Диалекты США
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The document discusses several regional dialects in the United States. It identifies the Southern dialect, originating from Africa and developed through slavery, as the most widely recognized. It is characterized by dropping "g" sounds and using words like "y'all" and "ain't." The New York/New Jersey dialect developed from British rule and Jewish immigration, dropping "t" sounds and using words like "coffee" and "soda." The Midland dialect formed the basis for standard English today, while the Western dialect emerged later as people migrated westward.
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1) The literary layer which includes different functional styles used in written communication like scientific, official, and belles-lettres.
2) The colloquial layer which is everyday spoken communication and includes styles like slang, dialect, jargon, and vulgarisms.
3) Specific vocabulary types associated with these layers and styles, including terms, poetic words, archaic words, barbarisms, foreign words, and bookish words.
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- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
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Language varieties & multilingual
I made this for Sociolinguistics class..about Kinds of Languange Varieties..such as what is dialect, accent, lingua franca, slang, argot, African American Vernacilar English, etc
Language Varieties and Registers (MIDTERM).pptx
Here are the answers to the drill questions:
1. a
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. b
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сLassif
The document discusses different classifications of expressive means and stylistic devices in stylistics. It describes Skrebnev's 1994 classification, which combines principles from Leech and Galperin's classifications. Skrebnev avoided simply combining the systems, and instead created a new hierarchical arrangement. The classification includes paradigmatic and syntagmatic stylistics, breaking down devices by parts of speech and syntactic structures. It provides extensive lists of specific expressive means and stylistic devices within each category.
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The document discusses the belles-lettres style of writing, which includes three substyles: the language of poetry, fiction, and drama. It identifies five key linguistic features of this style: being genuine, using words with multiple meanings, reflecting the author's perspective, unique vocabulary and syntax choices, and incorporating colloquial language. The style of poetry is defined by its rhythmic and phonetic structure. The language of drama differs in that it consists entirely of dialogue, unlike poetry which excludes direct speech or fiction which combines monologue and dialogue.
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Neologisms are new words or terms created to describe new concepts or phenomena. They have not yet been widely adopted or included in dictionaries. This document discusses different types of neologisms like those formed through blending words, clipping words, or combining initials. It provides several examples of contemporary neologisms in different domains and notes how new words are now more quickly recognized through websites rather than waiting for inclusion in dictionaries.
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Varities in sociolinguistics
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The document discusses language and ethnicity. It defines ethnicity as being identified with a group descended from common ancestors who share cultural traits like language, religion, and dress. Ethnic varieties of English arise from the languages of immigrant groups and can influence mainstream English over time through the spread of lexical and grammatical features. The document asks questions about ethnic identity and the relationship between ethnicity and language, and provides examples of characteristics and influences on ethnic varieties of English in the US and expressions that have spread to mainstream English from ethnic varieties.
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Dialects and Accents
Dialect refers to a variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic differences in phonological, lexical, and grammatical features from other varieties of the same language. An accent is a variation in pronunciation and is a subset of dialect. The document discusses factors like geographical location, social class, and education that can influence dialect variation. It provides examples of prominent dialects in American English like New England and Southern accents, as well as British English dialects like Received Pronunciation and Cockney. Dialects and accents vary in terms of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics.
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African American Vernacular English is a systematic, rule-governed dialect spoken by millions of Americans. It has roots in West African languages and developed further during the eras of slavery and segregation. While seen as non-standard by some, it transmits important cultural aspects of identity and history.
Students who speak AAVE often face a dilemma, as their community speaks one version of English but schools expect standard English. This can cause students to feel they must change their identity to succeed academically. Educators also face tensions in how to respect both dialects. The document outlines linguistic features of AAVE and implications for how students learn to read and write standard English.
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1. Code switching refers to switching between two or more languages or language varieties within a conversation. It can occur between speaker turns or within a single turn.
2. Diglossia describes a stable language situation where two varieties of the same language are used differently, such as a high (H) variety for formal contexts and a low (L) variety for informal contexts.
3. Examples of diglossia include Arabic (H variety for formal contexts vs. colloquial Arabic as L variety), and Swiss German (H variety) vs. local dialects (L varieties). Code switching is a conversational strategy while digloss
Slang2013
Slang permeates everyday American speech and serves important social functions of establishing commonality and identity among groups. Slang is especially prevalent among youth as a way to assert their independence from older generations and mark membership in their peer group. American slang has also spread globally through popular culture and media, where it is used by young people worldwide to signal that they are part of a global youth culture connected to American pop culture. While slang is informal by nature, its widespread use demonstrates its importance in language and its ability to constantly regenerate with new words and meanings over time.
Basic Hausa Language Course
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Slang
Slang is informal language used among groups who are familiar with each other, like teenagers. It can make speech more emotionally expressive and concise. Slang evolves over time as new words and phrases are generated by youth and spread through popular culture. American slang in particular has become a global phenomenon, with youth worldwide adopting English terms from music and media to signal their membership in global pop culture.
Language,dialect and variation, sociolinguistic
This document discusses sociolinguistic concepts related to language variation, including:
- Varieties include languages, dialects, accents, registers, and styles of a language. Variation occurs at the lexical level through slang and levels of formality.
- Dialects are regional or social varieties of a language characterized by their own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. They can also be associated with ethnic groups or socioeconomic classes.
- Registers or styles are varieties of language used in particular social settings defined by levels of formality or social events like baby talk.
- An idiolect is the unique language use of an individual person influenced by various dialects, registers, and languages
Language varieties & multilingual
I made this for Sociolinguistics class..about Kinds of Languange Varieties..such as what is dialect, accent, lingua franca, slang, argot, African American Vernacilar English, etc
Language Varieties and Registers (MIDTERM).pptx
Here are the answers to the drill questions:
1. a
2. d
3. a
4. c
5. a
6. a
7. a
8. a
9. b
10. b
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https://app.box.com/s/y977uz6bpd3af4qsebv7r9b7s21935vdChapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Диалекты США
- 1. Dialects in the United States
- 2. What Are Dialects? this group living in isolation (either geographically or socially) from other groups a group of people living in close proximity to each other the passage of time
- 3. Southern Dialect Most widely recognized • Origins from Africa • Originated in U.S. through slavery • English mixed with West African languages (ain’t, nothin’, etc.) • Still seen with the Gullahs, GA
- 4. Often drop the “g” at the end of words - Ex: Tom is fixin’ to go to the gas station. • Words of the Region: - Y’all, “Bless his/her heart,” might could (do something), yonder (over there), po’boys/ subs, ain’t (are not), fixin’ to do something (going to do something) • Pronunciation Differences: - Pen/Ten (Pin/Tin), Hide (Hahd), Caught (Cot), Forward (Ford), This (Thiyus), That (Thayat), you (yuh) • Carbonated Beverage = Coke
- 5. New Yawk and New Jehzie Dialect • New York and New Jersey • Variety of New England Speech • 1664 • Developed when British took over Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (current-day Manhattan Island) • Jewish immigrants brought Yiddish roots from Central Europe
- 6. • • • • • Often drop “t” and use “d” - Ex: them, these, and that = dem, dese, and dat Words of the region: - Dungarees (jeans), “on line” (“in line”), pie (pizza), I want you should do something (I want you to do something), yuppie (young urban professional), youse (you all) • Pronunciation differences: • - Coffee (Cawfee), weird (we-ehd), hot (hawt) • Carbonated Beverage = Soda
- 7. Midland • Rapid movement after Civil War • People of Scotch-Irish origin • Basis for Standard-English today • Considered “without an accent” • Divided into North and South Midland
- 8. Western Dialect • Relatively recent in history (1840) • Originated from Midland accent as people continued to move westward • Many foreign accents along West Coast • Pronunciation differences: - Elevator (allivator)
- 9. POP, COKE or SODA?