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Anatomy of pharynx
The pharynx is a skeletal muscle tube extending from the base of the tongue to the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage. It lies anterior to the cervical spine and is laterally confined by neck muscles. The pharynx and larynx are embryologically and anatomically related, with the epiglottis and supraglottis originating from the pharynx, not the larynx. The document proceeds to describe the anatomy and landmarks of the pharynx in detail.
Paper Clinical aplications of electroglottography
This document summarizes a study on the clinical applications of electroglottography (EGG). EGG is a noninvasive method to monitor vocal fold vibrations by measuring impedance changes through the neck during phonation. The study reviews various EGG techniques and their ability to document aspects of voice like register, quality, intonation, roughness, and pitch. While EGG provides useful information, the study cautions that EGG signals do not directly represent vocal fold vibrations and are subject to limitations. EGG is best suited for measurements of the glottal period but has difficulties objectively quantifying dimensions of voice quality.
Development of tongue and its salivary glands / dental implant courses
The document discusses the growth and development of the tongue and salivary glands. It states that the tongue develops from the first four branchial arches and contains intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The salivary glands originate from epithelial buds invading the underlying mesenchyme. The major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, while the minor salivary glands are located throughout the oral cavity. The document also reviews developmental anomalies of the tongue and salivary glands and their prosthodontic considerations.
Nerve supply of larynx & laryngeal paralysis
otolaryngology & ENT topic. etiology , anatomy and nerve supply of larynx. reccurent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve .
tip plasty.pptx
1. The nasal tip's support structures include bone, cartilage, and soft tissue attachments between these structures.
2. Modifying the nasal tip cartilages and related structures can alter the tip's projection, rotation, and definition.
3. Various surgical techniques can be used to increase or decrease tip projection and rotation, including modifying the lateral and medial crural attachments and using grafts. Precise suturing techniques are also important for shaping the tip.
Anatomy of Skull
The document lists and describes various features and norms of the human skull, including the norma verticalis, temporal lines, norma occipitalis, occipital point, frontal region, orbital openings, zygoma, and norma laterialis. It also details the boundaries, walls, and contents of the temporal fossa, noting structures like the temporalis muscle, arteries, and bones that form its borders.
Larynx
The document describes the anatomy of the larynx. It covers the development, skeletal framework including cartilages, subdivisions, muscles, histology, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and applied anatomy of the larynx. Key points include the cartilages that make up the skeletal framework, the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that control movement and phonation, the nerve and blood supply, and common congenital anomalies and pathologies of the larynx.
Electro Acoustic Stimulation ( EAS )
This document discusses electro-acoustic stimulation (EAS), which combines cochlear implantation for high frequencies with acoustic amplification for low frequencies. EAS aims to restore hearing in both high and low frequencies by using electric stimulation to improve hearing in high frequencies and acoustic amplification to improve residual hearing in low frequencies. Studies have found that EAS users score significantly higher on speech tests compared to users of hearing aids alone. The document discusses various EAS devices and features that aim to preserve residual hearing, such as shorter or thinner electrodes. It also covers aspects of the surgery and post-operative programming to optimize the benefits of combined electric and acoustic stimulation.
Recommended
Anatomy of pharynx
The pharynx is a skeletal muscle tube extending from the base of the tongue to the lower margin of the cricoid cartilage. It lies anterior to the cervical spine and is laterally confined by neck muscles. The pharynx and larynx are embryologically and anatomically related, with the epiglottis and supraglottis originating from the pharynx, not the larynx. The document proceeds to describe the anatomy and landmarks of the pharynx in detail.
Paper Clinical aplications of electroglottography
This document summarizes a study on the clinical applications of electroglottography (EGG). EGG is a noninvasive method to monitor vocal fold vibrations by measuring impedance changes through the neck during phonation. The study reviews various EGG techniques and their ability to document aspects of voice like register, quality, intonation, roughness, and pitch. While EGG provides useful information, the study cautions that EGG signals do not directly represent vocal fold vibrations and are subject to limitations. EGG is best suited for measurements of the glottal period but has difficulties objectively quantifying dimensions of voice quality.
Development of tongue and its salivary glands / dental implant courses
The document discusses the growth and development of the tongue and salivary glands. It states that the tongue develops from the first four branchial arches and contains intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The salivary glands originate from epithelial buds invading the underlying mesenchyme. The major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, while the minor salivary glands are located throughout the oral cavity. The document also reviews developmental anomalies of the tongue and salivary glands and their prosthodontic considerations.
Nerve supply of larynx & laryngeal paralysis
otolaryngology & ENT topic. etiology , anatomy and nerve supply of larynx. reccurent laryngeal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve .
tip plasty.pptx
1. The nasal tip's support structures include bone, cartilage, and soft tissue attachments between these structures.
2. Modifying the nasal tip cartilages and related structures can alter the tip's projection, rotation, and definition.
3. Various surgical techniques can be used to increase or decrease tip projection and rotation, including modifying the lateral and medial crural attachments and using grafts. Precise suturing techniques are also important for shaping the tip.
Anatomy of Skull
The document lists and describes various features and norms of the human skull, including the norma verticalis, temporal lines, norma occipitalis, occipital point, frontal region, orbital openings, zygoma, and norma laterialis. It also details the boundaries, walls, and contents of the temporal fossa, noting structures like the temporalis muscle, arteries, and bones that form its borders.
Larynx
The document describes the anatomy of the larynx. It covers the development, skeletal framework including cartilages, subdivisions, muscles, histology, blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic drainage and applied anatomy of the larynx. Key points include the cartilages that make up the skeletal framework, the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that control movement and phonation, the nerve and blood supply, and common congenital anomalies and pathologies of the larynx.
Electro Acoustic Stimulation ( EAS )
This document discusses electro-acoustic stimulation (EAS), which combines cochlear implantation for high frequencies with acoustic amplification for low frequencies. EAS aims to restore hearing in both high and low frequencies by using electric stimulation to improve hearing in high frequencies and acoustic amplification to improve residual hearing in low frequencies. Studies have found that EAS users score significantly higher on speech tests compared to users of hearing aids alone. The document discusses various EAS devices and features that aim to preserve residual hearing, such as shorter or thinner electrodes. It also covers aspects of the surgery and post-operative programming to optimize the benefits of combined electric and acoustic stimulation.
Imaging requirements for cochlear implantation
1. Imaging such as HRCT and MRI are important for evaluating patients for cochlear implantation to identify any contraindications and guide surgery. HRCT is useful for evaluating bony anatomy while MRI can identify soft tissue anomalies.
2. Pre-operative imaging aims to evaluate factors like the size of the internal auditory meatus, status of the cochlear nerve, and presence of any neurovascular anomalies which could increase surgical risk. Anomalies of the bony and membranous labyrinth are also assessed.
3. Congenital anomalies identified on imaging can help determine the cause of hearing loss and surgical approach during cochlear implantation.
ANATOMY & DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL EAR
The document discusses the anatomy and development of the external ear. It describes the major structures of the pinna including the helix, antihelix, triangular fossa, scaphoid fossa, tragus, and incisura terminalis. It also discusses the lymphatic drainage of the pinna and the anatomy of the external auditory canal, including why it lies obliquely. Finally, it mentions the arterial blood supply to the tympanic membrane from the arteria nutricia incudomallea, a branch of the middle meningeal artery.
anatomy of Larynx
The larynx is a hollow muscular structure located in the neck that contains cartilages and serves important functions in breathing, swallowing, and voice production. It has three unpaired cartilages - the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis - and houses intrinsic muscles that control the tension of vocal folds and opening/closing of the rima glottidis. During respiration, the larynx functions as a sphincter and its muscles abduct the vocal folds to allow airflow. During swallowing and coughing, muscles close the larynx to prevent food/liquids from entering the lungs. Phonation occurs when vocal fold vibration produces sounds modulated by the vocal tract. The larynx receives its blood
Hearing screening in newborns
This document discusses hearing screening in newborns. It begins by defining different types and levels of hearing loss. It then discusses the importance of early identification of hearing loss in newborns through universal screening. Screening can be done using otoacoustic emissions testing or auditory brainstem response testing. Otoacoustic emissions testing evaluates the function of the outer hair cells in the cochlea by measuring sounds produced in response to sound stimuli. Early identification of hearing loss allows for early intervention, which research shows leads to better language development and academic outcomes for children.
management of b/l vocal cord paralysis
This document discusses various surgical interventions for bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP). It classifies interventions into extra-laryngeal and intra-laryngeal approaches. Extra-laryngeal approaches include different types of arytenoidectomy procedures developed over time, while intra-laryngeal approaches utilize newer endoscopic techniques with lasers. The document outlines different procedures like laser cordotomy, medial arytenoidectomy, and endoscopic suture lateralization. It also discusses the indications, contraindications, and history of treatments for BVFP, from early tracheostomies to modern laser and endoscopic methods.
Anatomy and Neurophysiology of Swallowing
Anatomical and physiological substrate in the normal process of swallowing,
Neuro-muscular control of swallowing process
Physiology of speech
This document discusses speech and language from an anatomical and neurological perspective. It describes:
- The vocal cords and larynx which produce speech sounds through vibration and airflow.
- Key brain areas involved in language processing like Broca's area for speech production and Wernicke's area for comprehension.
- The left hemisphere is typically dominant for language in right-handed individuals.
- Conditions like aphasia and dysarthria which can cause speech and language impairments due to brain damage.
Narrow band imaging
Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is an endoscopic imaging technique that uses specific blue and green wavelengths of light to enhance visualization of mucosal and vascular patterns. It helps identify subtle abnormalities by highlighting areas with high hemoglobin concentration. In the larynx, NBI has been used to identify recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and screen for malignancies. It provides sharper contrast than white light imaging, allowing for better detection of lesions and guidance of biopsy to suspicious areas. NBI is available for laryngoscopes and gastroscopes and is being explored for its utility in evaluating laryngeal and hypopharyngeal lesions.
CONGENITAL MALFORATION OF EAR AND ITS MANAGEMENT
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF MIDDLE AND EXTERNAL EAR AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MICROTIA AND CONGENITAL AURAL ATRESIA PRESENTED AS A SEMINAR IN DEPARTMENT OF ENT PGIMER CHANDIGARH
MIDDLE EAR ANOMALIES
This document discusses anomalies of the middle ear, including both non-ossicular and ossicular anomalies. It begins with an introduction to embryology and classification of middle ear anomalies. It then focuses on specific ossicular anomalies such as isolated stapes ankylosis, malleus-incus fixations, and abnormalities associated with the stapes suprastructure or footplate. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management are discussed for each type of anomaly. Surgery aims to mobilize or reconstruct the ossicular chain, with the goal of closing any air-bone gap, but carries risks such as inner ear damage or delayed hearing loss.
Palatine bone
The palatine bone is situated at the back of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of the nasal cavity, roof of the mouth, and floor of the orbit. The palatine bone articulates with six other bones and consists of a horizontal plate that forms the posterior hard palate and a perpendicular plate with processes that connect to surrounding bones. The palatine bone supplements the maxilla and connects it to the sphenoid bone.
3D CT Middle and Inner Ear
This document discusses the use of 3D CT scans to study the anatomy of the middle and inner ear. It explains that 3D CT images are useful for examining congenital malformations and disorders of the inner and middle ear. The document compares 3D CT to 2D CT scans, noting that 3D images allow insight into temporal bone anatomy by allowing sectioning and rotation in any plane. It also states that 3D CT reconstruction based on spiral CT image data provides a better understanding of ear anatomy and pathology than 2D scans.
Anatomy & embryology ext ear & middle ear
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the external and middle ear. It describes how the external ear develops from the first and second pharyngeal arches. It then details the anatomy of the auricle, external acoustic canal, and tympanic membrane. For the middle ear, it discusses the embryological development and describes the structures of the middle ear cleft, tympanic cavity, ossicles, muscles, nerves and blood supply.
Stroboscopy
Stroboscopy is a technique used to visualize vocal fold vibration during phonation using synchronized flashing light. It allows observation of vibration in slow motion, providing real-time information about vibration and detection of vocal pathology. The flashing light is synchronized to the frequency of vocal fold vibration, producing a clear still image of the same portion of the vibratory cycle using the principles of persistence of vision and correspondence. Stroboscopy is essential for planning surgery and improving subtle laryngeal diagnoses. Key diagnostic findings include asymmetry of vibration with lesions like polyps and compromised glottic closure with nodules.
Norma basalis externa
The norma basalis externa involves 11 bones that form the base of the skull. These bones include the palatine process of the maxilla, palatine bone, vomer, medial and lateral pterygoid plates, greater wing of sphenoid, temporal bone, basilar part and lateral part of the occipital bone, and squamous part of the occipital bone. There are several important foramina present, including the incisive canals, greater and lesser palatine foramina, stylomastoid foramen, carotid canal, condyloid foramen, and others that transmit nerves and blood vessels.
Periodic and aperiodic sounds (2)
Sound is created by pressure disturbances traveling through an elastic medium like air. These pressure disturbances propagate as waves, which can be periodic or aperiodic. Periodic waves have regular, repeating patterns of vibration and are associated with the perception of pitch. They can be analyzed into combinations of sinusoidal components called harmonics. In contrast, aperiodic waves do not have a regular repeating pattern and are generally not associated with a clear pitch. Both periodic and aperiodic waves are important in speech communication.
Application of Mini-C Arm in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
The document discusses the use of a dental mini C-arm to locate and remove broken instruments from soft and hard tissues in the oral and maxillofacial area. It describes 8 cases where the mini C-arm was used successfully to locate various broken instruments like needles and files for safe removal. The mini C-arm provided real-time intraoperative imaging at a low radiation exposure and was beneficial for determining the location of broken objects, especially in soft tissues. It allows for 2D tracing of instruments which is safer than using needles as guides. The mini C-arm is concluded to be a safe and easily controllable device for removing foreign bodies from the maxillofacial area.
Speech
This document summarizes the physiology of speech, including both peripheral and central functions. Phonation involves the vibration of the vocal cords during expiration to produce speech sounds. Articulation modifies sounds through structures like the mouth, throat, and nasal cavities. Cortical areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area control speech at the central level. Various disorders can affect speech production and comprehension, including aphasias resulting from damage to language areas in the brain.
Endoscopic anatomy of nose and sphenoid sinus
This document discusses the anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It describes the turbinates, meati, ostia and their locations. It outlines three passes through the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, noting the structures encountered in each pass. It also discusses the location, pneumatization, septa, landmarks and variations of the sphenoid sinus.
Stroboscopy
Videostroboscopy is a useful technique for evaluating the larynx. It uses synchronized flashing light passed through an endoscope to visualize vocal fold vibration in slow motion. This allows examination of vocal fold biomechanics, laryngeal mucosa, and mucosal vibration. Videostroboscopy can detect vocal fold lesions and other pathologies, helping to plan surgery and treatments for voice problems. The procedure involves calibrating a microphone, inserting a rigid or flexible endoscope, and having the patient phonate so vocal fold vibration can be observed. Common findings include vocal cysts, polyps, and nodules, which impact mucosal wave and glottic closure.
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Imaging requirements for cochlear implantation
1. Imaging such as HRCT and MRI are important for evaluating patients for cochlear implantation to identify any contraindications and guide surgery. HRCT is useful for evaluating bony anatomy while MRI can identify soft tissue anomalies.
2. Pre-operative imaging aims to evaluate factors like the size of the internal auditory meatus, status of the cochlear nerve, and presence of any neurovascular anomalies which could increase surgical risk. Anomalies of the bony and membranous labyrinth are also assessed.
3. Congenital anomalies identified on imaging can help determine the cause of hearing loss and surgical approach during cochlear implantation.
ANATOMY & DEVELOPMENT OF EXTERNAL EAR
The document discusses the anatomy and development of the external ear. It describes the major structures of the pinna including the helix, antihelix, triangular fossa, scaphoid fossa, tragus, and incisura terminalis. It also discusses the lymphatic drainage of the pinna and the anatomy of the external auditory canal, including why it lies obliquely. Finally, it mentions the arterial blood supply to the tympanic membrane from the arteria nutricia incudomallea, a branch of the middle meningeal artery.
anatomy of Larynx
The larynx is a hollow muscular structure located in the neck that contains cartilages and serves important functions in breathing, swallowing, and voice production. It has three unpaired cartilages - the cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis - and houses intrinsic muscles that control the tension of vocal folds and opening/closing of the rima glottidis. During respiration, the larynx functions as a sphincter and its muscles abduct the vocal folds to allow airflow. During swallowing and coughing, muscles close the larynx to prevent food/liquids from entering the lungs. Phonation occurs when vocal fold vibration produces sounds modulated by the vocal tract. The larynx receives its blood
Hearing screening in newborns
This document discusses hearing screening in newborns. It begins by defining different types and levels of hearing loss. It then discusses the importance of early identification of hearing loss in newborns through universal screening. Screening can be done using otoacoustic emissions testing or auditory brainstem response testing. Otoacoustic emissions testing evaluates the function of the outer hair cells in the cochlea by measuring sounds produced in response to sound stimuli. Early identification of hearing loss allows for early intervention, which research shows leads to better language development and academic outcomes for children.
management of b/l vocal cord paralysis
This document discusses various surgical interventions for bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP). It classifies interventions into extra-laryngeal and intra-laryngeal approaches. Extra-laryngeal approaches include different types of arytenoidectomy procedures developed over time, while intra-laryngeal approaches utilize newer endoscopic techniques with lasers. The document outlines different procedures like laser cordotomy, medial arytenoidectomy, and endoscopic suture lateralization. It also discusses the indications, contraindications, and history of treatments for BVFP, from early tracheostomies to modern laser and endoscopic methods.
Anatomy and Neurophysiology of Swallowing
Anatomical and physiological substrate in the normal process of swallowing,
Neuro-muscular control of swallowing process
Physiology of speech
This document discusses speech and language from an anatomical and neurological perspective. It describes:
- The vocal cords and larynx which produce speech sounds through vibration and airflow.
- Key brain areas involved in language processing like Broca's area for speech production and Wernicke's area for comprehension.
- The left hemisphere is typically dominant for language in right-handed individuals.
- Conditions like aphasia and dysarthria which can cause speech and language impairments due to brain damage.
Narrow band imaging
Narrow-band imaging (NBI) is an endoscopic imaging technique that uses specific blue and green wavelengths of light to enhance visualization of mucosal and vascular patterns. It helps identify subtle abnormalities by highlighting areas with high hemoglobin concentration. In the larynx, NBI has been used to identify recurrent respiratory papillomatosis and screen for malignancies. It provides sharper contrast than white light imaging, allowing for better detection of lesions and guidance of biopsy to suspicious areas. NBI is available for laryngoscopes and gastroscopes and is being explored for its utility in evaluating laryngeal and hypopharyngeal lesions.
CONGENITAL MALFORATION OF EAR AND ITS MANAGEMENT
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF MIDDLE AND EXTERNAL EAR AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MICROTIA AND CONGENITAL AURAL ATRESIA PRESENTED AS A SEMINAR IN DEPARTMENT OF ENT PGIMER CHANDIGARH
MIDDLE EAR ANOMALIES
This document discusses anomalies of the middle ear, including both non-ossicular and ossicular anomalies. It begins with an introduction to embryology and classification of middle ear anomalies. It then focuses on specific ossicular anomalies such as isolated stapes ankylosis, malleus-incus fixations, and abnormalities associated with the stapes suprastructure or footplate. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management are discussed for each type of anomaly. Surgery aims to mobilize or reconstruct the ossicular chain, with the goal of closing any air-bone gap, but carries risks such as inner ear damage or delayed hearing loss.
Palatine bone
The palatine bone is situated at the back of the nasal cavity between the maxilla and sphenoid. It contributes to the walls of the nasal cavity, roof of the mouth, and floor of the orbit. The palatine bone articulates with six other bones and consists of a horizontal plate that forms the posterior hard palate and a perpendicular plate with processes that connect to surrounding bones. The palatine bone supplements the maxilla and connects it to the sphenoid bone.
3D CT Middle and Inner Ear
This document discusses the use of 3D CT scans to study the anatomy of the middle and inner ear. It explains that 3D CT images are useful for examining congenital malformations and disorders of the inner and middle ear. The document compares 3D CT to 2D CT scans, noting that 3D images allow insight into temporal bone anatomy by allowing sectioning and rotation in any plane. It also states that 3D CT reconstruction based on spiral CT image data provides a better understanding of ear anatomy and pathology than 2D scans.
Anatomy & embryology ext ear & middle ear
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and embryology of the external and middle ear. It describes how the external ear develops from the first and second pharyngeal arches. It then details the anatomy of the auricle, external acoustic canal, and tympanic membrane. For the middle ear, it discusses the embryological development and describes the structures of the middle ear cleft, tympanic cavity, ossicles, muscles, nerves and blood supply.
Stroboscopy
Stroboscopy is a technique used to visualize vocal fold vibration during phonation using synchronized flashing light. It allows observation of vibration in slow motion, providing real-time information about vibration and detection of vocal pathology. The flashing light is synchronized to the frequency of vocal fold vibration, producing a clear still image of the same portion of the vibratory cycle using the principles of persistence of vision and correspondence. Stroboscopy is essential for planning surgery and improving subtle laryngeal diagnoses. Key diagnostic findings include asymmetry of vibration with lesions like polyps and compromised glottic closure with nodules.
Norma basalis externa
The norma basalis externa involves 11 bones that form the base of the skull. These bones include the palatine process of the maxilla, palatine bone, vomer, medial and lateral pterygoid plates, greater wing of sphenoid, temporal bone, basilar part and lateral part of the occipital bone, and squamous part of the occipital bone. There are several important foramina present, including the incisive canals, greater and lesser palatine foramina, stylomastoid foramen, carotid canal, condyloid foramen, and others that transmit nerves and blood vessels.
Periodic and aperiodic sounds (2)
Sound is created by pressure disturbances traveling through an elastic medium like air. These pressure disturbances propagate as waves, which can be periodic or aperiodic. Periodic waves have regular, repeating patterns of vibration and are associated with the perception of pitch. They can be analyzed into combinations of sinusoidal components called harmonics. In contrast, aperiodic waves do not have a regular repeating pattern and are generally not associated with a clear pitch. Both periodic and aperiodic waves are important in speech communication.
Application of Mini-C Arm in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
The document discusses the use of a dental mini C-arm to locate and remove broken instruments from soft and hard tissues in the oral and maxillofacial area. It describes 8 cases where the mini C-arm was used successfully to locate various broken instruments like needles and files for safe removal. The mini C-arm provided real-time intraoperative imaging at a low radiation exposure and was beneficial for determining the location of broken objects, especially in soft tissues. It allows for 2D tracing of instruments which is safer than using needles as guides. The mini C-arm is concluded to be a safe and easily controllable device for removing foreign bodies from the maxillofacial area.
Speech
This document summarizes the physiology of speech, including both peripheral and central functions. Phonation involves the vibration of the vocal cords during expiration to produce speech sounds. Articulation modifies sounds through structures like the mouth, throat, and nasal cavities. Cortical areas like Broca's area and Wernicke's area control speech at the central level. Various disorders can affect speech production and comprehension, including aphasias resulting from damage to language areas in the brain.
Endoscopic anatomy of nose and sphenoid sinus
This document discusses the anatomy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It describes the turbinates, meati, ostia and their locations. It outlines three passes through the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, noting the structures encountered in each pass. It also discusses the location, pneumatization, septa, landmarks and variations of the sphenoid sinus.
Stroboscopy
Videostroboscopy is a useful technique for evaluating the larynx. It uses synchronized flashing light passed through an endoscope to visualize vocal fold vibration in slow motion. This allows examination of vocal fold biomechanics, laryngeal mucosa, and mucosal vibration. Videostroboscopy can detect vocal fold lesions and other pathologies, helping to plan surgery and treatments for voice problems. The procedure involves calibrating a microphone, inserting a rigid or flexible endoscope, and having the patient phonate so vocal fold vibration can be observed. Common findings include vocal cysts, polyps, and nodules, which impact mucosal wave and glottic closure.
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Application of Mini-C Arm in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery
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比較歌劇與音樂劇
- 1. 歌劇與音樂劇的異同 歌唱 ( 獨唱 、合 唱、 齊唱 ) 伴奏 ( 管 弦樂 團 ) 故事 情節 、造 型 舞蹈 唱法 語言 舞台、燈 光設計 歌劇 V V V 較輕 V 不是必須 美聲 意大利語 、法語、 德語 V 簡陋 音樂劇 V V V 重 VV 必須， 重 流行 英語 V 較華麗， 多變化， 富現代感
- 2. 歌劇 : 主要由聲樂、器樂組成，歌唱成份多 音樂劇 三大元素 : 音樂、戲劇、舞蹈所組成