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‫ﺍﻟـﺭﻛـﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻧـﻭﻱ‬
 
 
‫ﻣـﻘـﺩﻣـﺔ :  ﻻ ﻳﻛﻔﻲ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﺻﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﻣﻥ ﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺭﻡ ﺑﻝ ﻻﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻧﻭﻱ ﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺛﻣﺔ٬ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﺗﻌﻣﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﻌﻣﺩ‬
.‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬
 
: ‫ﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻧﻭﻱ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﺭﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻧﻭﻱ ﺻﻭﺭﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ‬
 
‫ﺃﻭﻻ – ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ : ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﺍﻹﺛﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺑﺭﺓ٬ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻻﺭﺗﻛﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺭﻡ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻧﺎ٬ ﻭﻳﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻻﺭﺗﻛﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﺭﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺍﺋﺭﻱ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ‬
 .‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﺻﻭﺻﻪ ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﺻــﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌـﻣـﺩ‬
 
‫ﻋﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ : ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻭﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻻﺭﺗﻛﺎﺏ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﻣﺟﺭﻡ ﻭﺃﻥ‬
.‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠﻡ ﺑﺄﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ‬
 
‫ﺍﻟﻌــﻠﻡ : ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺑﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﻝ ﺩﻻﻻﺗﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﻣﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ٬ ﻭﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﻻ ﻳﻧﺻﺭﻑ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻛﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻫﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻬﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬
.‫ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻌﺗﻘﺩ ﺷﺧﺹ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺗﻪ ﺑﻌﺎﻫﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻛﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ‬
 
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺛﻣﺔ : ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻵﺛﻣﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻭﺟﻪ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﻛﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺭﻡ ﻭﺇﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻧﺻﺭ ﺟﻭﻫﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺗﺗﺟﻪ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺇﺗﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﺻﺩﺩ ﺧﻁﺄ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻋﻣﺩﻱ ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩﻳﺔ‬
 
‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ : ﻳﺗﻁﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻣﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩﻳﺔ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺻﺭﻳﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
: ‫ﺿﻣﻧﻳﺔ٬ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺣﺩﺩ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻫﻲ‬
 
‫ﺃ(­ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ : ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﻣﻳﺔ ﻻﺭﺗﻛﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻋﻠﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻌﻧﺎﺻﺭﻫﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﻳﺗﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻳﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ ﻛﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺏ‬
.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺭﺡ ﻭﺍﻹﻳﺫﺍء ﺍﻟﺑﺩﻧﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺳﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺻﺣﻳﺔ‬
 
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻟﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺗﺩﺧﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬
.‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺻﻭﺭ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﻗﺻﺩ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬
 
 
 
‫ﺏ(­ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ : ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
100 ‫ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺳﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻣﻠﻭﻙ ﻟﻠﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺳﺭﻗﺔ ﻣﺣﻔﻅﺔ ﻧﻘﻭﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬
.‫ﺩ.ﺝ  ﻓﻘﻁ‬
 
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺓ ﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺇﺟﺭﺍﻣﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻛﻣﻥ ﻳﻁﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
.‫ﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﻗﺗﻝ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ‬
 
‫ﺝ(­ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺍﻹﺻﺭﺍﺭ: ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺻﺣﺑﻪ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺍﻹﺻﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﺉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻣﻳﻡ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫﻫﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ )   ( ﻕ.ﻉ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻘﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﺭﺗﻛﺎﺏ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ٬  ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺗﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﺟﻭﺯ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﺳﺑﻕ ﺍﻹﺻﺭﺍﺭ‬
 
‫ﺩ(­ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ : ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﺑﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺷﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺗﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻌﻲ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺷﺎﻁﻪ ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﻱ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺳﻁ ﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﻣﺯﺩﺣﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺗﻭﻗﻊ ﺇﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺃﺣﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭ ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻗﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﻝ ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻓﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‬
.‫ﺃﺷﺩ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺿﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺿﺣﻳﺔ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻹﺻﺎﺑﺗﻪ ﺑﻌﺎﻫﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﺩﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺭﺍﺋﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬
 
: ‫ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻝ ﺑﺄﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻠﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﺋﻊ‬
 
.‫ﻳﺷﺗﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﺳﺅﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺭﻡ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬
 
‫1(­ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻧﺻﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺭﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻧﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺳﺄﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺭﻳﻣﺗﻪ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻣﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ  ﻳﺄﺧﺫ ﺷﺊ ﻟﺻﺎﺣﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺿﻥ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﻙ ﻟﻪ ﻏﻠﻁﺎ٬ ﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻳﺣﺎﺳﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻘﺩﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺭﻳﺽ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺃﻧﻪ  ﺩﻭﺍء ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻳﻪ ﻫﻭ ﺳﻣﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺳﺄﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺗﻝ‬
.‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺳﻣﻳﻡ ﺑﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺗﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﻫﻣﺎﻝ‬
 
‫2(­ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﻝ ﺑﻅﺭﻑ ﻣﺷﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﺟﺭﻳﻣﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺳﺄﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺩﺩ ﻛﺎﻟﺧﺎﺩﻡ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺭﻕ ﻣﺧﺩﻭﻣﻪ ﻳﻌﺗﻘﺩ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻛﺎ ﻟﻐﻳﺭﻩ٬ ﻓﻳﺳﺄﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‬
 
.‫3(­ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺧﺹ ﺍﻟﺿﺣﻳﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﺳﺄﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩ‬
 
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺎ – ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺎﺋﻲ : ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩﻱ ﻫﻭ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻭﺍﺟﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻔﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ٬ ﻭﺟﻭﻫﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺇﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺯﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻘﺭﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻳﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺟﻭﺏ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺫﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺭﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻭﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺻﺎﻟﺢ٬  ﻓﺎﻟﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻣﺩ ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﻧﺷﺎﻁﻪ ﺍﻹﺟﺭﺍﻣﻲ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻓﺗﻘﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
.‫ﺇﺭﺍﺩﺗﻪ ﻟﻬﺎ‬
 
­‫ﺻﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ : ﻳﻘﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺻﻭﺭ ﺃﻫﻣﻬﺎ – ﺍﻟﺭﻋﻭﻧﺔ­ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁ – ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎﻩ٬ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺻﺭ‬
.‫ﺍﻹﻫﻣﺎﻝ­ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﺭﺩﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ 882 ﻕ.ﻉ‬
 
 
 
 
‫1(­ ﺍﻟﺭﻋﻭﻧﺔ : ﻫﻲ ﺳﻭء ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻘﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﺭﺍﺣﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
.‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺧﺩﺭ٬ ﺃﻭ ﻛﻘﺎﺋﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻳﺻﻳﺏ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭﺓ‬
 
‫2(­ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁ : ﺃﻱ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻼ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺫﻱ‬
.‫ﻳﻘﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺩﻭﻥ ﻣﻛﺎﺑﺢ‬
 
.‫3(­ ﺍﻹﻫﻣﺎﻝ :  ﺃﻱ ﺍﻻﻣﺗﻧﺎﻉ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻭﺍﺟﺏ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ﻛﺎﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺗﺭﻙ ﺳﻳﺎﺭﺗﻪ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﺧﺹ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬
 
‫4(­ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎﻩ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺻﺭ : ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﻣﻭﻗﻑ ﺳﻠﺑﻲ ﻳﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺩﻋﻭ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺫﺭ‬
.‫ﻛﺣﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻻ ﻳﺑﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﺭ‬
 
‫5(­ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻣﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ :  ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻣﻁﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﻟﻠﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﺭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻅﻣﺔ‬
   .‫ﻛﻠﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﻟﻭﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ‬
 

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