The document discusses open access in the German academic system. An important early step was the 2003 Berlin Declaration signed by the presidents of seven major German academic organizations. A working group from these organizations discusses open access prospects. While implementation varies between organizations, their common goal is supporting the transition to open access. Measures proposed include informing academics, involving scholarly societies, recognizing publication costs as research costs, ensuring quality, network publishing, identifying models, establishing a legal base, and supporting transformation processes.
Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research. A s...Birute Railiene
Birute Railiene. Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research : a survey of perception and demand
Paper for the 5th International Conference of the European Society of History of Science, Athens, 1-3 November 2012
1 Do You Speak Open Science Resources and Tips to LearVannaJoy20
1
Do You Speak Open Science? Resources and Tips to Learn the Language.
Paola Masuzzo1, 2 - ORCID: 0000-0003-3699-1195, Lennart Martens1,2 - ORCID: 0000-
0003-4277-658X
Author Affiliation
1 Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
2 Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
The internet era, large-scale computing and storage resources, mobile devices, social media,
and their high uptake among different groups of people, have all deeply changed the way knowledge
is created, communicated, and further deployed. These advances have enabled a radical
transformation of the practice of science, which is now more open, more global and collaborative,
and closer to society than ever. Open science has therefore become an increasingly important topic.
Moreover, as open science is actively pursued by several high-profile funders and institutions, it
has fast become a crucial matter to all researchers. However, because this widespread interest in
open science has emerged relatively recently, its definition and implementation are constantly
shifting and evolving, sometimes leaving researchers in doubt about how to adopt open science,
and which are the best practices to follow.
This article therefore aims to be a field guide for scientists who want to perform science in the
open, offering resources and tips to make open science happen in the four key areas of data, code,
publications and peer-review.
The Rationale for Open Science: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
One of the most widely used definitions of open science originates from Michael Nielsen [1]:
“Open science is the idea that scientific knowledge of all kinds should be openly shared as early as
is practical in the discovery process”. With this in mind, the overall goal of open science is to
accelerate scientific progress and discoveries and to turn these discoveries into benefits for all. An
essential part of this process is therefore to guarantee that all sorts of scientific outputs are publicly
available, easily accessible, and discoverable for others to use, re-use, and build upon.
As Mick Watson has recently wondered, “[...] isn’t that just science?” [2]. One of the basic
premises of science is that it should be based on a global, collaborative effort, building on open
communication of published methods, data, and results. In fact, the concept of discovering truth by
building on previous findings can be traced back to at least the 12th century in the metaphor of
dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants: “Nanos gigantum humeris insidentes”1.
While creativity and intuition are contributed to science by individuals, validation and
confirmation of scientific findings can only be reached through collaborative efforts, notably peer-
driven quality control and cross-validation. Through open inspection and critical, collective
analysis, models can be refined, improved, or rejected ...
Open Science - Paradigm Shift or Revival of Old Ideas?Heidi Laine
Slides for a lecture held as part of a course on Science and Society, organized by the University of Helsinki Doctoral School HYMY during spring semester 2016.
Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research. A s...Birute Railiene
Birute Railiene. Institutionalisation of an open access – a new possibility for research : a survey of perception and demand
Paper for the 5th International Conference of the European Society of History of Science, Athens, 1-3 November 2012
1 Do You Speak Open Science Resources and Tips to LearVannaJoy20
1
Do You Speak Open Science? Resources and Tips to Learn the Language.
Paola Masuzzo1, 2 - ORCID: 0000-0003-3699-1195, Lennart Martens1,2 - ORCID: 0000-
0003-4277-658X
Author Affiliation
1 Medical Biotechnology Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
2 Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
The internet era, large-scale computing and storage resources, mobile devices, social media,
and their high uptake among different groups of people, have all deeply changed the way knowledge
is created, communicated, and further deployed. These advances have enabled a radical
transformation of the practice of science, which is now more open, more global and collaborative,
and closer to society than ever. Open science has therefore become an increasingly important topic.
Moreover, as open science is actively pursued by several high-profile funders and institutions, it
has fast become a crucial matter to all researchers. However, because this widespread interest in
open science has emerged relatively recently, its definition and implementation are constantly
shifting and evolving, sometimes leaving researchers in doubt about how to adopt open science,
and which are the best practices to follow.
This article therefore aims to be a field guide for scientists who want to perform science in the
open, offering resources and tips to make open science happen in the four key areas of data, code,
publications and peer-review.
The Rationale for Open Science: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
One of the most widely used definitions of open science originates from Michael Nielsen [1]:
“Open science is the idea that scientific knowledge of all kinds should be openly shared as early as
is practical in the discovery process”. With this in mind, the overall goal of open science is to
accelerate scientific progress and discoveries and to turn these discoveries into benefits for all. An
essential part of this process is therefore to guarantee that all sorts of scientific outputs are publicly
available, easily accessible, and discoverable for others to use, re-use, and build upon.
As Mick Watson has recently wondered, “[...] isn’t that just science?” [2]. One of the basic
premises of science is that it should be based on a global, collaborative effort, building on open
communication of published methods, data, and results. In fact, the concept of discovering truth by
building on previous findings can be traced back to at least the 12th century in the metaphor of
dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants: “Nanos gigantum humeris insidentes”1.
While creativity and intuition are contributed to science by individuals, validation and
confirmation of scientific findings can only be reached through collaborative efforts, notably peer-
driven quality control and cross-validation. Through open inspection and critical, collective
analysis, models can be refined, improved, or rejected ...
Open Science - Paradigm Shift or Revival of Old Ideas?Heidi Laine
Slides for a lecture held as part of a course on Science and Society, organized by the University of Helsinki Doctoral School HYMY during spring semester 2016.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Open Access and the German Academic System: Common Perspectives of the Alliance of
Research Organisations / By the Working Group of the Open Access Commissioners
of the Alliance of Research Organisations
開放近用與德國學術系統: 研究組織聯盟的共同願景 / 研究組織聯盟開放近用委員會工作小
組
An important step in implementing the principle of Open Access in Germany was the ‘Berlin
Declaration’ which was adopted following a conference hosted by the Max Planck Society on 22
October 2003. Amongst the first to sign were the presidents of the seven large German academic
organisations: the German Rectors’ Conference (Hochschulrektorenkonferenz), the German
Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG), the German Science Council
(Wissenschaftsrat), the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), the Fraunhofer Society
(Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft), the Helmholtz Association (Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft) and the Leibniz
Association (Leibniz-Gemeinschaft).
'柏林宣言'是德國採行開放近用原則的重要階段,2003 年 10 月 22 日馬普學會在柏林主辦的
會議結束後,發表此宣言。第一批的簽署者包括 7 個德國大型學術組織的領導人:德國校長
會議(Hochschulrektorenkonferenz)、德國研究基金會(Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,
DFG)、德國科學理事會(Wissenschaftsrat)、馬普學會(Max-Planck-Gesellschaft)、弗勞恩霍夫
協會(Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)、亥姆霍茲協會(Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft)和萊布尼茨協會
(Leibniz-Gemeinschaft)。
A joint working group of these seven alliance organisations regularly discusses the prospects of
Open Access in the individual organisations and in the German academic world. The degree of
implementation of the Open Access principle varies depending on the structure and tasks of the
organisations. They all have the common goal of supporting the transition to Open Access and
allowing a productive handling of openly accessible research results. A number of measures are
supposed to contribute towards achieving a comprehensive and freely accessible representation of
knowledge.
這七個組織成立聯合工作小組,定期討論開放近用在其組織內及德國學術圈的前景。開放近
用原則的實施程度, 視組織的結構和任務而有不同的發展。它們有共同的目標, 支持過渡至開
放近用,並允許積極處理公開近用研究成果, 已有若干措施, 支持典藏全面和自由近用知識體。
Approaching academics••••
接近學術界
Scientists and scholars, as the producers of high-quality information, are central to the Open Access
debate. Only if the best publications are also freely accessible via the Internet, will they be able to
achieve their full potential. Therefore, scientists and scholars should not just be offered an Open
Access infrastructure which they can use to publish their research results; they should also be
informed about their technical, organisational and legal options. Higher education institutions,
research organisations and research sponsors should create incentives to make Open Access
publishing even more attractive, and ascertain whether and to what extent they can obligate their
scientists to use this form of publication.
身為高品質資訊生產者的科學家和學者,才是開放近用爭議的中心。祗有最好的出版品在網
際網路自由近用, 他們才能夠發揮潛能。因此,不應該僅僅是提供開放近用基礎設施,供科
學家和學者出版其研究成果; 他們也應該被告知技術、組織和法律的選項。高等教育機構、
研究機構和研究贊助者, 應創造更大的誘因, 讓開放近用出版更具吸引力,並確定可以責成他
2. 們的科學家利用這種形式的出版物, 到什麼樣的程度。
Involving scholarly associations•••••••••••••
參與的學會
Different areas of science and scholarship have different publishing habits as well as different
methods of assessing research contributions. By including scholarly societies and associations in the
development of an Open Access publication culture, these differences can be accommodated.
不同領域的科學和學術有不同的出版習慣, 以及不同的方法去評估研究成果。將學會納入開
放近用學術出版文化後, 這些差異就會逐漸泯滅。
Recognising publication costs as research costs ••••••••
出版成本視為研究費用
One of the prerequisites for Open Access is the coverage of publication costs. Publication costs are
research costs and thus must be firmly anchored in the budget of every research endeavour. These
means should preferably be used for the authors’ fees of Open Access journals or hybrid
publications. By paying a publication fee they make the contributions that would ordinarily require
a licence, freely accessible.
開放近用的先決條件之一, 是可以承受其出版費用。即把出版成本視為研究費用之一, 因此必
須堅定地把出版成本納入每個研究費用之一。這些手段最好用於支付給作者的開放存取學刊
或混合出版品的費用。支付出版費取得授權後, 才可以免費進入。
Ensuring quality••••••••••
品質保證
Since Open Access publications are accessible for every Internet user, they are, in theory, subject to
critical assessment of the worldwide academic community. Exploiting new forms of review, such as
the open peer review, offers a means of sustained quality assurance. Open Access journals in
particular should take advantage of this in order to increase their acceptance in the community.
既然開放近用出版品可供每個網際網路使用者近用,理論上,皆經過全球性學術社群的嚴格
考評。開放式同儕評閱之類的新形式審查,提供了另一種持續性的品質保證手段。特別是開
放近用學刊運用此特性,提高被社群接受的程度。
Network publishing••••••
網路出版
The Internet offers the possibility of networking the data and sources that underlie a piece of
academic research with the actual publication in a multitude of ways. This makes discovery
processes easier to understand. At the same time, the integration of primary sources into
publications makes a contribution to quality assurance in the spirit of good academic practice.
網際網路提供新的可能,將學術研究的資料及來源,以多樣化的方式於網路出版。更容易理
解學術發現的過程,同時,將原始材料整合入出版品,足以保證良好的學術實務品質。
Identifying models•••••••
辨識模式
3. It has long been routine for many scientists to make their own research results available as Open
Access publications. As the Dutch ‘Cream of Science’ project has shown, an information platform
giving free access to publications by leading German scientists such as Nobel Prize and Leibniz
Prize winners could be used for targeted advertising of this new form of publication.
長期以來,許多科學家把自己的研究成果作為開放近用出版品。如荷蘭的'科學之霜'計畫所
示,免費近用至知名的諾貝爾獎和萊布尼茲獎的德國科學家出版品, 可做為此新形式出版品
的傳播目標。
The legal base•••••••••••
法律基礎
For publications created within the context of teaching and research activity largely financed with
public funds, a simple, non-commercial right of use or exploitation should be granted to academics
and their institutions. This will ensure that research results can be viewed, for the most part,
without obstacles.
於教學與研究活動產生的出版品, 絕大多數受到公帑贊助, 因此, 應該授權學者及其所屬機構
使用及開發該等出版品的權利, 一個簡單、非營利的權利,才能保障研究成果在大多數情況
下,無障礙地被檢視。
Supporting transformation processes ••••••••••••
支援轉型程序
The mere distribution of research results at minimal cost via the Internet poses a particular
challenge for academic publishing. The only possible reaction to this is the creative design of the
academic information space: discipline-specific value-added services must be developed on the
basis of freely accessible publications in order to support work with digital information in an
efficient manner.
透過網際網路以低成本傳播研究成果,對學術出版構成特殊的挑戰。唯一可能的反應,是創
新設計學術資訊空間:在免費近用出版品的前提下, 發展特定學科的加值服務,才能有效地
運用數位資訊。
Korinna Bauer, Helmholtz Association
Michael Erben-Russ, Fraunhofer Society
Johannes Fournier, German Research Foundation
Ralf Schimmer, Max Planck Society
Elmar Schultz, German Rectors’ Conference
Robert Steegers, Leibniz Association
克琳娜‧鮑爾, 亥姆霍茲協會
麥可‧爾本-羅斯, 夫朗和斐學會
喬納斯‧富尼耶, 德國研究基金會
羅夫‧斯梅爾, 馬普學會
愛爾瑪 ‧舒茲, 德國大學校長會議
羅伯‧斯蒂格斯, 萊布尼茲協會
p. 88-90
Open Access: Opportunities and challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European
Commission, German Commission for UNESCO. -- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications
of the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 p., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR
23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5