebs, rom
moaxloebuli studentebi ufro didebi xdebian. meores mxriv, Cveni aRqmis
mixedviT isini igive zomis rCebian. ratom? Cveni Tanaklaselis zomis
konstanturi aRqma - aRqmis konstantobis magaliTia. konstantoba aRqmis
Tvisebaa, romlis mixedviTac sagani rCeba igive sididis miuxedavad imisa, rom
misi sensoruli gamosaxuleba icvleba. aRqmisas sagnis realuri zomebi ar
icvleba da Sesabamisad, Cvens perceftul sistemas gaaCnia meqanizmi, romelic
azustebs, akoreqtirebs sensoruli gamosaxulebis cvlilebebs. aRqmis
konstantobis nairsaxeobaTa Soris Cven ganvixilavT zomis, formis da feris
konstantobas. zomis konstantoba es aris aRqmis Tviseba, roca obieqti
inarCunebs igive zomas miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulebis zomisa. baduraze
gamosaxurebis zoma pirdapir damokidebulia Tvalidan am obieqtis daSorebis
manZilze. erTi da igive obieqti ori sxvadasxva manZilidan sxvadasxva zomisad
aisaxeba baduraze. roca Cveni sensoruli da aRqmis sistemebi cdebian, adgili
aqvs iluziebs. magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT naxati #4, romelzec gamoxatulia
ponzos (Ponzo) iluzia. am naxatze ori obieqti, romelic gansxvavebuli zomisa
Cans, sinamdvileSi erTi da igive zomisaa. iluzia warmoiqmneba
25. 25
urTierTmiaxloebuli xazebs Soris manZilebiT. ekvivalenturi xatebis zomebi
gansxvavebul sivrceSi, Cveulebriv, aRiqmeba gansxvavebuli zomebis xatebad.
aseTive magaliTia ebinhausis wreebis iluzia, miuler-laieris (Müler-Lyer)
iluzia da kinoskopis efeqtis saxeliT cnobili iluzia (ix. naxatebi # 5, 6, 7).
naxati # 4 - mario ponzos iluzia
naxati # 5 –ebinhausis wreebis iluzia
26. 26
naxati # 6 – miuler-laieris iluzia
naxati #7 – kinoskopis efeqti
zomis konstantobis msgavsad, formis konstantobac dakavSirebulia
manZilis aRqmasTan, magram gansaxavebuli saxiT. formis konstantoba es aris
aRqmis Tviseba, romlis drosac obieqti inarCunebs igive formas, miuxedavad
proqsimaluri stimulis formis cvlilebisa.
27. 27
feris konstantoba - es aris aRqmis Tviseba, roca obieqti inarCunebs igive
fers miuxedavad proqsimaluri stimulebis ferisa. TeTri, ruxi da Savi feris
SegrZneba damokdebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad intensiurad airekleba sinaTle
mocemuli sagnidan: mcire arekvleva Savi fers iZleva, intensiuri arekvla -
TeTrs, xolo saSualo xarisxis arekvla ki - sxvadsxva elferis rux fers.
miuxedavad SegrZnebis doneze moqmedi am kanonzomierebisa, feris aRqma
garkveul farglebSi ar aris ganpirobebuli ganaTebis xarisxiT. ase mag., susti
ganaTebisas carcis naWeri gacilebiT naklebi sinaTlis sxivebs aireklavs,
vidre - SuadRisas mzis gulze Savi feris naxSiri. magram carci mainc TeTrad
aRiqmeba, xolo naxSiri ki - Savad.
siRrmis aRqma
Cven Zalian kargad viciT, rom sagnebi, romlebic Cven garSemo gvakravs
samganzomilebiania. maS, rogor xdeba, rom Tvalis baduraze brtyeli,
organzomilebiani gamosaxulebis asaxvis pirobebSi adamiani aRiqvams sivrcis
mesame ganzomilebas, anu siRrmes? rodesac Tqven gadaadgildebiT garemoSi,
Tqven mudmivad iyurebiT garSemo da Sesabamisad, orientacias axdenT
samganzomilebian sivrceSi. Cveulebriv, roca sivrceSi iyurebiT, Tqven afasebT
sivrcis siRrmes. magaliTad, roca sazRvravT ra siZlieris xmiT unda dauZaxoT
megobars, an afasebT manqanasa da Tqvens Soris manZils quCaze gadasvlisas.
siRrme es aris manZili zedapiridan, romlis Sefasebis aTvlis wertilad Cven,
Cveulebriv, viyenebT sakuTar sxeuls. rogor vaxerxebT, rom Cveni aRqma
samganzomilebiania, maSin, roca Tvalis baduraze gamosaxuleba
organzomilebaSi gveZleva? davubrundeT „dausrulebeli kibis“ magaliTs.
daakvirdiT, agreTve, SeuZlebel konfiguraciebs naxatze #8. saocaria, magram
am organzomilebian suraTze Cven siRrmes aRviqvamT. zogadad, siRrmis aRqma
SesaZlebelia rogorc monoklaruli (erT TvalTan dakavSirebuli), aseve
binokularuli (or TvalTan dakavSirebuli) stimulebiTac. monokularuli
siRrmis stimulebi SesaZlebelia mxolod or ganzomilebaSi iyos
warmodgenili da aRqmuli iyos erTi TvaliT. naxatze #9 warmodgenilia
29. 29
siRrmis sxvadasxva monokularuli stimuli. esenia: teqsturis (masalis,
zedapiris) sxvadasxva gradientebi, zomaTa mimarTebebi, wrfivi da sivrciTi
(atmosferuli) perspeqtiva, naxatis gegmaze obieqtebis adgilmdebareoba,
interpozicia, moZraobis paralaqsi, Crdilebi, ganaTeba da konturebi. yvela es
stimuli Tqven SegiZliaT moZebnoT miTiTebul ilustraciebze.
siRrmis aRqma da Sesabamisad, misi Sefaseba, meore mxriv, efuZneba
binokularuli siRrmis stimulebs, romelic aigeba ori TvalisTvis sam
ganzomilebaSi miwodebuli stimulebis safuZvelze. meqanizmebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen Cveni aRqmis am Tvisebas sakmaod rTulia da araerTgvarovani
sxvadasxva manZilebis SemTxvevaSi. SedarebiT mokle manZilebze, rogoricaa,
manZili 5 metramde, siRrmis aRqmas uzrunveluofs marjvena da marcxena Tvalis
urTierTqmedeba anu binokularuli mxedveloba. marjvena da marcxena Tvalidan
Semosuli informacia ara mxolod avsebs erTmaneTs, aramed maTi
urTierTqmedeba gvaZlevs Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul unars Seafaso sivrcis
siRrme. am fenomenis sailustraciod, daxuWeT erTi Tvali, erTi saCvenebeli
TiTi daiWireT Zalian axlos saxesTan, xolo meore ki - rac SeiZleba Sors.
daakvirdiT gamosaxulebas, xolo Semdeg SeanacvleT daxuWuli Tvali. rogorc
xedavT, Tqven mier danaxuli TiTebis ganlageba (maT Soris manZili) icvleba.
amis mizezi marjvena da marcxena Tvalis baduraze maTi gamosaxulebebis
SeuTavseblobaa.
binokularuli uTanasworoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc gansxvaveba marjvena
da marcxena Tvalis gamosaxulebebis adgilmdebareobebs Soris. gansxsvavebis
xarisxi (done) damokidebulia siRrmeze (anu obieqtamde manZilze da fiqsaciis
wertilze). amdenad, es aris is signali, romelsac vizualuri sistema iyenebs
imisTvis, rom asaxos siRrme. Cveni Tvalebi erTmaneTisgan sakmaod dacilebulia
da Sesabamisad, isini Cvens tvins awvdian ori saxis informacias: binokularul
SeuTavseblobas da binokularul konvergencias. rac ufro axloa Tqvengan
obieqti, miT ufro metad gansxvavebul informacias agzavnis Tqveni ori Tvali
tvinSi da Sesabamisad, adgili aqvs binokularul disparatizms
(SeuTavseblobas). stimulTa interpretirebisas tvini gansxvavebulobis xarisxs
iyenebs obieqtis daSorebulobis Sefasebis indikatorad. im obieqtebisTvis,
romlebic Cvengan SedarebiT axlo manZilze imyofebian, Cven viyenebT siRrmis
stimulebis binokularuli konvergenciis safuZvelze. binokularuli
30. 30
konvergenciisas Cveni ori Tvali koordinirebulad brundeba SigniT. amasTan
rac ufro axlosaa sagani, miT ufro metadaa Tvalebi SigniT Semobrunebuli.
tvini am informacias (kunTovan moZraobebs) iyenebs sagnis saixlovis
gansasazRvrad. naxatze #10 sqematurad warmodgenilia am ori procesis
muSaoba. tvinSi, qerqis vizualur centrSi moTavsebulia specialuri neironebi,
romlebic pasuxismgeblebi arian binokularul aRqmaze. es neironebi
aerTianeben orive Tvalidan Semosul informacias, imisTvis, rom Camoayalibon
informacia siRrmis Sesaxeb.
naxati # 10
aRsaniSnavia, rom siRrmis aRqma ganpirobebulia ara mxolod im manZiliT an
siRrmiT, romliTac obieqti dacilebulia Cvengan. profitma da misma kolegebma
2003-06 wlebSi (Proffitt and …) daadgines, rom samizne obieqtamde manZilis aRqmaze
gavlenas axdens is Zalisxmeva, romelic saWiroa obieqtamde misaRwevad
(misasvlelad): is adamianebi, romlebsac zurgze akidebuli aqvT mZime
zurgCanTa ufro Sorad afaseben manZils mocemul obieqtamde, vidre - isini,
visac aseTi zurgCanTa ar aqvT. amgvarad, rac ufro meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro
raimemde misaRwevad, miT ufro Sors iqneba igi aRqmuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
31. 31
siRrmis aRqma es aris interaqcia perceftul Sedegsa da Sefasebul (aRqmul)
Zalisxmevas Soris, romelic saWiroa aRsaqmel obieqtamde misaRwevad. sxva
kvlevebiT dadginda, rom siRrmis aRqmaze ara mxolod Sefasebuli Zalisxmeva
axdens zegavlenas. aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro kargad TamaSobs CogburTeli,
miT ufro didad aRiqvams igi burTs da piriqiT. igive efeqti vlindeba golfis
moTamaSeebTanac. amgvarad, am SemTxvevaSi aRqma garkveulwilad miRwevis
xarisxis funqciaa. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve, rom siRrmis aRqmaze garkveul
gavlenas axdens gamocdilebis faqtori, romelsac Cven bavSvobidan cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi viRebT saganTa daSorebis mimarT. am gamocdilebis miReba xdeba
mxedvelobiTi SegrZnebebis, agreTve, saganTa SexebiT da sxeulisa da xelebis
moZraobebiT miRebuli kinsTetikuri SegrZnebebis safuZvelze.
obieqtebisa da formebis aRqma
rodesac Cven raimes vuyurebT, magaliTad, kompiuters, romelSic am
leqciis teqsti Segvyavs, Cven vxedavT mis garkveul mentalur reprezentacias.
ra forma aqvs am mentalur (Sinagan) reprezentacias? arsebobs ori ZiriTadi
pozicia am kiTxvis pasuxTan dakavSirebiT.
erTi poziciaa damkvirvebelze centrirebuli reprezentacia, romlis
mixedviTac individi asaxavs da inaxavs sagnis iseT gamosaxulebas, rogorc igi
misi TvalTaxedvidan gamoiyureba. es aris damkvirveblis TvaliT danaxuli
saganis gamosaxuleba da ara misi obieqturi struqturis gamomsaxveli
reprezentacia. meore poziciaa obieqtze centrirebuli reprezentacia, romlis
mixedviTac individi asaxavs da inaxavs ara sakuTari TvalTaxedvidan Seqmnil
gamosaxulebas, aramed sagnis realurad, obieqturad arsebuli struqturis
amsaxvel gamosaxulebas. orive pozicia pasuxs scems kiTxvas, Tu rogor
aRviqvamT obieqtebsa da maT nawilebs, magram maT Soris gansxvaveba isaa, rom
pirvelis mixedviT obieqtebi da maTi nawilebi „me“-sTan dakavSirebulia, xolo
meore poziciis mixedviT isini warmoadgenen obieqturad arsebuli
erTobliobis nawils da ar arian dakavSirebuli “me”-s poziciasTan. Tumca unda
32. 32
iTqvas, rom am or pozicias xSirad ganixilaven erT kontiniumSi, rogorc
aRqmis kognituri meqanizmis or ukidures wertils. arsebobs mesame poziciac.
es aris orientirze centrirebuli pozicia, romlis mixedviTac, informacia
daxasiaTebulia misi kargad nacnobobis, gamokveTilobis an TvalsaCinoebis
mixedviT. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven axal qalaqs stumrobT. yovel dilas Tqven
gamodixarT sastumrodan da aTvalierebT qalaqs. Cveulebriv, Tqven qalaqs
aRiqvamT sastumrosTan mimarTebiT. SesaZlebelia, Tqven gqondeT damatebiTi
orientiric qalaqis reprezentaciisTvis, magaliTad, centraluri moedani,
eklesia, koSki, sadguri da sxv.
aRqmis geStalt-fsiqologiuri gageba
aRqma ufro mets akeTebs CvenTvis, vidre feris, formis an zomis sivrceSi
konstantobaa. is aseve organizebas uwevs obieqtebs garkveul koherentul
jgufebad. kurt kofkam (Kurt Koffka, 1886-1941), volfgang kelerma (Wolfgang Köhler,
1887-1968) da maqs verthaimerma (Max Wertheimer, 1880-1943) Camoayalibes aRqmis
geStaltis principebi. es principebi eyrdnoba Semdeg ZiriTad debulebas: mTeli
gansxvavdeba misi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo jamisgan da mTeli ufro
metia, vidre misi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo jami. geStaltis pregnantobis
(Prägnanz) kanonis mixedviT, Cven gvaxasiaTebs tendencia, aRviqvaT nebismieri
mocemuli vizualuri stimulebis simravle stabilur da koherentulad
organizebul formaSi.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqven imyofebiT nacnob oTaxSi. Tqven aRiqvamT zogierT
sagans ufro “win wamoweulad”, pirvel planze, xolo - zogierTebi ki fons
qmnian (mag., kedlebi, iataki). figura SeiZleba iyos nebismieri sagani, romelic
aRiqmeba meti sicxadiT. igi yovelTvis aRiqmeba reciesiuli, naklebad cxadi,
naklebad xazgasmuli obieqtebis fonze. naxati #11 figura-fonis kargi
ilustraciaa. Tqven SegiZliaT aRiqvaT larnaki Sav fonze an ori profili
TeTr fonze, Tumca SeuZlebelia erTdroulad aRiqvaT larnakic da
profilebic.
33. 33
naxati #11
erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc TiToeul figuras aqvs Sinaarsi, aris is, rom
TiToeuli maTgani akmayofilebs simetriis geStaltis principebs. simetria
moiTxovs, rom figuris maxasiaTeblebi simetriulni iyvnen centraluri RerZisa
an centraluri wertilis mimarT. qvemoT mocemul naxatebze (ix. cxrili #5),
iseve, rogorc naxatze #11, warmodgenilia formis aRqmis geStaltis ZiriTadi
principebi. isini moicaven figura-fonis aRqmas, siaxloves, msgavsebis da
simetriis, gangrZobiTobis da daxurulobis principebs. TiToeuli es principi
pregnantobis kanons efuZneba.
cxrili #5
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siaxlove msgavseba simetria gangrZobiToba daxuruloba
34. 34
gaCerdiT erTi wuTiT da mimoixedeT garSemo. Tqven garSemortymuli xarT
figurebisa da fonebis koherentuli da sruli simravleebiT (sinamdvileSi ki
aRiqvamT maT). Cveulebriv, Tqven ver xedavT naxvretebs kedlebze an raime
mcired dazianebebs im wignis zedapirze, romelsac kiTxulobT. SesaZlebelia
zogierTi aso gamorCenilia an wigns aqvs garkveuli tipografiuli xarvezi,
magram Tqven mainc aRiqvamT sityvebs da ver amCnevT xarvezebs. roca Cven
garemos vakvirdebiT, Cven midrekilni varT, garemos stimulebi aRviqvaT
jgufebad. Cven vxedavT erTmaneTTan axlos myofi da msgavsi obieqtebis
jgufebs. garda amisa, Cven aseve ukeT aRviqvamT dasrulebuli obieqtebis
jgufebs, vidre - arasrulisas, ukeT vamCnevT gangrZobiT xazebs - texilTan
SedarebiT da simetriul paternebs _ asimetriulTan SedarebiT. amgvarad,
adamianebi geStaltis principebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iyeneben.
formis aRqmis geStaltis principebi Zalian martivia da kargad asaxavs
formis aRqmis Taviseburebebs. Tumca es principebi aRweriTia da arafers
gveubneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom xdeba ase. imisTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu ratom an
rogor xdeba formisa da paternebis aRqma, Cven qvemoT ganvixilavT aRqmis
Teoriebs.
saxis amocnobis Taviseburebebi
rogor amovicnobT paternebs? mag., rogor amovicnobT saxeebs?
erT-erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, adamianebs aqvT paternebis amocnobis ori
sistema. pirveli sistema specializdeba obieqtebis nawilebis amocnobaze da
maTi erT mTlianSi gaerTianebaze. meore sistema ki mimarTulia ufro farTo
konfiguraciebis amocnobaze.
meore sistema metad relevanturia saxis amocnobisTvis. roca Tqven xedavT
megobars, romelTanac yoveldRiuri urTierToba gaqvT, Tqven cnobT mas
konfiguraciuli sistemis gamoyenebiT. Tqven SeiZleba verc ki SeamCnioT is
mciredi cvlilebebi, romlebic mis garegnobaSi gaCnda. axla warmoidgineT, rom
Tqven SegxvdaT nacnobi, romelic 10 welia ar ginaxavT. Cveulebriv, Tqven
iwyebT misi saxis detalebis analizs da mxolod amis Semdeg xvdebiT, rom is
35. 35
Tqveni Zveli megobaria. amgvarad, saboloo jamSi, orive sistema gexmarebaT
garCevisa da amocnobis sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi.
naxati #12
saxis amocnoba warmoiSoba safeTqlis wilis TiTistarisebri xveulidan
(Fusiform gyrus). sxvadasxva kvlevebi adasturebs, rom ukve bavSvobis asakidanve
saxis amocnobas specifikuri sistema emsaxureba. am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa
faras (Farah) mier 1998 da 2000 wels Catarebuli kvlevebi. am kvlevebis mixedviT,
bavSvebs SeuZliaT amoicnon saxis fotoebi ufro swrafad, vidre - igive
sirTulis sxva stimulebi. erT-erT kvlevaSi monawileebs uCvenebdnen ori tipis
suraTebs (eskizebs) – saxlebis da saxeebis gamosaxulebebs. yoveli saxli
dakavSirebuli iyo mflobelis saxelTan da yoveli saxeli _ adamianis
saxelTan. TiToeul cdaSi iyo eqvsi aseTi wyvili. am eqvsi wyvilis daswavlis
Semdeg cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, amoecnoT saxe an saxli mTlianad an nawilebis
mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom adamianebi saxlebs ukeT amoicnoben, vidre - saxeebs.
amasTan, isini daaxloebiT Tanabrad kargad amoicnobdnen saxelebs, rogorc
nawilebis mixedviT, aseve - mTlianadac. rac Seexeba saxeebs, maTi mTlianobiTi
amocnoba gacilebiT ukeTesi iyo, vidre - nawilebis mixedviT (ix. naxati #12).
aqedan gamomdinare, gakeTda daskvna, rom, rogorc Cans, saxis amocnobas
amocnobis specialuri konfiguraciis sistema udevs safuZvlad.
36. 36
saxis amocnobis konfiguraciuli efeqtis saintereso magaliTia, roca
adamianebi uyureben damaxinjebul saxeebs da Semdeg normaluri saxe
damaxinjebulad eCvenebaT. Tu Tqven uyurebT damaxinjebul saxes garkveuli
xnis ganmavlobaSi (ix. naxatebi # 13 da 14, romlebSic centrSi moTavsebulia
sawyisi anu “normaluri” saxe, garSemo ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT
damaxinjebuli gamosaxulebebi), Semdeg ki akvirdebiT Cveulebriv, normalur
saxes, normaluri saxe geCvenebaT damaxinjebuli sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
ase magaliTad, Tu Tqven normaluri saxis damaxinjebuli versia gaqvT, sadac
Semcirebulia Tvalebs Soris manZili da akvirdebiT am saxes garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi, amis Semdeg normalur saxeze Tvalebi geCvenebaT Zalian Sors
erTmaneTisgan. Cveulebriv, Tqveni codna da gamocdileba gkarnaxobT, romelia
normaluri saxe, magram misi damaxinjebuli versiis dakvirvebis Semdeg es
codna gadaifareba miCveuli damaxinjebuli versiiT.
naxati #131
1
amoRebulia statiidan: Visual adaptation and face perception by Michael A. Webster1, and Donald I. A. MacLeod -
http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/366/1571/1702.full
37. 37
naxati #142
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxis kognitur damuSavebaze saxis emocia axdens
zegavlenas. saxis aRqma da saxis emocia urTierTdakavSirebulia. marTlac,
arsebobs garkveuli mtkicebulebebi asakTan dakavSirebuli “saxis
pozitiurobis” efeqtis Sesaxeb. landerisa da metkalfis (Lander, Metcalfe) mier
2007 wels Catarebul kvlevaSi gamovlinda, rom xnieri adamianebi upiratesobas
aniWeben bednieri saxis yurebas mowyenil an gabrazebul saxesTan SedarebiT. es
kanonzomiereba ar dadasturda axalgazrdebSi. ufro metic, nacnobobis
mixedviT daxarisxebisas, bednier saxeebs ufro maRali nacnobobis xarisxi
aRmoaCndaT, vidre - neitraluri an negatiuri emociis gamomxatvel saxeebs.
arsebobs empiriuli mtkicebulebebi, rom, roca adamianebi axdenen saxeebis
kognitur gadamuSavebas, emociebi zrdian TiTistarisebri xveulis (Fusiform gyrus)
aqtivobas. erT-erT kvlevaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, amoecnoT saxeebi an
saxelebis an emociebis mixedviT. aRmoCnda, rom emociis mixedviT amocnobisas,
TiTistarisebri xveulis (Fusiform gyrus) aqtivoba izrdeboda. autizmiT
daavadebuli pacientebis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom maT darRveuli hqondaT
emociuri amocnoba. tvinis skanirebam ki gamoavlina, rom maTi TiTistarisebri
xveuli (Fusiform gyrus) naklebad aqtiuri iyo janmrTel adamianebTan SedarebiT.
sxva kvlevaSi adamianebi aTvalierebdnen an saxlebs an saxeebs. saxeebis
daTvalierebis dros TiTistarisebri xveuli (Fusiform gyrus) aqtiurdeboda,
saxlebis yurebisas ki - ara.
yvela am gamokvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT unda davaskvnaT, rom saxis
amocnoba specifikuri sistemis aqtivaciis safuZvelze mimdinareobs. Tumca,
2
amoRebulia jurnalis “ Neuropsychologia” statiidan: Alex Burkhardt and others, Adaptation modulates the
electrophysiologica lsubstrates of perceived facial distortion: Support fo ropponent coding.
38. 38
yvela mecnieri ar iziarebs mosazrebas, rom saxis aRqmis sistema
TiTistarisebr xveulSi (Fusiform gyrus) aris moTavsebuli. faqtia, rom saxis
aRqma fsiqologiuri meqanizmiT gansxvavdeba sxva sagnebis aRqmisgan.
arsebobs saxis aRqmis uunarobac. mas prosofagnozia (Prosopagnosia) ewodeba.
mecnierebis azriT, igi dakavSirebulia garkveuli tipis konfiguraciuli
sistemis dazianebasTan. meore mxriv, sxva unarSezRuduloba, rogoricaa,
adreuli kiTxvis uunaroba, romelic damwyeb mkiTxvels SeiZleba hqondes
xarvezi sityvis Semadgeneli maxasiaTeblebis amocnobaSi, pirveli tipis –
elementebze dafuZnebuli sistemis dazianebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
Cveulebrivi mkiTxveli kiTxvas swavlobs pirveli sistemis gamoyenebiT –
elementebis safuZvelze, xolo Semdeg ukve SeuZlia amoicnos sityva mTlianad.
ase rom, informaciis damuSaveba gadanacvldeba erTi sistemidan meoreSi.
savaraudoa, rom kiTxvis dazianebis zogierTi forma momdinareobs meore
sistemis uunarobisgan, aiRos (gadaibaros) informacia pirveli sistemisgan.
39. 39
aRqmis Teoriebi
uSualo aRqma
saidan iciT, rom aso “A” aris marTlac “A”, roca mas xedavT? es kiTxva
advili dasasmelia, magram Zneli – sapasuxod. ra Tqma unda, es “A”-a, radgan
gamoiyureba, rogorc “A”. ra xdis mas “A” -s msgavsad, nacvlad mag., “H” – is
msgavsisa? ramdenad Znelia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, aSkara gaxdeba, roca
Tqven SexedavT naxats #14. savaraudod, Tqven am suraTze xedavT sityvebs “THE
CAT” Tumca aso “H” sityvaSi “THE” da aso “A” sityvaSi “CAT” aam naxatze
identuria. rogorc mixvdiT, es erTi SexedviT martivi procesi, sinamdvileSi
sakmarisad rTulia. rogorc Cans, aq Cveni gamocdileba erTveba. magram rogor
vakavSirebT aRqmuls mexsierebaSi SenaxulTan? geStalt-fsiqologebi am
problemas hofdingis funqcias uwodeben, radgan danieli fsiqologi perald
hofdingi eWvqveS ayenebda im azrs, rom aRqma SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas
danaxulsa da damaxsovrebuls Soris martiv asociaciaciaze. erT-erTi
gavleniani fsiqologi, romelic aseve eWvqveS ayenebda asociacionizmis am
ideas, aris jeims j. gibsoni (1904 - 1980).
naxati #15
gibsonis uSualo aRqmis Teoriis mixedviT, Cvens sensorul sistemaSi
Semosuli informaciis nakadi moicavs sensorul konteqstsac, rac
uzrunvelyofs adekvatur aRqmas. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cven ar gvWirdeba
umaRlesi kognituri procesebi an raime sxva mediatori Cvens sensorul
40. 40
gamocdilebasa da aRqmas Soris. gibsoni darwmunebuli iyo, rom realur
samyaroSi arsebobs sakmarisi konteqstualuri informacia imisTvis, rom aRqma
ganxorcieldes. misi azriT, aRqmis procesSi maRali donis inteleqtualuri
procesebi ar monawileobs. gibsoni darwmunebuli iyo, rom Cven konteqstualur
codnas uSualod (pirdapir) viyenebT, rac biologiurad aris ganpirobebuli.
aseTi konteqstualuri informacia ar aris an Zneli gasakontrolebelia
laboratoriul pirobebSi. gibsonis models ganixilaven, rogorc ekologiur
models, radganac misi SexedulebiT, aRqmas adgili aqvs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi (ekologiur garemoSi), laboratoriul pirobebSi ki
konteqstualuri informacia naklebad xelmisawvdomia.
gibsonis xazis gamgrZelebelia eleonor gibsoni, romelic ikvlevda
orientirebis aRqmas bavSvebSi.
“qvemodan-zemoT” da “zemodan-qvemoT” Teoriebi
Teoriebi, romlebSic informaciis gadamuSaveba iwyeba dabali donis
maxasiaTeblebiT, cnobilia “qvemodan-zemoT” Teoriebis saxeliT. am Teoriebis
mixedviT, aRqma monacemebiT anu stimulebiT imarTeba. Tumca, yvela mecnieri ar
eTanxmeba am mosazrebas. maTi didi nawili upiratesobas aniWebs “zemodan-
qvemoT” Teoriebs, romelTa mixedviTac, aRqmaSi wamyvania umaRlesi donis
kognituri procesebi, arsebuli codna da prioritetuli molodinebi. es
Teoretikosebi informaciis gadamuSavebis meore planze, cxadia, ganixilaven da
iTvaliswinebdnen sensorul monacemebsac. molodinebi da winaswari rwmenebi
Zalian did zegavlenas axdenen aRqmaze. roca raime obieqtis danaxvas eli,
SesaZlebelia dainaxo kidevac is, Tumca realurad is ar aris an aRar aris.
magaliTad, Tu Tqven eliT romelime adamians garkveul adgilze, SeiZleba
ifiqroT, rom dainaxeT igi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sinamdvileSi misi msgavsi
adamiani dainaxeT. “zemodan-qvemoT” da “qvemodan-zemoT” gadamuSaveba aRqmis
Teoriebia, magram isini gamoiyeneba kogniciis yvela aspeqtSi. es ori Teoria
garkveulwilad avsebs erTmaneTs, radgan aRqmis srulfasovani Teoria moicavs
rogorc `qvemodan_zemoT~ aseve `zemodan_qvemoT~ gadamuSavebis procesebs.
41. 41
“qvemodan_zemoT” Teoriebi
formisa da paternebis aRqmis oTxi ZiriTadi Teoriaa etalonis,
prototipebis, TvisebebTa da struqturalur-aRweriTi Teoria. ganvixiloT
TiTeuli maTgani cal-calke.
etalonis Teoria
am Teoriis mixedviT (Selfridge; Neisser), Cven gonebaSi vinaxavT etalonebis
uTvalav simravles. etalonebi aris im paternebis Zalian detaluri modelebi,
romlebic Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT. Cven aRviqvamT paternebs etalonebis
simravlesTan Sedarebis gziT. Semdeg virCevT im etalons, romelic zustad
emTxeveva danaxuls. etalonebis damTxvevis (morgebis) magaliTebi Cven
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gvxvdeba: am gziT xdeba TiTis anabeWdebis damTxveva,
maRaziaSi nebismieri tipis produqti identificirebulia produqtis
universaluri kodiT, romelTa skanireba da identificireba xdeba yidvis
momentSi kompiuteris mier (ix. naxati #16). garda amisa, Wadrakis moTamaSeebi,
romlebic icnoben bevr TamaSs, iyeneben Sesabamisobis strategias, imisTvis, rom
gamoiyenon sxva TamaSebis etalonebi.
TiToeul zemoT naxseneb SemTxvevaSi mizani aris, dasmuli amocanis
Sesabamisad, vipovoT erTi saukeTeso damTxveveva da ukuvagdoT sxva
Seuferebeli etalonebi. Tqven Zalian ar mogewonebaT, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom Tqveni
bankis cifrebis amomcnobi sistema Secda Tqvens angariSze depozitis
daregistrirebisas. es SeiZleba momxdariyo im SemTxvevaSi, cifrebis amomcnobi
manqana (an kompiuteri) ise yofiliyo daprogramebuli, rom orazrovani
stimulebidan (maxasiaTeblebidan) varaudiT aerCia erT-erTi.
sinamdvileSi, etalonebis damTxvevisTvis, misaRebi mxolod zusti
damTxvevaa. swored amas moeliT Tqven bankis kompiuterisgan.
warmoidgineT Tqveni perceptuli sistema, romelic yoveldRiur
cxovrebaSi muSaobs. is Zalian mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba, Tu Tqveni
moTxovnaa mxolod zusti damTxvevisas amocnoba. ramdeni gonebrivi etalonia
saWiro im adamianis saxis aRsaqmelad, romelic Tqven giyvarT? Tqven
42. 42
dagWirdebaT TiTo etaloni yoveli misi saxis gamometyvelebisTvis, yoveli
xedvis kuTxidan misi gamosaxulebisTvis, misi saxe makiaJiT Tu mis gareSe,
sxvadasxva varcxnilobiT da a.S
naxati #16
anbanis asoebi ufro martivi stimulebia, vidre saxeebi an sxva kompleqsuri
stimulebi. Tumca etalonebis damTxvevis Teoria problemebs awydeba asoebis
aRqmis garkveuli aspeqtebis axsnisasac. igi ver xsnis im sityvebisa da asoebis
aRqmas, romelic #15 naxatzea gamosaxuli. Cven vcnobT asoebs ( “A” da “H”) erTi
da igive fizikuri stimulebis safuZvelze. hofdingi (Hoffding) aRniSnavda sxva
problemebsac. Cven SegviZlia aso A”_s amocnoba miuxedavad misi zomisa,
orientaciisa da formisa, Tumca Zneli dasajerebelia, rom gonebaSi gvaqvs aso
“A”_s formis, zomis da orientaciis SesaZlo variantebis yvela etaloni.
amdeni etalonebis Senaxva, organizeba da amocnoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. ufro
metic, gaugebaria, rogor vqmniT amden etalons SesaZlo aRsaqmeli yoveli
obieqtisTvis?
43. 43
prototipebis Teoria
etalonis Teoriis problemebma bunebrivad gamoiwvia paternebis aRqmis
alternatiuli _ prototipebis damTxvevis Teoriis warmoSoba. prototipi aris
romelime klasis obieqtebis an paternebis garkveuli tipis saSualo, romelSic
gaerTianebulia am klasis yvela yvelaze tipuri (yvelaze xSirad dakvirvebadi,
gamoyenebadi) Tviseba. amocnoba xdeba prototipTan Sedarebis gziT.
amgvarad, prototipi - es aris paternis prezentacia, misi saukeTeso modeli.
magram ar aris aucilebeli, rom igi romelime paternis an modelis zusti,
identuri asli iyos.
amgvarad Camoyalibebul aRqmis Teorias SeuZlia axsnas konfiguraciebis
aRqma. magaliTad, rogor xdeba policiis mier Seqmnili damnaSavis portretis
safuZvelze misi amocnoba an rogor qmnian policielebi damnaSavis portrets
mowmis Cvenebis safuZvelze.
am modelis mixedviT, Cven SegviZlia CamovayaliboT prototipi maSinac ki,
roca Cven arasodes gvinaxavs prototipis Sesatyvisi nimuSi. es imas niSnavs, rom
prototipebSi, romlebsac Cven vqmniT, integrirebulia paternis yvela tipuri
Tviseba. es xdeba maSinac ki, roca Cven arasodes gvinaxavs is nimuSi, sagani an
movlena, romelSic es tipuri Tvisebebi erTdroulad aris integrirebuli. am
fenomenis sailustraciod ganvixiloT 1981 wels solosos da makbarsis mier
Catarebuli eqsperimenti. maT prototipis safuZvelze Seqmnes msgavsi paternebis
mravali seria (magaliTisTvis ix. naxati #17). isini cdis pirebs ar aCvenebdnen
prototips, romelTa safuZvelzec es paternebi Seiqmna. cdis pirvel etapze
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen mxolod paternebs. mogvianebiT tardeboda cnobis
mexsierebis testi klasikuri meTodiT: cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen garkveul
damatebiT paternebs, romelic moicavdnen distraqtorebsac da prototipul
paternsac. am pirobebSi cdis pirebi adasturebdnen (amoicnobdnen) prototips,
rogorc ukve nanaxs. amasTan, amaSi maTi darwmunebulobis xarisxi Zalian
maRali iyo.
44. 44
naxati #17
TvisebaTa Teoria
paternebis da formis aRqmis kidev erTi alternatiuli axsna aris
TvisebaTa damTxvevis Teoria. am Teoriis mixedviT, Cven vcdilobT paternis
Tvisebebis damTxvevas im TvisebebTan, romlebic mexsierebaSi gvaqvs Senaxuli.
aRqma etalonTan damTxvevis an prototipTan Sedarebis gziT ki ar xdeba,
aramed _ TvisebaTa Sedarebis da maTi damTxvevis safuZvelze. TvisebaTa
damTxvevis erT-erTi Teoria pandemoniumis saxeliTaa cnobili. masSi,
specifikuri movaleobebiT aRWurvili metaforuli “demonebi” iReben da
aanalizeben stimulis Tvisebebs. es modeli warmodgenilia naxatze #18.
45. 45
naxati #18
oliver silfrijis (Oliver Selfrigde) pandemoniumis modeli aRwers “xatis/
gamosaxulebebis demonebs” isini gaivlian baduris gamosaxulebidan “TvisebaTa
damonebamde.” TiToeuli “Tvisebis demoni” daiZaxebs, roca aris damTxveva
stimulsa da mocemul Tvisebas Soris. es damTxvevebi gamouZaxeben ierarqiis
Semdeg safuxurze myof “kognitur (azris, fiqris) demonebs”. isini mexsierebidan
amoitanen iseT paternebs, romlebic ergebian “TvisebaTa demonis” mier
mowodebul erT an met Tvisebas. “gadawyvetilebis mimRebi demoni” usmens
“kognituri demonis” “pandemoniums”. igi gadawyvetilebas iRebs imis Taobaze, Tu
ra aris danaxuli, “kognituri demonis” yvelaze xSir daZaxebaze dayrdnobiT
(anu yvelaze metad damTxveuli Tvisebebis safuZvelze).
46. 46
miuxedavad imisa, rom silfrijis modeli erT-erTi yvelaze farTod
Ggavrcelebulia, arsebobs TvisebaTa sxva modelebic. zogierTi avtori
gamoyofs sxvadasxva tipis Tvisebebsac, rogoricaa, mag: globaluri da
lokaluri Tvisebebi. lokaluri Tvisebebi Sedgeba mocemuli paternis
mciremasStabiani an detaluri aspeqtebisgan. Tumca, ar arsebobs lokaluri
Tvisebebis zusti gansazRvreba, Cven mainc SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT isini
globaluri Tvisebebisgan, romlebic mTlianobiT formas qmnian. ganvixiloT,
magaliTad, masala (naxati 19), romelic navonma (Navon) gamoiyena paternebis
aRqmis kvlevaSi. warmodgenili orive stimuli (a da b) aris aso “H”. a) panelze
lokaluri Tvisebebi (patara “H”-ebi) Seesabameba globalur Tvisebas (did “H”-
s). panelze b) ki lokaluri Tvisebebi (patara “S”-ebi) ar Seesabamebian
globalur Tvisebas.
naxati #19
1977 wels navonis (Navon) kvlevaSi cdis pirebi axdendnen stimulTa
identifikacias an globalur an lokalur doneze. aRmoCnda, rom cdis pirebma
ufro swrafad SeZles stimulis identificireba globalur doneze, vidre –
lokalur doneze. ufro metic, globalur doneze stimulTa identificirebaze
zegavlenas ar axdenda lokaluri Tvisebebis damTxveva an ardamTxveva
globalur TvisebebTan. cdis pirebi erTnairad swrafad pasuxobdnen
miuxedavad imisa, globaluri “H” Sedgenili iyo lokaluri “H”-ebisgan, Tu
lokaluri “S”-ebisgan. roca cdis monawileebs sTxovdnen, epasuxaT lokalur
doneze. isini ufro swrafad pasuxobdnen, roca globalur Tvisebebi emTxveoda
lokalurs. maT pasuxis gasacemad meti dro sWirdebidaT Tu maT unda
moexdinaT lokaluri “S”-ebis identificireba, romelTa konbinaciiTac
47. 47
globaluri “H” iyo Seqmnili. am fenomens globaluri upiratesobis efeqts
uwodeben.
sul male eqsperimentulad gamovlenil iqna sawinaaRmdego fenomeni,
romelsac lokaluri upiratesobis efeqts uwodeben. martinis (Martin, 1979)
kvlevaSi aRmoCnda, rom roca lokalur TvisebaTa Soris didi dacilebaa (ix.
naxati #20), maSin reversiuli efeqti vlindeba: cdis monawileebi ufro
swrafad axdenen individualuri asoebis lokaluri Tvisebebis identifikacias,
vidre – globalurisas. winaaRmdegobrivi stimulis SemTxvevaSi lokaluri
Tvisebebi xels uSlian (aferxeben) globalur amocnobas.
naxati #20
TvisebaTa Teoriis garkveul mxardaWeras warmoadgens nevrologiuri da
fsiqologiuri kvlevebi. mkvlevarebma (Hubel and Wiesel) gamoiyenes erTi ujredis
Caweris teqnologia cxovrelebTan. maT gazomes individualuri neironebis
pasuxebi vizualur qerqSi. Semdeg maT moniSnes es neironebi Sesabamisi
vizualuri stimulebisTvis vizualuri velis Sesabamis adgilebze. maTma
kvlevam aCvena, rom baduris specifikur nawilebze warmodgenil gansxvavebul
stimulebze tvinSi vizualuri qerqis specifikuri neironebi reagireben.
Sesabamisad, yoveli specifikuri receftoruli velisTvis baduraze SeiZleba
moiniSnos qerqis individualuri neironi. aRmoCnda, rom qerqis ujredebi
reagireben “specipikurad orientirebul sinaTlis xazebis segmentebze” (Hubel
and Wiesel,1979). eqsperimentma aCvena, rom zogierTi ujredebi reagireben mxolod
horizontalur xazebze, zogierTebi mgZnobiareebi arian mxedvelobiTi
48. 48
stimulis mimarT, zogierTebi ki marjvena kuTxis mimarT. sxva mecnierebma
aRmoaCines ujredebi, romlebic reagireben kuTxeebze da gverdebze.
Tumca, mecnierebis am etapze cnobilia, rom tvinis reagireba mxedvelobis
stimulebze aseTi erTmniSvelovani ar aris, igi rTuli da kompleqsuria.
mravali tipis ujredi emsaxureba mraval funqcias. es ujredebi moqmedeben
nawilobriv paralelurad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven amas ver vacnobierebT.
magaliTad, sivrciTi informacia aRqmuli obieqtis ganlagebis Sesaxeb
gadamuSavdeba misi konturebis Sesaxeb informaciasTan erTdroulad.
naxati #21
TvisebaTa Teoriis farglebSi upasuxod rCeba kiTxva, Tu rogor xdeba
diskrituli Tvisebebis gaerTianeba erT formaSi, romelsac Cven aRviqvamT,
rogorc raime obieqts.
struqturul-aRweriTi Teoria
1987 wels bidermanma (Biederman) Camoayaliba aRqmis struqturul-aRweriTi
modeli, romelsac geonebis Teoriasac uwodeben. am modelis mixedviT, obieqtis
samganzomilebian reprezentaciebs Cven vqmniT Zalian martivi geometriuli
figurebis manipulaciis saSualebiT. es saSualebebia samganzomilebiani
geometriuli ionebis (geonebis) nakrebebi. isini moicaven iseT obieqtebs,
49. 49
rogorebicaa marTkuTxedebi, cilindrebi, konusebi da maTi moRunuli
Semadgeneli nawilebi (ix. naxati #22).
bidermanis komponentebis amocnobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, Cven swrafad
amovicnobT obieqtebs maTi kideebis SeswavliT da Semdeg vSliT obieqts
geonebad. geonebi SesaZlebelia xelaxla aiwyos alternatiuli wyobiT. ase,
magaliTad, asoebis mcire simravlis manupulaciis gziT (kombinaciiT) SeiZleba
Sedges uTvalavi sityva da winadadeba. aseve, geonebis mcire ricxvi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnas sabazo formebis da Semdgom uamravi sabazo obieqtebis
konstruirebisaTvis. geonebi aris martivi da invariantuli xedvis sxvadasxva
kuTxidan (anu garCevadi sxvadasxva xedviTi kuTxidan).
naxati #22
obieqtebi agebulia geonebisgan da amitom isini advilad amosacnobia
mravali sxvadasxva perspeqtividan, miuxedavad vizualuri “xmaurisa”. bidermanis
azriT, misi modeli ekonomiurad xsnis, Tu rogor SegviZlia swrafad, martivad,
uSecdomod amovicnoT obieqtebis mravalricxovani klasifikaciebi. amocnoba
ar aris damokidebuli mayureblis kuTxis cvlilebaze. is maSinac xorcieldeba,
roca sxvadasxva konteqstis zegavleniT obieqti damaxinjebulia.
Tumca bidermanis Teoria xsnis, Tu rogor amovicnobT skamebis, sanaTebis,
saxeebis da sxv. zogad formebs, magram igi adekvaturad ver xsnis rogor
vcnobT romelime gamorCeul skams an saxes. magaliTad gamodgeba Cveni sakuTari
saxe an Cveni megobrebis saxe. unda iTqvas isic, bidermani TviTonve miiCnevda,
rom misi Teoriis garkveuli aspeqtebi Semdgom damuSavebas saWiroebda. aseTi
50. 50
sakiTxia mag., Tu rogor xdeba aRwerili obieqtis nawilebs Soris kavSirebis
damyareba. kidev erTi problema bidermanis TeoriaSi da zogadad Q”qvemodan-
zemoT” midgomaSi aris is, Tu rogor xdeba winaswari molodinebisa da garemos
konteqstis gaTvaliswineba paternebis amocnobis zogierT SemTxvevaSi.
“zemodan-qvemoT” midgomebi
aRqmis “qvemodan_zemoT” midgomis sawinaaRmdegoa “zemodan-qvemoT”
konstruqtivistuli midgoma (bruneri, gregori, roki, helmholci). am midgomis
Tanaxmad, aRqmisas adamiani aSenebs (akonstruirebs) stimulebis kognitur
gagebas. es midgoma dafuZnebulia Sexedulebaze, rom maRali donis gonebrivi
procesebi, maT Soris swavlac, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben aRqmaSi. amitom
mas inteleqtualuri aRqmasac uwodeben xolme. am midgomis Tanaxmad, ara
mxolod samyaro axdens zegavlenas Cvens aRqmaze, aramed samyaro, romelic Cven
gamocdilebaSi gvaqvs, sinamdvileSi Camoyalibebulia Cveni aRqmis safuZvelze.
amgvarad, erTi mxriv, aRqma axdens zegavlenas im samyaroze, romelic Cven
gamocdilebaSi gvaqvs da meore mxriv, es samyaro axdens zegvlenas aRqmaze.
magaliTad, wamoidgineT, rom miuyvebiT ucnob gzas. gzajvaredinze SegxvdaT
niSani, romelzec weria “ST -P.” Tqven, cxadia, aRiqvamT SeCerebis niSans. am dros
Tqven, faqtobrivad, “SeqmeniT”, “aaSeneT” aRqma. konstruqtivistebs miaCniaT, rom
zomis da formis aRqmis konstantoba masSi maRali donis konstruqtuli
procesis monawileobis Sedegia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas feris konstantobazec:
obieqtis feri rCeba igive, miuxedavad ganaTebisa. warmoidgineT, rom ganaTeba
iseTi mcirea, rom igi TiTqmis ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, Cven banans mainc
yviTelad aRviqvamT, vaSls - wiTlad da sazamTros - mwvaned.
konstruqtivistebis mixedviT, Cven swrafad vqmniT da vamowmebT sxvadasxva
hipoTezebs aRqmis procesSi. perceftebi dafuZnebulia sami tipis informaciaze.
pirveli - es aris is rasac Cven SevigZnobT anu sensoruli monacemebi. meore -
es aris is, rac Cven viciT anu mexsierebaSi Senaxuli codna da mesame _ es
aris is, rac Cven davaskveniT maRali donis kognituri procesebis gamoyenebiT.
aRqmaSi Cven viTvaliswinebT prioritetul molodinebsac. magaliTad SeiZleba
51. 51
gamodges megobris danaxvis molodini, radgan masTan daniSnuli gvaqvs
Sexvedra. Cven aseve viyenebT im codnas, rac gvaqvs konstruqtis Sesaxeb. Cven
vakeTebT aracnobier daskvnas, romlis drosac Cven vakavSirebT (vaerTianebT)
sxvadasxva wyarodan wamosul informacias aRqmis Camosayalibeblad. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTze meti informaciis wyaros gamoyenebiT, Cven
vaxorcielebT msjelobas, romlis Sesaxeb arc ki viciT.
gaCerebis niSnis magaliTSi, sensoruli informacia ar aris sakmarisi, Tumca
Tqveni winaswari gamocdileba molodinze, codnasa da konsteqstze daydnobiT
gkarnaxobs aRqmas(magaliTisTvis ix. naxati #15). palmeris (Palmer) mier
Catarebul erT-erT kvlevaSi monawileebs sTxovdnen, amoecnoT obieqtebi
Sesabamis an Seusabamo konteqstSi. maT aCvenebdnen samzareulos suraTs, xolo
Semdeg warudgendnen sxvadasxva obieqtis sqematur gamosaxulebebs amosacnobad.
ames obieqtebi iyo: puri, safosto yuTi da barabani. obieqtebi, romlebic
Seesabamebodnen konteqsts (am SemTxvevaSi, puri) ufro swrafad iyo amocnobili,
vidre is sagnebi, romlebic ar iyo konteqstis Sesabamisi.
amgvarad, konstruqtivistuli midgomis upiratesobaa is, rom aRqmis
“qvemodan-“zemoT” (monacemebiT marTuli) Teoriebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi
iTvaliswinebs konteqstis efeqts. Tumca, unda iTqvas isic, rom Tanamedrove
kognituri Teoria monacemebis aRwerisa da axsnisTvis iyenebs rogorc
“qvemodan-zemoT”, aseve “zemodan-qvemoT” midgomebs.
52. 52
yuradReba
Sesavali
yuradReba es aris gonebrivi Zalisxmevis koncentracia sensorul an
azrobriv (gonebriv) movlenebze.
yuradRebis gamokvlevebSi ganixileba 4 mTavari aspeqti. es aris:
1) gamtarunarianoba anu yuradRebis arCeviToba;
2) agznebis done;
3) yuradRebis marTva;
4) cnobiereba.
yuradRebis Teoriebis didi nawili gamodis iqidan, rom, Tumca adamiani
garSemortymulia uTvalavi maxasiaTebliT, misi nervuli sistemis
SesaZleblobebi ki SezRudulia da amitom ver xerxdeba aseTi raodenobis
garegani stimulebis miReba. ufro metic, kidevac SesaZlebeli rom iyos maTi
aRmoCena, tvini ver SeZlebda maT gadamuSavebas, radganac informaciis
gadamuSavebis gamtarunarianoba SezRudulia. Cveni SegZnebis organoebi
kavSirgabmulobis sxva saSualebebis msgavsad, kargad muSaoben, Tuki
gadasamuSavebeli informaciis moculoba Seesabameba maTi SesaZleblobebis
farglebs. rogorc ki informacia aRar eteva am farglebSi, maSinve xdeba arxis
gadatvirTva da sistemis moSla.
Tanamedrove midgoma yuradRebis raobasTan dakavSirebulia donald
brodbentis saxelTan, kerZod, 1958w. Tavis wignSi “aRqma da komunikacia“ igi
werda, rom aRqma – es aris SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis mqone informaciis
gadamuSavebis sistemis muSaobis rezultati. gare samyaro Seicavs gacilebiT
ufro meti SegZnebebis SesaZleblobas, vidre amis unari aqvs perceftul da
kognitur sistemebs. amitom imisTvis, rom Tavi gaarTvan mTel Semosul
informacias, adamianebi YyuradRebas mimarTaven maT nawilze da ukuagdeben
danarCens.
didi xnis ganmalobaSi miRebuli iyo, rom yuradRebis gaxleCa ar xdeba
da SesaZlebelia yuradRebis mimarTva mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT. Tu Cven
SevecdebiT, rom ramdenime Setyobineba miviRoT erTdroulad, gansakuTrebiT ki
erTgvarovani, Cven mogviwevs uaris Tqma sizusteze. roca manqanas vatarebT, Cven
53. 53
SegviZlia yuradRebis mimarTva gzaze da amavdroulad, radios mosmena, magram
Zalian Znelia yuradRebis miqceva or iseT stimulze, romelsac erTi da igive
modaloba gaaCnia ( mag., ori mxedvelobiTi an ori smeniTi gamRizianebeli).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebiT viciT, rom Cven garkveuli maxasiaTeblebs
sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro met yuradRebas vaqcevT da, Sesabamisad, xdeba am
maxasiaTeblebis Semdgomi gadamuSavebac. romel maxasiaTeblebs vaqcevT
yuradRebas da romels _ ara – es garkveulwilad damokidebulia Cveni mxridan
maT kontrolze da Cvens xangrZliv mexsierebaze. asea Tu ise, yuradRebis
meqanizmi gadaerTveba erTi stimulidan meoreze. nawili moiZieba da nawilis
gafiltvra xdeba. es gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans e.w. “koqteilis wveulebis
efeqtSi”, roca SesaZlebelia, rom usmende erTi adamianis xmas da,
amavdroulad, “iWerde” sxva adamianis laparaksac. bevr Cvengans gamoucdia, Tu
rogor “xtunaobs” Cveni yuradReba Cveni uintereso mosaubris xmidan gverdze
mdgomi adamianebis xmaze, romlebic saintereso Worebs hyvebian.
rogorc am magaliTidan Cans, yuradReba arCeviTia Cveni yuradRebis
arCeviTobas ramdenime axsna aqvs:
1) informaciis gadamuSavebis Cveni unari SezRudulia arxis
gamtarunarianobiT;
2) Cven SegviZlia garkveulwilad gavakontroloT is, Tu ras vaqcevT
yuradRebas;
3) saganTa aRqma dakavSirebulia Cveni aqtivaciis, “agznebis donesTan”,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia Cvens interesebTan.
4) is, rasac Tqven yuradRebas vaqcevT Cveni cnobieri gamocdilebis nawilia.
swored es oTxi ZiriTadi Tema Seadgens yuradRebis kvlevis mTavar sakiTxebs.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.
cnobiereba
cnobierebis sakiTxis Seswavla gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda
kognituri fsiqologia aRorZinebis Sedegad. krauderis (Crowder, 1985) aRniSvniT,
xanmokle mexsierebis Sesaxeb Sexedulebebis ganviTarebam kvlav wamoWra
cnobierebis Seswavlis saWiroeba. jemsi cnobierebas SesarCev komisias adarebda.
54. 54
marTlac, Cven virCevT erT_erT stimuls mravlidan da, amasTan, areuli
stimuli gamoiyofa, gamoikveTeba, xolo danarCenebi - ganidevneba (daiCrdileba).
cnobierebis qveS moiazreba garemomcveli samyaros stimulebisa da
movlenebis codna, aseve iseTi kognituri procesebis codna, rogoricaa,
mexsiereba da Cveulebrivi SegrZnebebi.
endel tulvingma (Tulving, 1985) gamoyo adamianis cnobierebis sami
nairsaxeoba: anoeturi, noeturi da avtonoeturi. TiToeul maTgans Seesabameba
mexsierebis sami nairsaxeoba: proceduruli, semantikuri da epizoduri.
proceduruli mexsiereba dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu rogor xdeba raimes
gakeTeba. is moicavs unarebis SeZenas, Senaxvas da gamoyenebas. semantikur
mexsierebaSi inaxeba samyaros Sesaxeb codna, xolo epizodurSi ki – piradad
gancdili movlenebi.
tulvings miaCnia, mexsierebis TiToeul am sistemas Seesabameba cnobierebis
calke tipi (ix. nax. #23)
naxati #23
epizoduri avtonoeturi
semantikuri noeturi
proceduruli anoeturi
anoetur cnobierebas zogjer `ucodinars“uwodeben radgan igi mimdinare
situaciiT SezRudulia droSi. cnobierebis es tipi saSualebas aZlevs adamians
daafiqsiros garemos maxasiaTeblebi da Tavisi qceviT iriagiros arsebiT
situaciaSi. noeturi cnobierebaSi anu “mcodne” cnobiereba ufro simboluria.
roca obieqtebi ar aris, maSinac xdeba maT Sesaxeb informaciis gadamuSaveba da
Zieba. anoeturTan SedarebiT es cnobierebis ufro simboluri saxea da
dakavSirebulia SemecnebasTan. yvelaze rTuli tipia avtonoeturi (“sakuTari
55. 55
Tavis Sesaxeb mcodne”) cnobiereba, romelic dakavSirebulia epizodur
mexsierebasTan. aseTi cnobiereba saWiroa piradad gancdili movlenebis
dasamaxsovreblad. igi gvexmareba piradad gancdili cxovrebiseuli faqtebis
gaxsenebaSi. igi gasxvavdeba danarCeni ori tipis cnobierebisgan, romelic
dakavSirebulia aRqmasTan, azrovnebasTan an sizmrebTan.
tulvingis mier SemoTavazebulma modelma xeli Seuwyo cnobierebis
kvlevis metfizikuri Wvretis farglebidan ganTavisuflebas.
cnobiereba da naxevarsferoebis specifikuroba
1869 w. frangma eqimma brokam aRmoaCina, rom sxeulis simetriis kanoni ar
muSaobda tvinis SemTxvevaSi. tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos dazianebis mqone
pacientebs uWirT metyveleba, Tumca tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos dazianeba
ar iwvevs analogiur problemebs.
rojer speris (Sperry) gamokvlevebSi tvinis asimetriis axali mtkicebulebebi
gamovlinda. igi gamokvlevebs atarebda pacientebze, romlebsac gaxleCili
hqondaT mazoliseburi sxeuli marcxena da marjvena naxevarsferoebs Soris.
erT-erT eqsperimentSi pacientebs ukravdnen Tvalebs da aZlevdnen
marjvena xelSi obieqtebs SexebiT amosacnobad. sensoruli informacia,
romelic marjvena xelidan momdinareobs, unda gadaeces marcxena
naxevarsferoSi, romelic metyvelebis generaciazea pasuxismgebeli. im
pirobebSi, roca pacientis mazolisebri sxeuli gaxleCili aqvs, mas mainc
SeuZlia gasazRvros im obieqtebis saxeli, romlebic mas marjvena xelSi aqvs.
Tumca, Tu obieqti marcxena xelSi aqvT, romlidanac impulsebi marjvena
naxevarsferoSi miemarTeba, pacientebs ar SeuZliaT daasaxelon obieqti.
am eqsperimentebis Sedegebi niSnavda imas, rom adamianebs SeiZleba hqondeT
cnobierebis ori tipi: erTi _ marjvena naxevarsferoSi, romelic emsaxureba
metyvelebiT codnas da informaciis gadamuSavebas da meore _ marjvena
naxevarsferoSi sivrciTi funqciebisaTvis. ornSteinis (Ornstein) azriT,
individTa Soris fundamentaluri inteleqtualuri sxvaobebi swored
naxevarsferoTa araTanabari ganviTarebiTa da erTis meoreze dominirebiTaa
56. 56
gamowveuli: adamianTa garkveul nawils aqvs araCveulebrivi verbaluri unarebi,
sxvebi ki ukeT arTmeven Tavs meqanikur Tu sivrciT kanonzomierebebs.
onrSteinis azriT, dasavlur kulturebSi metad ikveTeba logikuri azrovneba,
kiTxva da informaciis verbaluri gadamuSaveba, xolo aRmosavlurSi ki -
aqcentirebulia intuiciasa da insaitze dafuZnebuli cnobiereba.
cnobierebis doneebi: rogorc Cans, TiToeuli SegrZneba dakavSirebulia
cnobierebis garkveuli donesTan. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Sexeba. Cveulebriv,
Cven ver SevigrZnobT (aRviqvamT) Cveni tansacmlis an saTvalis wonas, romelic
gvacvia an gvikeTia. magram sakmarisia Cveni yuradReba mivmarToT aqeT, Cven
maSinve SevigrZnobT tansacmlis wonas an saTvales, romelic yurebze da
cxvrize gvawveba. zustad aseve, zogjer Cven imdenad varT gatacebuli
garkveuli azrebiT, rom nebismieri sxva azri an SegrZneba sruliad
gamoricxulia. aseT SemTxvevaSi Cveni fsiqikuri energiis udidesi nawili
mimarTulia erT garkveul obieqtze Tu azrze. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis sxva,
naklebad daZabul momentebSi Cveni cnobiereba metad gaSlilia da moicavs
sxvadasxva mravalricxovan SegrZnebas.
Sinagani movlenebi, magaliTad, mogonebebi aseve dakavSirebulni arian
cnobierebis ramdenime donesTan. roca Tqven am winadadebebs kiTxulobT, Tqveni
azrovneba dakavebulia cnobierebis ideebiT. Tumca SesaZloa, rom im
informacias, romelsac Tqven aqedan iRebT zemodan edeba sxva azrebi da
mogonebebi. zogjer es gareSe azrebi imdenad Zlieria, rom Tqven SeiZleba
araferi gaxsovdeT wakiTxulidan.
cnobierebis Seswavlis mimarT fsiqologiis istoriis ganmalobaSi
gansxvavebuli da zogjer sruliad radikaluri midgomebi iyo. aseTia, mag.
titreneri da froidi, romlebic miiCnevdnen, rom fsiqologiis centraluri
Tema cnobierebaa, xolo uotsons ki miaCnda, rom cnobiereba fsiqologiuri
kvlevis miRma unda iyos.
Tanamedrove kognitur fsiqologiaSi cnobiereba ganixileba yuradRebis
konteqstSi, radgan orives _ cnobierebasac da yuradRebasac _ SezRuduli
gamtarunarianoba axasiaTebs. garkveuli drois ganmalobaSi mxolod
SezRuduli raodenobis informacia SeiZleba iyos Cveni yuradRebis obieqti da,
Sesabamisad, gadamuSavebuli. miCneulia agreTve, rom Cven cnobierebaSi
SegviZlia SevaCeroT mxolod raime erTi.
57. 57
mandlers miaCnda (Mandler), rom xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
tevadoba, uSualo mexsierebis moculoba, SefasebiTi msjelobebis SezRuduli
SesaZlebobebi da sxv. _ yvelaferi es dakavSirebulia gacnobierebuli
Sinaarsebis SezRudul moculobasTan. informaciuli midgomis farglebSi
arsebobs mxolod ramdenime seriozuli Sroma cnobierebis Sesaxeb. erT-erT
maTganis avtori _ Salisi (Shallice) miiCnevs, rom mexsierebaSi informaciis
ganmeoreba da seleqciuri yuradReba cnobieri procesis monawilobas
gulisxmoben. misi azriT, cnobiereba asrulebs ormag amocanas: is irCevs
moqmedebis dominantur sistemas (romelic unda amuSavdes) da gasazRvravs
misTvis mizans.
naiseri (Naisser) ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom cnobiereba garkveuli drois
ganmavlobaSi erTi obieqtiT aris SezRuduli, radganac sakuTriv erTi
obieqtis idea Zalian bundovania. magaliTad, roca balets vuyurebT, ramden
obieqts vacnobierebT?
58. 58
yuradRebis gamtarunarianoba da SerCeviToba
Cven yuradRebas mivmarTavT SerCeviTad garkveul movlenebze an
maxasiaTeblebze. miCneulia, rom amis mizezi arxis gamtarunarianobis
SezRudulobaa an Cveni uunaroba, erTdroulad gadavamuSaoT yvela sensoruli
maxasiaTebeli. aseTi Sexeduloba gulisxmobs informaciis gadamuSavebis Cvens
sistemaSi “viwro adgilis” arsebobas, romelic ganpirobebulia nevrologiuri
SesaZleblobebiT.
informaciuli midgomis farglebSi SemoTavazebuli iyo ramdenime modeli,
romelSic gansazRvrulia am “viwro adgilis” funqciebi da lokalizacia. erT-
erT pirvel modelSi, romelic brodbentis mier aris SemuSavebuli, “viwro
adgili” aris perceftuli analizis etapis win anu Cven vaxdenT informaciis
gafiltvras misi sensoruli registrSi Semosvlis Semdeg. garkveuli
informacia yuradRebis miRma rCeba da Sesabamisad ar xdeba misi Semdgomi
perceftuli analizi. meore modelis mixedviT, viwro adgili mdgomareobs
sapasuxo reaqciis arCevis etapze an uSualod mis win (doiCi da doiCi). am
modelis Tanaxmad, mTeli informaciis perceftuli analizi xdeba, Tumca
mxolod mis nawilze xdeba sapasuxo reaqciis SemuSaveba.
yuradRebis SerCeviTobisa da SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis kvlevebis
umetesoba smenisa da mxedvelobis signalebis magaliTze iyo Seswavlili.
amitom Cven ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT maT.
smeniTi signalebi
smeniTi signalebis safuZvelze yuradRebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
mkvlevaria Ceri (Cherry). igi eqsperimentuli kvlevisas iyenebda e.w. “daCrdilvis”
meTods. am eqsperimentebSi cdis pirs sTxoven, gaimeoros zepiri Setyobineba
zustad ise, rogorc is iyo mowodebuli. es rTuli ar aris, Tu metyveleba
nelia, magram swrafi metyvelebis dros cdis pirs ar SeuZlia gaimeoros mTeli
Semosuli informacia. garda amisa, Ceris eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebs
59. 59
miewodebodaT ori smeniTi informacia erTdroulad, romelTaganac erT-erTi
unda “gamoerCia” xolo meorisTvis ignorireba unda gaekeTebina. zogjer es
informaciebi miewodebodaT yursasmenebis saSualebiT, zogjer ki oTaxis
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi ganTavsebuli akustikuri sistemebis saSualebiT.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom orive Setyobinebas erTi da igive diqtori kiTxulobda.
Cerim aRmoaCina, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom cdis pirebi axerxebdnen
informaciis “daCrdilvas” (ignorirebas), isini Zalian cota rames
imaxsovrebdnen. cxadia, cdis pirebi gacilebiT ufro cudad imaxsovrebdnen im
Setyobinebas, romelsac naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. rodesac ignorirebuli
arxidan maT miewodebodaT sityvieri Setyobineba, isini afiqsirebdnen, rom es
iyo verbaluri Setyobineba. amdenad, xdeboda metyvelebis amocnoba. magram
rodesac am arxze inglisuris nacvlad germanulenovani Setyobineba Semodioda,
isini enis cvlilebas ver amCnevdnen. Ceris eqsperimentebi cxadyofs, rom
adamians aqvs unari, fokusireba moaxdinos erT Setyobinebaze da Seakavos meore
Setyobinebidan momdinare informacia. es Zalian mniSvlelovani Tvisebaa, radgan
igi saSualebas gvaZlevs, gadavamuSaoT informaciis SezRuduli raodenoba da
ar gadavtvirToT gadamuSavebis meqanizmi. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
zogierT situaciaSi gadamuSaveba e.w. “yru” anu ignorirebuli arxidan Sesuli
informaciac. amis dasturia zemoT ganxiluli e.w “koqteilis wveulebis
efeqti.” zustad aseve, moreis (Moray) mier Catarebulma eqsperimentebma aCvena,
rom rodesac ignorirebuli arxiT miwodebuli Setyobinebis win cdis pirs
esmis sakuTari saxeli, maSin Setyobinebebis damaxsovrebac ukeT xdeba.
ra kognituri meqanizmebi ganapirobeben am Sedegebs? am eqsperimentebSi
sensorul doneze orive yuri erTgvarovan stimulacias iRebda. ar SegviZlia
vifiqroT, rom romelime Setyobinebam ver miaRwia tvinis qerqis smeniT zonamde.
Sesabamisad, seleqciuri yuradRebis axsna informaciis gadamuSavebis
paradigmaSi unda veZeboT, romelic agvixnis, Tu rogor akontrolebs
Setyobinebas yuradReba da rogor xdeba, rom zogjer arakontrolirebuli
Setyobinebebis gadamuSavebac mimdinareobs.
60. 60
mxedvelobiTi signalebi
naiserma Caatara saintereso esperimenti SerCeviT kiTxvaze, romlis drosac
cdis pirs unda waekiTxa erTi feriT dabeWdili sityvebi sxvadasxva feriT
akrefili teqstidan. Tu adamiani yuradRebas aqcevs mxolod erT fers da aseTi
yuradReba Tavidanve gamoricxavs sxva feriT miwodebuli informaciis
gadamuSavebas, maSin es ukanaskneli ar unda iyos SemCneuli cdis piris mier.
ZiriTadad swored asec xdeboda, Tumca, ignorirebuli arxiT miwodebuli
masala, romelsac Zlieri zegavlena aqvs cnobierebaze (mag: sakuTari saxeli)
yuradRebas iqcevda da gadamuSavdeboda.
naiserma da beklerma (Neisser and Beckler) 1975 wels Caatares teqnikurad
sakmaod rTuli, magram gonebamaxviluri eqsperimenti SerCeviT mxedvelobiT
yuradRebaze. maT gamoiyenes ori siluJetis videoCanaweri. erTi maTgani iyo
xelebis dartymis TamaSi, xolo meore ki _ siuJeti burTiT moTamaSe sami kacis
Sesaxeb. eqsperimentSi es ori siuJeti erTmaneTze iyo dadebuli da cdis pirs
evaleboda eyurebina da aRericxa mniSvelovani movlenebi mxolod erT-erT
maTganze. cdis pirebi Tavisuflad adevnebdnen Tvalyurs erT-erT siuJets,
Tumca orivesTvis erTdroulad Tvalyuris devneba maTTvis TiTqmis
SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda.
amgvarad, yuradReba axdens informaciis seleqcias. mTavari sakiTxebi,
simlebzec yuradRebis mkvlevarebma unda gascen pasuxi aris:
1) aris Tu ara garkveuli filtri informaciis gadamuSavebis sistemaSi;
2) sad aris es filtri moTavsebuli.
61. 61
SerCeviTi yuradRebis modelebi
brodbentis filtraciis modeli
1958 wels britanelma mecnierma brodbentma (Broadbent) SeimuSava arCeviTi
yuradRebis pirveli modeli. igi dakavSirebuli iyo e.w. “erTarxian TeoriasTan”
da efuZneboda ideas, rom informaciis gadamuSaveba SezRudulia arxis
gamtarunarianobiT.
brodbentis modelis mixedviT, Setyobinebebi, romlebic gadian calkeuli
nervebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes imis mixedviT, Tu romeli nervul
boWkos stimulirebas axdenen an ra raodenobis nervul impulsebs awarmoeben.
neirofsiqologiuri kvlevebiT dadginda, rom maRali da dabali sixSiris
signalebi marTlac sxvadasxva boWkoebiT dagaecema. im SemTxevevaSi, roca
ramdenime nervis aRgzneba erTdroulad xdeba, tvinSi erTdroulad Sedis
ramdenime Setyobineba. brodbentis modelis mixedviT, aseTi Setyobinebebi
gadamuSavdeba ramdenime paraleluri sensoruli arxis mier. informaciis
Semdgomi gadamuSaveba xdeba mxolod mas Semdeg, rac am signalze miemarTeba
yuradReba da is gadaecema SerCeviTi filtris gavliT “SezRuduli
gamtarunarianobis arxs”. amgvarad, sistemaSi Sedis ufro meti informacia,
vidre “SezRuduli gamtarunarianobis arxs” SeuZlia gadaamuSaos (ix. naxati
#24).
brodbents miaCnia, rom sistemis gadatvirTvis Tavidan asacileblad arCeviTi
filtri SesaZlebelia gadairTos raime sxva sensorul arxze.
erT-erT pirvel eqsperimentSi brodbenti cdis pirebs diqotomiurad
asmeninebda cifrebs: erT yurSi - sam cifrs da meoreSi _ sam sxva cifrs.
magaliTad, erTdroulad cdis pirebs marjvena yurSi esmodaT cifrebi: 4, 9, 3,
xolo marcxena yurSi - 6, 2, 7.
pirvel seriaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, aRedginaT cifrebi romelic maT
miewodaT erT an meore yurSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi cdis piris pasuxi ase
gamoiyureboda: 4, 9, 3 an 6, 2, 7. meore seriaSi cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, aRedginaT
cifrebi maTi miwodebis Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT. radgan orive yurSi
62. 62
erTdroulad awodebdnen cifrebs, amitom maT angariSs aseTi saxe unda
hqonoda: 4, 6, 9, 2, 3, 7.
aRsadgeni informaciis raodenobis (6 erTeuli) da eqspoziciis drois (2
wm-Si) gaTvaliswinebiT brodbenti moeloda, rom aRdgenis procenti maRali
iqneboda (daax. 95%). Tumca eqsperimentis orive seriaSi cdis pirebma aRadgines
mosalodnelze naklebi cifrebi; pirvel seriaSi aRdgena Seadgenda cifrebis
65% -s, xolo meoreSi – 20%-s.
naxati # 24 brodbentis filtraciis modeli
seleqciuri filtri fizikuri niSnebiT
xanmokle mexsiereba
sensoruli registri
perceftuli procesebi
brodbenti eqsperimentis Sedegebs xsnis yuradRebis gadarTvebis im
gansxvavebuli raodenobiT, romelic saWiro iyo eqsperimentis pirvel da meore
seriaSi.
pirvel seriaSi saWiro iyo yuradRebis erTxel gadarTva erTi arxidan
meoreze. amavdroulad, eqspoziciis drois gaTvaliswinebiT meore sensorul
arxSi SenarCunebuli iyo informacia da cdis pirs SeeZlo aRedgina meore
63. 63
arxidan Sesuli informaciac. meore seriaSi ki cdis pirs uwevda yoveli
cifris SemTxevaSi yuradRebis gadarTva, sul mcire, 3-jer mainc: marjvena
yuridan marcxenaze, Semdeg marcxenidan - marjvenaze da Semdeg isev marjvenidan
- marcxenaze.
brodbents miaCnda, rom seleqcia mimdinareobs stimulis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi filtris gadarTva ar unda
iyos dakavSirebuli Setyobinebis SinaarsTan.
moreis SerCeviTi filtris modeli
1960 w. greim da vederbernma (Gray and Wederbern) Caatares msgavsi eqsperimenti
diqotomiur mosmenaze, oRond orive yurSi cifrebis miwodebis nacvlad, cdis
pirs marjvena da marcxena yurSi awvdidnen marcvlebs da SemTxveviT cifrebs.
sxvadasxva yurSi miwodebuli marcvlebi mTlianobaSi sityvas qmidnen. amgvarad,
greis da vederbernis cdis pirebs erTdroulad erT yurSi cifri esmodaT,
xolo meoreSi - marcvali. cdis masala warmodgenilia cxrilSi #6.
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen miewodebinaT angariSi imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaiges
TiToeul yurSi.
cxrili #6
marcxena yuri marjvena yuri
obi 2
3 eq
ti 9
Tu brodbentis stimulis fizikur maxasiaTeblebze dafuZnebuli
filtraciis modeli sworia, maSin cdis pirebs unda eTqvaT “obi-sami-ti“ an
“ori-eq-cxra”. nacvlad amisa, maTi pasuxi orive SemTxvevaSi iyo “obieqti”.
amgvarad, cdis pirebi axerxebdnen swrafad gadarTuliyvnen erTi arxidan
meoreze.
64. 64
imave avtorebma Caatares sxva eqsperimentic, sadac nacvlad marcvlebisa
gamoyenebuli iyo sityvebi, romlebic frazas hqmidnen. aRmoCnda, rom, miuxedavad
instruqciisa, cdis pirebs fraza esmiT. amdenad aSkaraa, rom Setyobinebebis
nawilebs cdis pirebi orive SemTxevaSi azrobrivad ajgufebdnen.
es monacemebi eWvqveS ayeneben brodbentis filtraciis erTarxiani modelis
adekvaturobas. brodbentis modelis sawinaaRmdegod metyvelebs, agreTve
eqsperimentebi, romelic Catarda kanis galvanuri reaqciis gazomvis
safuZvelze. cdis pirebs umuSavebdnen pirobiT refleqss (denis dartymis
saSualebiT) garkveul sityvebze. cdis Semdgom seriaSi cdis pirebs es sityvebi
miewdebodaT e.w. daCrdiluli arxis meSveobiT. miuxedavad amisa, sityvebis
eqspozicia cdis pirebSi iwvevda kanis galvanur reaqcias. sxva eqsperimentSi
dadginda, rom cdis pirebs kanis galvanuri reaqcia aqvT ara mxolod am
sityvebze, aramed - maT sinonimebsa da antonimebzec.
es eqsperimentebi cxadyobs, rom cdis pirebis mier xdeba e.w.
ignorirebuli signalebis ara mxolod aRmoCena, aramed - gadamuSavebac.
moreis (Moray) mier Catarebul eqsperimentebSi aRmoCnda, rom cdis pirTa
didi nawili amCnevs sakuTar saxelebs, romelic ignorirebuli arxiT
miewodebodaT. zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentebis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT moreim
Camoayaliba yuradRebis axali modeli, romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo
Setyobinebis Sinaarsobrivi mxaris zegavlena filtrze.
misi modelis mixedviT, Tumca seleqciuri filtri blokavs informaciis
udides nawils sensorul donze, magram zogierTi didi pirovnuli wonis mqone
an Zalian mkafio (TvalSisacemi) informacia ufro Zlieria, vidre filtirs
barieri. igi ver uZlebs am informacias da es ukanaskneli axerxebs filtris
gadalaxvas da gadadis gadamuSavebis Semdgom etapze.
moreis filtraciis modeli faqtobrivad brodbentis modelis
gaumjobesebul versias warmoadgens, magram mniSvnelovania, radgan masSi
gaTvaliswinebulia stimulis Sinaarsobrivi mxarec.