This document provides an overview of computer hardware components. It discusses the main hardware components that make up a computer system including the motherboard, CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drives, ports, and peripheral devices. It also explains some key aspects of these components such as motherboard components, CPU types and specifications, different types of RAM and their speeds, and how hardware upgrades can improve a computer's performance. The summary focuses on defining the main internal computer hardware components and their basic functions.
2. 2
Hard Copy okH;csif&if Printer vdkrSmjzpfw,f? VoIP okH;r,fqdk&if Head Phone ? WebCam ?
VideoCam vdkrSmjzpfw,f/ 'gawGuawmh Peripheral awGbJjzpfygw,f/ vdktyfrSwyfqif
okH;pGJ&r,fh Device awGbJjzpfygw,f/
Mother Board
Main Board [m Computer wpfckvkH;&Jut"duus System Circuit Board jzpfygw,f/
Computer &JU tpdwftydkif;tm;vkH;udk Board ay:rSmwyfqif&wJhtwGuf Mother Board vdkUac:
ygw,f/ CPU ? Main Memory eJUtjcm; Connector awGudk Mother Board ay:rSmbJquf
oG,f&wmjzpfygw,f/ Disk Drive awGjzpfwJU Floppy ? Compack Disk ? Hard Disk awGudk
vnf; Mother Board ay:rSmbJ qufoG,f&wmjzpfygw,f/ Mother Board awGrSm okH;pGJr,fh
CPU &JU tjrefESKef; ( Speed ) ay:rlwnfNyD; a½G;cs,f&w,f/ COM Port, Parallal Port awGu
ygNyD;jzpfw,f/ 'Dtjyif Sound ? VGA ? NIC ? USB ygwmawGu okH;r,fh vkyfief;tay: tajccH
NyD;a½G;cs,f&w,f/ Graphic Design, Video Editing, Game okH;r,fqdk &if 3D Accelerator ygwJh AGP
(Accelerator Graphic Port) Graphic Card udkokH;&rSmyg/ Graphic Card Memory 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB,
128 MB, 256 MB qdkNyD; xkwfvkyfolrsm;u Brand tpkHxkwfxm;ygw,f/ AGP Card awGrSm 2X ?
4X ? 8X qdkNyD;&Sdawmh M/B &JU Slot eJU udkufnDbdkUvdkygw,f/ CMOS( Complementary Metallic
Oxide Silicon ) Setting uawmh M/B ay:rlwnfNyD;tenf;i,f uGJjym;ayr,fh trsm;tm;jzifh
wlnDatmifjyKvkyfxm;ygw,f/ BIOS xJ0if&if rsm;aomtm;jzifh DEL ESdyfNyD;0if&w,f? tcsKdU
M/B awGrSmawmh Function Button ( F1, F2, F10) rsm;uae 0if&w,f/ pufrSm System Password
okH;xm;vdkUrod&if COMS Clear vkyfay;&w,f/ trsm;tm;jzifh COMS CLS qdkNyD; Jummer
ygavh&SdNyD; Short ay;NyD;jzKwf&w,f/ rygwJh M/B qdk&if Board Battery udk acwÅjzKwfvdkuf&if
CMOS setting jyKwfoGm;rSmjzpfw,f/ 'grS Board udkudkifvdkU&rSmjzpfygw,f/ rdrdokH;r,fh
vkyfief;ay:rlwnfNyD; Mother Board udka½G;cs,foifhw,f/
Central Processing Unit ( CPU )
CPU( Microprocessor ) qdkwm Computer wpfvkH;&JU t"dutpdwftydkif;jzpfw,f/ tvG,f
wul CPU eJU P2 P3? P4 vdkUajymavh&Sdw,f/ wpfcsdKUu uGefysLwm&JUOD;aESmufvdkUawmifqdk
Muw,f/ CPU [m Computer &JU tjrefESKef;(Clock Speed) jzpfNyD; Unit udk HZ eJUowfrSwfw,f/
CPU &UJ Type onf Socket 7 ? Socket 370 ? 478 ? 775 qdkNyD; Pins eJU&Sdw,f/ M/B
eJUudkvnf; udkufnDatmif a½G;&w,f/ ,cif Intel u 386 KHZ? 486 KHZ qdkNyD;pcJhw,f/
Pentium 1 (P1) u 100 to 200 MHz atmuf ? P2 u 200 to 600 MHz atmuf? P3 u 600
MHz to 1.2 GHz xd ? P4 u 1.2 txufjzpfNyD; 3.2 GHz a&mufaeNyDjzpfygw,f/ Semi
Temporary Memory (Cache) onfvnf; ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ aemufydkif; CPU awGrSm Cache u
ESpfckygwJh twGuf Data udk Cache wpfck? Instruction Code udk Cache wpfckcGJNyD;
tvkyfvkyfay;wm jzpfygw,f/ Intel u xkwfwJh Pentium eJU Celeron rSm Cache uGmNyD;
tjrefESKef; ESifh wefzdk; vnf;uGmygw,f/ Internet eJU t"dutvkyfvkyfr,fqdk&if
Pentium(Classic) udkbJ a½G;oifhw,f/ Celeron raumif;vdkUr[kwfygbl;/ vkyfief;ay:rlwnfNyD;
olUwefzdk;ESifholokH;vdkUaumif;ygw,f/ HT (Hyper-Threading Technology) &wJh CPU qdk&if M/B
rSm HT udk Enable ay;&w,f/ 'grS CPU &JU Capacity tjynfh&rSmjzpfygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm
Written by Major ToeAung
3. 3
enf;ynmjrifhwJh Dual Core CPU awG ay:vmNyDjzpfygw,f/ CPU [m tyl&SdefjrifhwJhypönf;
wpfckyg/ CPU Heat Sink ? Cooling Fan ? Seal [m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ Heat odyfwufae&if puf
Hang avh&Sdw,f/ jzpfzefrsm;&if CPU ? CPU Socket ? Memory eJU M/B avmifwufw,f/
Hardware Sensors Monitor? CPU Cool wdkUvdk Freeware eJUMunfhvdkU&ygw,f? owfrSwf
tylcsdeftwGuf Warning Sound xnfhxm;vdkU&ygw,f/
Random Access Memory ( RAM )
RAM [m Physical Memory jzpfNyD; Byte eJUowfrSwfygw,f/ tvkyfvkyfwJh pm;yGJrsufESm
jyifwpfckvdkygbJ/ Memory rsm;&ifrsm;ovdk tvkyfBuD;BuD;vkyfEdkifrSmyg/ odrf;qnf;EdkifwJh
Device jzpfayr,fh tvkyfvkyfaepOf ,m,DbJjzpfygw,f/ tokH;jyKaewJh Application udk Save
rvkyfbJ Power ydwf^ysufoGm;&if bmrS&SdrSmr[kwfawmhygbl;/EDO(Extended Data Output)? SD-
RAM (Synchronized Dynamic)? DDR (Double Data Rate) qdkNyD;xkwfvkyfxm;ygw,f/ EDO awG[m
72 Pins SIMM awGjzpfw,f/ DIMM taeeJYvnf;&Sdwwfygw,f/ SD RAM rsm;onf System
Clock ESifh Synchronize vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfygw,f/ 168 Pins DIMM jzpfygw,f/ DDR SD RAM
awG[m SD RAM &JU Circle wdkif;udk Process ESpfckvkyfapwmjzpfygw,f/ 184 Pins jzpfNyD;
½dk;½dk; SD RAM eJY t&G,fwljzpfygNyD; Slot rwlnDyg/ M/B ay:rlwnfNyD; b,fvdktrsKd;tpm;okH;
&r,fqdkwm a½G;cs,fay;&rSmyg/ Card ay:rSm&SdwJU Pins rlwnfNyD; SIMM (Single Inline Memory
Module)? DIMM(Double Inline Memory Module) qdkNyD;vnf; od&rSmjzpfw,f/ Memory udk 4 MB ? 8
MB ? 16 MB ? 32 MB ? 64 MB ? 128 MB ? 256 MB ? 512 MB qdkNyD;awGU&ygw,f/ SD-RAM rSm 256
xdawGU&NyD; DDR rSmawmh 128 MB upNyD;txufudkawGU&ygw,f/ aemufydkif; M/B awGrSm
EDO-RAM awG rokH;awmhygbl;/ Computer wpf v k H ; ud k Upgrade vk y f r ,f q d k & if Memory
udkxyfwdk;wmtvG,fqkH;enf;yg/ Memory xyfxnfhr,f qdk&if SD-RAM awGrSm
t"dutm;jzifh Clock jzpfwJh PC 66 ? 75 ? 83 ? 100 ? PC 133 wlnDatmif a½G;cs,fay;&w,f/ M/B
&JU Clock eJYvnf;udkufnD&w,f/ DDR rSmqdk&if PC 1600 (DDR 200)? PC 2100 (DDR 266)? PC
2700 (DDR333)? PC 3100 (DDR400) &Sdygw,f/ DDR 200 ? 266 ? 333 ? 400 qdkwm Speed (Hz)
jzpfNyD; PC 2700 ? 3100 qdkwm Data Transfer Speed (Byte Per Second) udkazmfjywmjzpfyg
w,f/ DDR SD RAM &JU Bandwidth u 1 MHz udk 8 Bytes &Sdw,f/ 256 MB ausmfvdkY
xyfwdk;wJhtcg wpfcsdKU Crack jzpfwmawGU&w,f/ Clock? Brand wlwmwyfrSaocsmw,f/
Board uvnf; Support vkyf&r,f/ Memory udk b,favmuftxdwdk;vdkU&r,fqdkwm M/B ay:
rSmrlwnfw,f/
Hard Disk Drive
Hard Disk(C:) [m Data awGudkodrf;qnf;wJh Permenant Storage Device jzpfygw,f/
Computer wpfvkH;rSmr&Sdrjzpf&Sdae&rSmjzpfwJhtwGuf Fix Disk (Non-Removable) vdkUvnf;ac:Muyg
w,f/ odrf;qnf;EdkifwJhyrmPudk Mega Bytes(106) ? Giga Bytes (109) eJUowfrSwfygw,f/ 10 GB ?
20 GB ? 30 GB ? 40 GB ? 60 GB ? 80GB qdkNyD;&Sdygw,f/ tckqdk&if 300 GB txufawmif
okH;aeNyDjzpfygw,f/ RAM udktvkyfvkyfwJhpm;yGJrsufESmjyifwpfckvdkUowfrSwf&if HDD [m tvkyf
u AD'dkwpfckyg/ odrf;qnf;EdkifwJhyrmPtjyif HDD &JU vnfywfEdkifwJhESKef; 5400 RPM ? 7200
RPM qdkNyD;&Sdygw,f/ 'gu Computer &JUtjrefESKef;twGuf wpfpdwfwpfydkif;qdkifygw,f/
Written by Major ToeAung
4. 4
'gtjyif Data Transfer Rate u Ultra DMA 100 jzpfw,f/ 100 MB/s udkqdkvdkwmyg/ HDD
(2)vkH;udk IDE(Integrated Drive Electronic) Cable wpfBudK;xJrSmwJGNyD;wyfr,fqdk&if Master ? Slave ?
Cable Select qdkwJh Jumper rsm;rSm wpfckudk Master ? usefwpfckudk Slave rSmxm;NyD;
wyfqif&w,f/ omref Computer wpfvkH;rSm Hard Disk (4)vkH; wyfqifEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/
wpfu,fvdkU CD Drive eJU wyfqif&if HDD udk Master ? CD udk Slave rSmxm;&rSmjzpfyg
w,f/ HardDisk BuD;&if Partation cGJxm;oifhygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSmawmh SATA ( Serial AT
Attachment ) Cable okH; HDD awGvnf;ay:vmaeNyDjzpfygw,f/ Data Speed eJYqdkifw,f/
CD Drive
[m Front End User awGtwGufr&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJh Device jzpfygw,f/
Compact Disk Drive
CD ROM udk a&;^zwfzdkUjzpfygw,f/ CD awGuawmh Removable Disk awGjzpfygw,f/
zwfwmbJaqmif½GufEdkifwJh CD-ROM ( Read Only )? a&;zwfEdkifwJh CD R ( Recordable )
qdkNyD;&Sdygw,f/ ,ckaemufydkif;rSmokH;wJh Data awGBuD;vmwJh twGuf tvG,fwula½GUajymif;
o,f,lEdkifatmif CD-R/W awGbJtokH;rsm;ygw,f/ wefzdk;u vnf;t&rf;oufomaeNyDjzpfyg
w,f/ aemuf ydkif;rSm Data udk 4 GB txdodrf;EdkifwJh DVD(Digital video Disk) awG&Sdvmovdk
DVD Drive awGvnf;ay:vmygw,f/ ol[mvnf; Storage Device bJjzpfygw,f/ CD RW ?
DVD ROM tm;vkH;yg0ifwJh Combo Drive awGay:aeygNyD/ wefzdk;uvnf; t&rf;oufom
ygw,f/ DVD Writer awGawmifay:aeygNyD/ aps;uawmhenf;enf;BuD;ao;wmaygh/
Floppy Drive(A:)
[m ,cifur&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJh Device jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u Floppy
Floppy Disk Drive
t½G,ftpm;u 5 1/4" &Sdw,f/ tck Floppy u 3 1/2" bJ&Sdawmhw,f/ Capacity uvnf;
1.44MB txdwufvmNyDjzpfw,f/ Boot udk Floppy(A:) eJY pwuf&wmyg/ Floppy udka&;zwf
vkyfwJh Drive jzpfygw,f/ tcku Windows XP txd Bootable CD awG&Sdvmawmh
rvdkawmhbl;aygh/ USB Port rSmwyfokH;wJh Memory Stick ( Thumb Drive) awGay:vmawmh wpfcsKdU
User awG Floppy Drive rwufMuawmhbl;/ Memory Stick uvnf; 64 MB u ae 1 GB
xd&Sdawmhydkvnf;qefU? Data Transfer Rate uvnf; USB 2.0 qdk&if 440 Mbps &Sd
awmhjrefw,fav/ USB u 12Mbps &Sdw,f/ 5 GB &SdwJh Memory Stick awGokH;aeNyDjzpfyg
w,f/ Data Traveler bJjzpfygw,f/
VGA(Video Graphic Array) Card
VGA Card [m Display Adapter wpfckjzpfNyD; Monitor wGifykH&dyfrsm;azmfjy&eftwGufjzpfyg
w,f/ VGA Card udk PCI ( Peripheral Connectivity Interface ) ESifh AGP (Accelerator Graphic
Port) Slot awGrSmwyfqifokH;pGJ&ygw,f/ AGP rSmpdkufr,fqdk&if MB &JU Support ESifhudkufnD
atmifa½G;cs,f&ygw,f/ Graphic Card Memory 16 MB, 32 MB, 64 MB, 128 MB, 256 MB qdkNyD;
xkwfvkyfolrsm;u Brand tpkHxkwfxm;ygw,f/ AGP Card awGrSm 2X ? 4X ? 8X qdkNyD;&Sdawmh
M/B &JU Slot eJU udkufnDbdkUvdkygw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm PCI Express qdkNyD; topfxGufvmyg
w,f/ Video Card &JUpGrf;aqmif&nfudk Technicians trsm;pk[m 16 bits ? 24 Bits Card
vdkYokH;ESKef;avh&Sdygw,f/ 'guawmh 2 colors = 1 bits (Mono) ? 4 colors = 2 bits ? 16
Written by Major ToeAung
5. 5
colors = 4 bits ? 256 colors = 8 bits ? 64K colors = 16 bits ESifh 16 MB colors = 24
bits aMumifhjzpfygw,f/ rdrd&JU Card [m 64K at Colors okH;Edkifw,fqdk&if 16 Bits
okH;Edkifw,fvdkUyJajymqdkwmudkqdkvdkwmjzpfygw,f/
Sound Card
Sound Card [m toHokH;pGJ&eftwGufjzpfygw,f/ Sound Card [m Computer xJu
Digital Format eJYodrf;xm;wJh toH File rsm;udk Speaker uae toHtjzpf Output
xkwfay;jcif; ESifh jyifyrStoHrsm;udk Input taygufrSwqifh Digital Format tjzpf Computer
twGif;odrf;qnf;jcif;ponfh tvkyfESpfckvkyfaqmifay;onf/ PC Speaker wyfqif&ef Line Out
(Green) ? tjcm; Device rsm;rStoH,l&ef Line In (Blue) ESifh MicroPhone wyfqif&ef MIC
In (Pink) wdkY&Sdygw,f/ 'gtjyif Musical Instruments rsm; ESifh Game Pad ? Joy Stick rsm;
wyfqifokH;pGJEdkifwJh 15 Pins Female Port wpfckyg0ifygw,f/ aemufydkif; Main Board rsm;wGif
Sound Built-In wnfaqmufxm;wmaMumifhoD;oefY Sound Card wyfqif&efrvdktyfwm awGY&
rSmjzpfygw,f/
Network Card
Network Card [m wpfvkH;eJYwpfvkH; uGef,ufcsdwfqufokH;pGJzdkUjzpfygw,f/
Computer
Network Interface Card (NIC) vdkYvnf;ac:w,f/ ,cifu Computer rsm;[m Stand Alone
taeeJYomtvkyfvkyfcJhMuayr,fh ,aeYacwfrSm Data Sharing twGuf uGef,ufcsdwfqufokH;pGJ
aeNyDjzpfygw,f/ uGef,ufcsdwfquftokH;rsm;vmwmaMumifh Mother Board rsm;rSm Built - In yg
vmwmawGU&ygw,f/
Casing with Power Supply
Casing[m r&SdrjzpfvdktyfwJh Device jzpfygw,f/ Casing twGif;rSm Computer &JU tpdwf
tydkif;tm;vkH;udkxnfhoGif;xm;wJhtwGuf System Unit vdkYvnf;ac:ygw,f/ Compact Casing
eJU ( Mini ? Mrdium ? Full )Tower Casing qdkNyD;ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/ Computer trsKd;tpm;eJU Casing
roufqdkifyg/ rdrdwyfqifvdkonfhtay:rlkwnfNyD; Casing t½G,ftpm;udka½G;cs,f&rSmjzpfyg
w,f/ Branded PC rsm;wGif Model tvdkuf Casing udkowfrSwfxkwfvkyfwm&Sdygw,f/ Power
Supply rSm AT(Advanced Technology) eJU ATX (Advanced Technology Extension) ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/ AT
u Main Board ay:u Power BudK;wyf&if Connector &JY teufa&mifESpfckudktv,frSmxm;NyD;wyf&
w,f/ ATX awGrSmu Connector eJY Socket udkykHpHusjyKvkyfxm;wJhtwGuf pepfwuswyfqif&if
rSm;p&mr&Sdyg/ Main Board ay: rSmwyfqif&ef Connector ESifh tjcm; Devices awGwyfqif&ef
Connector rsm;yg0ifygw,f/ t"duvkyfaqmifcsufuawmh AC 220 Volts uae DC ±12 Volts
? ±5 Volts xkwfay;wmyg/ rdrdwyfqifwJh Device rsm;aevdkY Connector eJYrvkHavmufcJh&if
Splitter wyfqifokH;pGJ&ygw,f/ Power Supply &JY Watt tm;ay:rlwnfNyD; wyfqifEdkifygw,f/
omreftm;jzifh 230 Watts &Sdyg w,f/ System Unit twGuf 150 Watts ? Monitor twGuf 80
Watts cefUokH;pGJygw,f/ Power Supply [mtyljrifhwJh Device wpfckjzpfawmh olY&JUaemufbufrSm
ygwJh Cooling Fan [mvnf;ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ Fan rvnf&ifanmfeHYxGufygw,f/ Mum&if
awmhavmifoGm;rSmyg/ Casing qdk&if Power Supply ygNyD;jzpfw,f/ Casing udka½G;cs,f&if
Written by Major ToeAung
6. 6
udk,fokH;r,fh Main Board Desing eJY udkufnDwmokH;&r,f/ aemufydkif; P4 Casing awGrSm M/B
twGuf ESpfouf&mwyfqifvdkY&atmif Port ae&mtydwf[mt&Sif jzpfNyD; M/B rSmvnf; ol&JU
Port Design twdkif;wyfqifzdkU I/O Shield ygvmNyD;jzpfygw,f/ Power Supply udkawmh
rdrd&JUpufrSmwyfqifr,fh Device awGay:rlwnfNyD; 250w uae 450W txd&SdwJhtxJu udkufnD
wmudka&G;&rSmyg/ rvdktyfyJtm;tBuD;okH;&ifvnf; Power pm;wmomtzwfwifrSmyg/ yg0genf;
NyD;okH;wmrsm;&ifvnf; pufu CD Drive rodvdkuf HardDisk rodvdkufeJU bmjzpfrSef;rodjzpf
wwfygw,f/ csdefqNyD;okH;wwfbdkUvdkygw,f
Monitor
Monitor [m Display wpfckjzpfNyD; azmfjyvdkwJhtcsuftvufawGudk Monitor Screen rSm
jrifawGU&rSmygw,f/ Monitor rSm CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) eJY LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display )
qdkNyD; ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f/ Monitoer t&G,ftpm;udk 14” ? 15” ? 17” ? 19” qdkNyD;&Sdygw,f/
,cktcsdefrSm Standard taeeJY 15” udkokH;Muygw,f/ CRT Monitor rSm Cathode Ray Tube qdk
wJh qvif'gykHwpfzufusOf; Main Vacuum Tube wpfckyg0ifygw,f/ usOf;ajrmif;wJhtpGef;
[m Phosphor okwfxm;wJh Display eJY uGufwdjzpfygw,f/ usOf;ajrmif;wJh tpGef;wpfzufrSm
Electron Guns (3)ck yg0ifygw,f/ Electron Guns rS Electron rsm;udkwpfzufpGef;qDodkY xkwf
vTwfygonf/ Yoke ( Electromeagnetic Field ) rsm;onf Electron Beam rsm;tjzpf Phosphor
Coating ay:usa&mufNyD; tvif;tjzpfykHazmfay;í tcsuftvufrsm;? ½kyfykHrsm;udk Monitor ay:
rSmazmfjyay;jcif;jzpfygonf/
KeyBoard
onf ñTefMum;csufrsm;ay;&efESifh tcsuftvufrsm;oGif;&eftwGuf okH;pGJaom
Keyboard
Input Device jzpfygonf/ PC wpfvkH;rSmr&Sdrjzpfvdktyfygw,f/ Keyboard trsKd;tpm;ESpfrsKd;&Sdyg
onf/ DIM Type ( AT Keyboard )(acgif;tBuD;) ESifh Mini Dim ( PS 2 Keyboard )(acgif;tao;)
wdkYjzpfygonf/ Main Board ESifh Keyboard Type rwlnDygu Converter Plug okH;pGJaqmif½Guf
Edkifonf/
Mouse
Mouse onf Monitor wGif GUI (Graphical User Interface) jzifhazmfjyaeaomae&mwGif
trdefYay;jcif;rsm;aqmif½Gufjcif;udkokH;onf/ Mouse trsKd;tpm;(3)rsKd; &Sdygonf/ Serial (acgif;
tBuD;) ? PS 2 (acgif;tao;) ESifh USB wdkYjzpfygonf/ Main Board ESifh Mouse Type rwlnDyg
u Converter Plug okH;pGJaqmif½GufEdkifonf/
===============================================
Software
Software ydkif;taeeJUu System Software(Operating System) ?
eJU Utility qdkNyD;
Application
avhvm&rSmyg/ Operating System udka½G;cs,f&mrSm rdrdpuf&JU Hardware ay:rSmrlwnfygw,f/
CPU Speed ? RAM ? HDD Space twGufjzpfygw,f/ Window XP qdk&if CPU 400MHz ? RAM
128MB(Recommand) avmufrSNidrfrSmyg/ HDD Space qdk&if 2 GB avmufae&mawmh Application
Software ae&mtwGuf eJU okH;pGJolvkyfief;ay:rlwnfNyD; 2GB &JU 3^4 q txufawmhtenf;qkH;
Written by Major ToeAung
7. 7
&Sdoifhygw,f/ Hardware rvdkufEdkifbJ Windows tjrifhwifxm;&if tjynfht0 tvkyfrvkyfEdkif
ovdk pufvnf;twif;½kef;ae&awmh av;uefaerSmyg/
Operating System rSm Microsoft &JU Windows taeeJUpxGufpOfu Office okH;eJU
Network okH;qdkNyD; cGJxGufvmwmyg/ Professional version ESifh txuf XP upNyD; oD;oefU
r&Sdawmhygbl;/
pOf Office okH; Network okH;
1 MS DOS
2 Windows 3.11
3 Windows 95 Windows NT
4 Windows 98 Windows NT 3
5 Windows 98 SE Windows NT 4
6 Windows ME Windows 2000
7 Windows XP
8 Windows Vista
usefwJh Operating System awGuawmh Machantoc ( Apple vdkUvnf;ac:Muw,f/) ? Unix
Linux pwmawGbJjzpfygw,f/ Apple uawmh Press orm;awG ? Graphic Professionals awGokH;
wmrsm;ygw,f/ Unix uawmh Hardware eJU Software Dedicated jzpfawmh 'DrSmodyfrokH;Mu
ygbl;/ Software udkrjzpfraeokH;rSyJ okH;wmrsm;ygw,f/ Linux uawmh Open Source System
jzpfawmh tckaemufydkif;rSmtokH;rsm;vmw,f/ 'gayr,fh Back End rSmokH;wmrsm;w,f/
Security vnf; Windows xuftrsm;BuD;omygw,f/ Front End rSmuawmh Computer okH;pGJrI
wGifus,fvmcsdefrSm Window udk ,Ofyg;aeawmh User Friendly jzpfrI r,SOfNydKifEdkifao;ygbl;/
OS Softrware rSmvnf; Bootable awG&SdvmygNyD/
Application Software taeeJUrjzpfrae Windows okH;wmqdkawmh Microsoft Office BuD;udk
okH;&rSmbJjzpfw,f/ Computer udkokH;rSawmhpmpDpm½kduftenf;qkH;awmhokH;&rSmbJjzpfygw,f/
Adobe uqdk&if PageMaker udkokH;&rSmyg/ aemufydkif;rSmqdk&if Indesign aygh/ Graphic udkokH;
r,fqdk&if Adobe Photoshop ? Illustrator eJU Corel Photopaint ? CorelDraw awGokH;&rSmyg/
Utility uawmh okH;r,fhvkyfief;ay:rlwnfNyD; &Sdxm;oifhw,f/ jrefrm Font CD &Sd&rSmyg/
System Management vkyfr,fhol[m tenf;qkH; ckvdk Software awG&Sdxm;oifhygw,f/
Installation udk tqifhvdkufpepfwusvkyfaqmifwwfbdkUvdkygw,f/
==============================================
Computer wpf v H k ; wyf q if j cif ;
1/ Motherboard udk Casing rSmwyfr,fqdk&if M/B ay:rSm&SdwJh vdktyfwJhae&mawGrSm Clip/ Pin
(Plastic) udkOD;pGm wyfyg/
2/ CPU udkwyf&if pepfwusvkyf&ygr,f/ trSm;rcHygbl;/
M/B rSm&SdwJh CPU Lock udk 90H axmifyg/
Written by Major ToeAung
8. 8
CPU udkowfrSwfxm;wJh trSwfeJU M/B ay:utrSwfudk tH0ifcGifusMunfhNyD; Pins
awGpepfwus0ifatmifwyfyg/ tm;oHk;NyD;rzd&yg/
NyD;aemuf CPU Lock udk pepfwusjyefí Lock vkyfyg/
CPU FAN tm;wyfyg/NyD;rS FAN Power MudK;udkwyfqifyg/
3/ RAM udk oufqdkif&m slot wGifwyfqifyg/
4/ M/B udk Casing wGifwyfqifyg/
5/ HDD , CD Drive, Floppy Drive rsm;udkwyfqifyg/
6/ NyD;aemuf IDE Cable , Power MudK;rsm;udk wyfqifyg/ t"dutcsufu Power ? HDD ?
Restart pwJh Pin av;awGwyfqif&mrSmrSefuefzdkUygbJ/
7/ Graphic Card, NIC, Modem, TV Tuner Card rsm;oHk;pGJrnfqdkygu,if;wdkUudkwyfqifyg/
System wpfcktwGuf Hardware ydkif;qdkif&m Install vkyfNyD;om;jzpfygw,f/
Software ydkif; Install vkyf&efOD;pGm System software (O/S) udkwif&ygonf/,if;odkUaqmif
&Guf&ef ( CMOS Setting ) udkodzdkUvdkygw,f/ rjzpfraeodoifhwmu azmfjyay;xm;yg
w,f/ rjzpfraeodoifhwm azmfjyay;xm;ygr,f/ Boot Sequence udk CD eJUay;jyD; OD;pGm
wyf&ygr,f/ F 10 Save & Exit NyD;&if Win 98 Bootable CD udkxnfhjYyD; pufudkwyfyg/ HDD
udk OD;pGmudkif&rSmjzpfygw,f/
CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) SETTING
BIOS xJ0ifcsif&if pufpzGifhwmeJU DEL ESdyf (wpfcsdKUpufrsm; F1, F2, F10 ponfh Function
Key rsm;udkESdyf&onf/)/ NyD;&if CMOS udkjyifqif&rSmyg/
- STANDARD COMS SETUP
- HDD rSm xm;
Auto
- Floppy – 1.44 MB ajymif; ( Drive A:)
- Halt on : ( STOP vdkUt"dyÜg,f&w,f/) All Errors ysufaewm^rawGUwmawG&Sd&if
System wpfckvHk;&yfcdkif;wmyg/ (odkUr[kwf) pdwfMudKufajymif;xm;Edkifygonf/
BIOS FEATURES SETUP
- Virus Warning – Disable vkyfxm;&r,f/ Enable qdk&if tcsKdUpufrsm;rSm Window
rwufwm awGU&w,f/
- CPU Internal Cache – Enablexm;&r,f/ Disable qdk&if RAM rSwdkuf½kduf zwf&wJh
twGuf pufwufwm? tvkyfvkyfwmMumr,f/
- External Cache – Enable xm;oifhw,f/ tqifrajyrSom Disable xm;oifhw,f/
- Quick Power on Self Test : Enable
- Boot Sequence – vdkcsifovdkajymif;xm;Edkifw,f/ Default uawmh Floppy ? HDD?
CDROM jzpfygw,f/ Windows udkvkyfr,fh Boot Disk ay:rSmrlwnfrSmbJ
jzpfw,f/ tckaemufydkif;uawmh CDROM udkay;ygw,f/
- Swap Floppy Disk – yHkrSef Disable xm;&r,f/ DriveA: ESifhB udk Change csif&if
Enable ay;&r,f/ Floppy (2) vHk;&Sd&if Command utqifajyw,f/
- Boot up Num Lock Status – On &r,f/ Off &if Num [m Arrow Key jzpfoGm;r,f/
Written by Major ToeAung
9. 9
Integrated Peripherals
- IDE HDD Block Mode : Enable / Disable
- IDE Master/ slave : Auto
- On – Chip Primary PCI / IDE : Enable ay;&r,f/ Disable ay;vdkuf&if HDD udk
azsmufypfvdkufr,f/
- On – Chip Second IDE : Enable
- USB Controller : pdwfMudKuf
- On board FDC (Floppy Disk Controller ): - Enable xm;&w,f/ Disable qdk&if Floppy
udkrawGUawmhbl;/
- On board Parallel Port : Disable ay;xm;&if Printer xkwfr&awmhwmrsdK;jzpfr,f/
378/ IRQ 7 wGif yHkrSefxm;&r,f/
Superior Password
Password vkyfNyD; BIOS Features Setup Pages wGif Security Option wGif Setup / System
xm;í&onf/
- Setup - CMOS Setup
- System – Windows.
============================================
HDD wpf v H k ; ud k p ud k i f r ,f q d k & if -
pufwpfvkH;rSmvdktyfwJh Hardware ydkif;wyfqifNyD; CMOS jyifqifNyD;&if pufudkEdI;&rSmyg/
tJ'Dvdk M/B eJY wyfqifxm;wJh Hardware ydkif;odNyD;&if Harddisk udk Operating System wifzdkY
atmufygtwdkif; Primary DOS Partation aqmif½Gufjyifqif&rSmyg/
(1) Partition vkyf&if Fix Disk eJU0if&w,f/ command : fdisk eJU0if&w,f/
(2) MBR (Master Boot Record)
(3) FAT (File Allocation Transfer)
(4) Directory Area
(5) Data Area
HDDudkjyif&ef A: rS0ifjcif;onf opfyifwpfyifckwfr,fqdk&if yifpnfrSckwfovdkyg/C: rS
jyifjcif;onf opfudkif;ay:rSxdkifckwfjcif;jzpfonf/ Boot Sequence udk CMOS setting rSm A:
jyifay;&r,f/ NyD;&if SYS Disk A: Boot able CD tm;xnfhNyD; Computer udkrD;zGifhyg/
A:> ay:vmr,f /
FDISK A:> fdisk ↵ ( FAT 16 – 2GB yJ&w,f? FAT 32 rS 2GB above &rSmjzpfw,f/)
Fix Disk Option xJa&mufr,f/
tckaemufydkif; Bootable CD awG&Sdvmawmh Boot Sequence udk CMOS setting rSm
CDROM jyifay;NyD;0if&if&ygw,f/
1. Create Dos Partition - aqmufcsif&if 'Duaeaqmuf&r,f(topf)/
ta[mif;qdk&if (3)eJU zsufNyD;rS(1) ESifhaqmuf&r,f/
2. Set active Partition
3. Delete partition – Partitionzsufr,f/
4. Display Partition – Partition tajctaeudkod&r,f/
Written by Major ToeAung
10. 10
- Primary ,Extented ,Logical Partition tpOfvdkufaqmuf&r,f/
- Partition zsufcsif&if- Logical , ext , primary tpOfvdkufjyefzsuf&r,f/
- Partition aqmufcsif&if- 1 udkESdyf Maximum (YES) enter ay;jyD; restart jyefvkyf/
- zsuf&iff NTSF qddk&if Non-Dos jzifhzsuf&r,f/
Partition zsuf^aqmufjyD;wdkif; Crtl + Alt + Del jzifh Restart vkyf&r,f/ Partition
ESpfpkcGJcsif&if PRI – DOS ESifh EXT – DOS cGJqdkNyD;cJG&r,f/ 3pkcGJcsifvQif PRI –DOS ESifhEXT –DOS cGJ?
EXT-DOS tm; 2ckjyefcGJ&r,f/ HDD topfwpfvHk;0,fvm&if yxrOD;qHk; Partition cGJjyD; Format
vkyf&r,f/ HDD wGif Partition r&SdcJhyJpufudk Run &if-
- A:> C:
Invalid drive specification Error qdkwJh Message wufvmrSmbJjzpfygw,f/'gqdk
&if Partition aqmuf&r,f/
- A:> F disk Enter
F disk Option xJa&mufr,f Partition aqmufr,f ESC vkyfNyD; Restart vkyfr,f A:>
ay:vmr,f/
- A:> C Enter
– C:> Dir Enter
Invalid Media type Reading Drive C: qdkwJh Message wufvmrSmjzpfygw,f/
'gqdk&if HardDisk udk Format cs&rSmbJjzpfygw,f/
- C:> A: Enter
- A:> Format C: Enterqdk&if Data awGtm;vkH;udkzsufr,fqdkwJh Message
wufvmrSmyg/ Format csr,fqdkawmh YES udka½G;cs,fNyD; Enter acgufygu Format vkyfrSmjzpfyg
w,f/ Format vkyfNyD;&if -
- A:> Dir C: Enter
- Volume In drive C:
- File not Found qdkw,fh Message ay:vmr,f/ NyD;&iff A: udkxkwfNyD; Restart vkyf
Invalid System Disk qdkNyD;ay:vmr,f A: xnfhNyD; Enter acgufr,f A:> ay:vmr,f/
- A:> Sys C: Enter
- System Transferred ay:vmr,f/
- C:> Dir --- Enter qdk&if File awGUr,f /
- C:> Dir / ah ----- Enter qdk&if Hidden File ygawGUr,f/ A: udkxkwfNyD; Restart vkyf&if
C: > ay:vm&if HDD tqifoifhjzpfNyD C:> A: Enter
- A: > F Disk Enter – F disk Option xJrS(4) qdk&if Partition Information ay:vmr,f/
- Format C: tpm; Format C: / S qdkNyD; Short Cut oHk;NyD;&if Format a&m System a&m
Transferred vkyfoGm;rSmjzpfw,f/ 'gqdk&if HardDisk wpfvkH;twGuf Primary Dos Partation
aqmufNyD;jzpfvdkY Operating System (Windows) wpfckwif&ef toifhjzpfygw,f/ 'gutopfudk
vkyfaqmifcsufqdkayr,fh ta[mif;udk udkif&ifvnf; 'Dtqifhtwdkif;bJjzpfygw,f/ ta[mif;qdk
&if vdktyf&if Scan Disk eJY Bad Sector ppfaq;ay;NyD;rS vkyfaqmifoifhygw,f/
Written by Major ToeAung
12. 12
wkH;u taumif; pufydwfNyD;jyefzGifawmhhr&wmrsKd;? &vdkuf^r&vdkufjzpfwmwdkU (aemufqkH; udkif
wG,foluawmh w&m;cHjzpfaeavh&Sdw,f? tenf;qkH;awmh tqlcH&rSmaocsmw,f? uHraumif;
&ifjyifc avsmfay;&rSmaocsmw,f? tJ'DrSmaMumufNyD; pufrudkif&J? rudkifcsif jzpfwwfw,f/)?
Card pdkufwmawGrSmjzpfavh&Sdygw,f/ jzKwfNyD; t0wfEkEkudk t&ufysHqGwfNyD; (bmrSrSmr&wJh
ae&mrSm t0wfMurf;Murf;eJUaumfywfpm;ovdk wdkufNyD; oefY&Sif;a&;vkyfay;ygw,f/) Card ay:
u Slot rSmpdkufwJhae&mudk oefU&Sif;ajymifaeatmifwdkufNyD; pepfwusjyefwyfyg/ 'grSr&&if
Computer tydk&Sdae&if tJ'D Card awGudk wpfckcsif;vJvS,f? pdkufMunfhNyD; ysuf^rysuf prf;
oyfEdkifygw,f/ taumif;prf;oyf&ef Card rsm;&Sdyguvnf; wpfckcsif;vJvS,f? pdkufMunfhNyD;
prf;oyfEdkifygw,f/ Sound Card wdkY? NIC wdkYaMumifhcsKd,Gif;rIqdk&if jzKwfxm;NyD; pufjyefwuf
wmeJYvnf; aumif;avh&Sdygw,f/ rygvnf;okH;&wmudk;/ 'grSr[kwf&if topfpdkuf&rSmyg/
jrnfaewJhtoHu qufwdkufjrnfaeNyD; Computer bufubmrSvnf;rjybJ System ydwfrS&yf
oGm;wmrsKd;qdk&ifawmh CPU csdKU,Gif;wmjzpfygw,f/ Memory vnf;jzpfEdkifao;ygw,f/
2/ pufawmhwufw,f? Windows rwufjzpfae&if pufpzGifhwmeJY F8 udkESdyfyg/ Windows
Crash jzpfwmr[kwf&if Safe Mode? Normal Windows ? Step by Step awGeJYwufzdkY Massage
ay:vmrSmyg/ Safe Mode eJY Windows t&ifwufyg? NyD;awmh Restart jyefvkyfygu Normal
Windows eJYwufvmrSmyg/ t"dyÜg,fuawmh aemufqkH;pufwufcJhwJh taumif;qkH;tajctaejyef
a&mufatmifvkyfwJhoabmyg/ r&cJh&if Safe Mode rSm Graphic Drive Installation udk Check
vkyf?tukef Uninstall vkyfNyD;pufjyefwufwmeJY Windows wufrSmyg/ Graphic Driver ½IwfaxG;
NyD; pufrwufEdkifwmyg/ tJ'DvdkrSrwufao;&if uRrf;usifoltqifhqdk&if Step by Step
Configuration eJY vdkwmudk YES ? rvdkwmudk NO ay;NyD;&ifvnf; wufoGm;rSmyg/ olay;wJh
Message udkodrS&rSmyg/ wpfcgwpf&HrSm Last known good configuration ESifhwufvdkuf&ifvnf;
Windows aemufqkH;wuff xm;wJhtajctaeeJUjyefwufay;rSmjzpfygw,f/ jzpfEdkifwmaemufwpfck
uawmh Windows udkydwfpOfpepfwus Shut Down rvkyfjcif;? rD;jywfawmufoGm;wmrskKd;jzpf&if
pufjyefzGifhvdkY POST ( Power On Self Test ) vkyfpOf Hard Disk udkrawGYwmrsKd;? rodwm
rsKd;jzpfNyD; Windows rwufwmvnf;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ 'grsKd;jzpf&ifawmhyxrtqifhtaeeJU CMOS
(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Setting xJ0ifNyD; Hard Disk Drive &JUtajctaeudk
ppfaq;&rSmyg/ Auto Detect vkyfvdkY&&ifawmh txufuazmfjycJhovdkaqmif½Guf&rSmyg/ r&&if
awmh Casing udkzGifhNyD; HDD &JU Connector eJU Power Cable udkppfaq;&rSmyg/ IDE Cable
raumif;jcif;? Power Cable raumif;jcif;rsm;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ NyD;&ifpufjyefwufygu HDD
awGUNyD; Windows wufvmrSmjzpfygw,f/ r&&if Hard Disk udk ppfaq;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
3/ Hardware ydkif;u csdKU,Gif;w,fqdk&ifawmh oleJUwlnDNyD;aumif;aewJhpuf&Sd&if wpfckcsif;
jzKwf^wyf prf;oyf&if Memory ? Graphic Card ? Sound Card ? Modem Card ? Power Supply ? CPU
b,f[mysufw,fqdkwm tvG,fwulod&rSmyg/ bmrSvkyfr&&ifawmh Mother Board ysufw,f
qdkwmprf;oyfawGU&rSmbJjzpfygw,f/ ,cktcgrSm PCI rSm pdkufNyD; pufb,ftqifhrSm csKdU,Gif;
Board Analyzer awGay:aeNyDjzpfygw,f/
4/ Hard Disk rSm Bad Sector &SdaevdkU Windows aumif;aumif;rwufEdkifwmqdk&if Bad Sector
rsm;aewJhtydkif;udk ydwfNyD; Windows wifvdkuf&ifaumif;oGm;wmrsKd;vnf;&Sdw,f/ Windows XP rS
vkyfvdkU&ygw,f/ Partation Magic vdkrsKd; Third Party Software okH;&ifawmh Hard Disk udk udkif&wm
Written by Major ToeAung
13. 13
ydkvG,fwmaygh/ IDE Cable eJUcsdwfNyD;vkyfvkyf? 'grSr[kwf IDE to USB eJUvkyfvkyf&ygw,f/ IDE to
USB eJUvkyf&ifawmh vG,fvG,fudkifwG,fEdkifwmaygh/
5/
=============================================
CD Drive rzwf & if
-- CD Drive &JU Mechanism ydkif;? Electronic ydkif; ykHrSeftvkyfvkyfaeNyD; CD Rom udk
zwfvdkufrzwfvdkuf 'grSr[kwfvkH;0rzwfEdkifjzpfae&if LENS udkoefU&Sif;a&;vkyfay;&if ykHrSefjyef
tvkyfvkyfavh&Sdygw,f/ CD Drive udkzGifhNyD;aqmif½Guf&rSmyg/ CD &JU txdef; Screw awGudk
OD;pGmjzKwfyg/ CD Drive udkzGifh&if rsufESmjyif rSm&SdwJh taygufav;u Tray Lock udkjzKwfwm
jzpfygw,f/ t&G,fawmfwJhoHacsmif;i,fudk taygufxJxdk;NyD; tomt,mwGef;vdkufygu Tray
xGufvmrSmyg/ udk,fxnf Cover udk tvdkufoifhtvG,fwuIjzKwfyg/ CD zwfwJh LENS udk
awGU&rSmjzpfw,f/ oefY&Sif;NyD; El;nHhwJht0wfpEkEk eJY rsufESmjyifudk oefU&Sif;a&;vkyfay;&r,f/
LENS &JUtaetxm;rysufatmif*½kwpdkufvkyf&w,f/ jzKwfcJhwJhtqifhtwdkif;pepfwusjyefvnf
wyfqifyg/ CD Rom awGzwfwmrsm;&ifjzpfavh&Sdygw,f/
Written by Major ToeAung