Hard ware & Networking

1. 2014 . .mrs Kl oDvdx yd
, < ¿cd lrK ms sno jevuq j
fufyhùu
< ; ; ;= ;uOHu m d a f dr re dËK tallh

2. Tool kit

3. Tool kit

4. Tool kit

5. Tool kit

6. Tool kit

7. Network Tool ( Clipping Tool )

8. Brush

9. Magnifier

11. Screwdriver Set

12. Multi Meter

13. Digital Multi Meter

14. Sucker

15. .mß Kl ljrfha fldgia Parts of
Casing
;fuys my wdldrhg WmlrK iúlsÍug wjYH
neúka flaiskfha fomi mshka iy bosßmi mshka
; .; ;=bj alr hq h'

16. Power Cable

17. AT Power Unit

18. ATX Power Unit

19. ATX Power Unit

20. ATX Power Unit

21. ATX Casing

22. ATX Casing

23. ATX Casing

24. Processor Socket

25. Processor Socket

26. Dual Core Socket

27. AMD Processor

28. AMD Processor

29. AMD Athlon
Processor

30. AMD sempron Processor

31. Cache Memory
% ; ; ; ; ; ;= . "m Odk u lfhka o a ilikh fj f dr re ikaksfõokh jk fõ h
; ; . ; . ¿o a ilikfha fõ j a njg fkdiEfyk neúka eg j uÕ yerùug fuu m
% ; ; ; ; ; ; . ; ; ;Odk u lh a o a ilikh a w rg wêfõ S u lhl wjYH djh we s
úh' ta i|yd Cache Memory ; , ;Ndõ fõ' wêl ksIamdok ñ la iys
; % ; ;fõ' fuh 80$20 kS shg wkqj l shd aulfõ' tkï ksYaÑ
, % ; ¨ .ld hloS hï l shdjla i|yd Ndú jk ish u mß Kl jev igyka
; ;= ; ;f dr re iy o a Cache ; ] %u lfhka 20 l m udKhla tu ld¾h
, ] ;=< ; % .flfrk ld fhka 80 la Ndú fõ' fïjd m Odk j¾ folls'
• L1 Cache - % ;=< ; . ; ;fm dfiirh we s fõ j a u l Ñmhhs'
• L2 Cache - % , ; . ; ;fm dfiirh wi we s fõ j a u l Ñmhls

32. Intel (8008) Micro Processor

33. Intel (8080) Micro Processor

34. Slot Processor

35. Intel Processor

36. Processors

37. Intel Processor

38. Core 2 Duo Processor

39. Intel celeron Processor

40. CPU Register – CPU memory
; ;o a ilik Processor ;=< . ;iuyr wêfõ Sj u lhka
. < : ;nvd l yels ia dk we ' fïjd Internal registers ,f i
yÿkajhs' RAM , . ;j g jvd fú j ah' CPU tl yd ALU ;tl fuu u l
. ; ; ; , . ; , ,nvd Ndú d lrñka o a nd kS' tfukau djld slj ilik o
; ; . ; ;= ; ; . ;o a o nvd lr nhs' fuu fya fjka o a ilikfha fú j a nj
.jeäfú' fïjd j¾ lsysmhls'
PCR - Programme Counter Register
IR - Instruction Register
MBR - Memory Buffer Register
MAR - Memory Address Register
IO/AR- Input Output Address Register
I/OBR- Input Output Buffer Register

41. Heat Zink, Cooling Fan

42. Mother Board

43. Mother Board

44. Mother Board

45. Mother Board

46. Mother Board

47. Mocury Mother Board

48. Foxconn Mother Board

50. BIOS
fuu BIOS , , ., ; <fmr ld j oS jd kej iõ l yels jqjo
wo Flash BIOS ; <iú lr we s neõka th l
; ; ;= <fkdyel' tfy a tys f dr re fjkia l yelsh'
BIOS program hï hï fodaI oelaùug Beep
Sound ;Ndõ d lrhs
Ami BIOS jdr jro
2-3 RAM
4-5-7-10 Mother Board
8 VGA
9 BIOS Chip
6 Key Board

51. Primay Memory
1 Rom (Read Only Memory
Rom - ; ;+ , ; .Ñmfha f dr re sùfï dlaIKh wkqj j¾ flf¾
PROM – Programmable Read Only Memory
. , ‘fuu j¾ fha tlajrla muKla súh yelsh
EPROM- Eraseble Programmable Read Only Memory ;kej
; , , ; ;+ ,kej shk o f dr re ulñka sõh yelsh' uelSu
i|yd ,mdrcïnq lsrK (Ultra Violet Ray) ;Ndú d
‘lrhs
EEPROM – Electrically Eraseble Programmable Rom:-
“Flash” ; , % ;u lh f i oekg ckms h fjïka mj sk
.fuuß Ñma j¾ hls fuys (Electrical field) ; ;%úoHq a fCIa hla
. ; ;= ,u ska f dr re sùu yd uelSu folu isÿlrhs
'

52. 2 Ram ((Random Access Memory)
; ; . ; %o a nvdjl wNHka ßl m Odk tallh
% ; ,jk fuh iiïNdù m fõY u lh f i
, ; , ; ; .yÿkajkq efí' djld slj o a r|jd ekSfï
; ; ; .yelshdj we s neúka kej kej nvdjk
; ; ; ; / ; <o a bj a lsÍu a |ùu a isÿ l yels
neúka Volatile Memory ,f i o ye|
skafõ'

53. SIMM RAM

54. SIMM RAM

55. ;ksIamdok dËKh wkqj
.j¾ ’lrKh
SRAM –Static RAM
, ; % .fuf i yÿkajk w r g dkaisiag¾ muKla fhdodf k
; ,fndfyda úg fuu u l tall ksmojkq nhs

56. SD RAM

57. RAM

58. DRAM - Dynamic Ram
, ; %f i yÿkajk w r g dkaisiag¾ yd
.lemEisg¾ fhdodf k fndfyda úg
, ; ; ; ;ksmojkq nhs' fuys o a kej kej
< ;wdfrdamKh fkdl fyd a (refresh)
; ; ‘o a uelS hhs

59. RIMM (RAM Bus)

60. DDR1

61. DDR2 RAM

62. DDR3 RAM

63. Differences in DDR Family
DDR
1
DDR 2DDR
2
DDR 3

64. Hard Disk

65. Hard Disk

66. Hard Disk

67. Hard Disk

68. Hard Disk

69. SATA Hard Disk

70. )A Magnetic tape
^pqïNl má 300 $ 600 $ 1200 $ 2400 $ 3600feet ;merKs u
. * , < ;nvd udOH jk fuys f ßla Tlaihsâ wdf am l mÜhlska iukaõ h' wâ
. ;2400 muK os pqñNl má o Ndõ d õh'
B) Magnetic Drum
. ; ; . < % ; ;jYfhka j¾ 2 ls o a nvd lsÍu máfha fl jrl isg wkql ñj isÿfõ b du a
. ; ;wvq fõ hlska o a ikaksfõokh lrhs' Read head yd Write head 2 la
; ‘Ndú d fõ
A)Magnetic Disk –
Floppy Disk ; ; ;fyj a kuH eá s kñka yÿka jk fïjdfha (Iron Oxide
Coating) , ; ;fmßla Tlaihsä wdf amhla jrd ksmojd we '
Single side ; ; .tl me a l muKla nvd lrk Double side ; ;fome af u
.nvd lrk úYalïNh wkqj 8” " 5'25” " 3'5” , ;f i Ndú úh'
• Hard Disk -
• ;eá kñka yÿka jk fïjd iron oxide , ;wdf amlr fydoska Tm oud we '
•
* Zip Disk - Jass Disk .= ; . ; %fïjd o úfYaI jQ pqïNl K iys j wê K aj l u
;Ndú lr úfYaI Zip Driver . ; ;= . ;u ska f dr re nvd lsÍug Ndú d lrhs'

71. ; .oDYH udOHh Ndú d lrk nvd WmlrK
Optical Media
. ; ;= ; ; . <wêl K ajhlska hq j o a nvd l yelsh'
, ; . ; ; . ;f ai¾ lsrK dCIKh u ska o a nvd lsÍu iy kej
, . , ’ ,nd ekSu isÿlrkq nhs i¾ms dldrj fuys
; ; . ;’o a nvd jk má msysgd we (Spiral track)
"úYalïnh wkqj
0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PIT
LAND
laser
aluminum
data layer
clear
plastic
sensor
laser
sensor
0 0 0 0
LAND
polycarbonate
layer (clear plastic)
aluminum layer
laquer layer
motion
polycarbonate
substrate
aluminum
reflective layer
laquer
laquer
polycarbonate
substrate
reflective layer (gold)
dye
CD-ROM
CD-R
Protective coating
Laquer layer
Spiral groove is a guide.
It is pressed into the blank disk
when manufactured.
Reflective layer (gold)
Recording layer (dye)
Disc substrate (polycarbonate resin)
Laser beam
top side
(label
printed here)

72. DVD - Digital Versatile Disk
,f i yÿkajk fïjd CD , ; ; .j g yevyqrefjka iudk jqjo tys o a nvd lsÍfï
: ; ; ;. ; ;oS ia r lsysmhla hgf a o a nvd lsÍfï ishqï dËKhla Ndú
lrhs' (Several layers data records) 12cm fyda 8cm
, .= ; .úYalïNj ska oelsh yelsh' fïjdfha Kd aul nj wkqj j¾
, ‘5 la olakg efí
D V D 2 GB
4 GB
4 . 5 GB
6 . 5 GB
8 GB
16 GB
200 GB
(B) OPTICAL CARDS ;by CD ; ;dËKhg iudkj ksmojd we s
card úfYaIhls fuys 4 mb ; ;isg 6 olajd Odß djla we '

73. Network Card

74. VGA Card

75. IDE Cable

76. SATA Cable

77. TV/FM card
.%-ikaksfõok w iñnkaOl Comunication
Port & Connector
BNC Connector—
British Naval
Connector
Centronics Connector
-SCSI Interface
TV/FM card
The last device in
both the internal and
external chain must
be terminated.
SCSI host adapter
CD-ROM
hard
disks
scanner
external
chain
internal
chain

78. RJ45 - RJ11 Connector
DIN Connector-
USB Connector
IDE connector - Integrated Drive Electronic
5-pin DIN
Used on earlier PC keyboards
and various audio
6-pin Mini-DIN
Used on mouse, keyboard and other devices
(PS/2 connector)
5/16"
1/2"

79. Parallel Port & Connector
Sound card port & connector

80. .uDÿldx
(Software)
; .moaO s uDÿldx
(System software) .fhojqï uDÿldx
(Application software)
;fufyhqï moaO s
(Operating Systems)
; .Wmhqla uDÿldx
(Utility Software)
; .mßj¾ k uDÿldx (Translator
Programs)
fhojqï meflac
Application packages
.mß Kl NdId
Languages

81. . ,mß Kl cd Computer Network
, =cd hla hkq l ula o ? What is a
Network?
=idudcslhska tla wfhll g jvd jeäfhka isák
; ;yd ta ishÆu idudcslhska w f¾ wka ¾
; ; . , ,iïnkaO djh mj ajd f k hkakla cd hla f i
yÿkajhs
(- = ,Wod uyck nexl cd h
% , , ,Ys xld fg sfldï cd h

82. . , ,mß Kl cd j jdis Advantages of
computer network
. ; . ;1 mß Kl w r oDVdx iïm a (hardware
resources) .fnod ekSug yels ùu'
Printer / HDD
. ; .2 mß Kl w r uDÿldx (software recourses)
.fnod ekSug yels ùu'
(DBMS )
. ; .;3 mß Kl w r mKsúv yqjudre lr yels ùu'
( E-Mail / Fax / Video Phone )

83. . , ,mß Kl cd j wjdis Disadvantage
of computer network
. , : ;1 mß Kl cd hla ia dms lsÍfï úhou
‘jeä fõ
2 hardware iy software ,fldgia j g
;ydks we s úh yels ùu' (Virus)
. ; ; ; ,3 mß Klfha we s o a j wdrlaIdj
< . ¿ ;=ms sno eg u ùu' (Hackers

84. node
. ,mß Kl cd hg iïnkaO computer, printer, file
server . ,jeks oE mß Kl cd fha node ,f i yÿkajkq
, . ,efí' mß Kl cd fha iEu node tllgu wkkH jQ
, ;smskhla we ' ( Unique IP Address )
Client
. , , ,mß Kl cd fhka hï lsis fiajdjla b a d isák
(Request) node tl client , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
Server
Client . , , ,u ska b a d isák fiajh imhkq nk node
tl Server , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'

85. Printer
Microcomputer
Printer
Client
Server
Microcomputer

86. Network Topology
. , !; : ; ;mß Kl cd hla fN sl jYfhka ia dms lr we s wdldrh
(physical layout) network topology , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
Star Topology
. ,rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg fuysoS mß Kl cd hg iïnkaO
.iEu mß Klhlau Hub / Switch tllg fyda Host
Computer . ,tllg iïnkaO ùfuka mß Kl cd h ks¾udKh
‘fõ Host ComputerHub / Switch
Host Computer
Hub / Switch

87. Ring Topology
. , ;rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß Kl cd fha we s
. ; ; ; .tla mß Klhla ks ru j a mß Kl follg iïnkaO ù
, ; . ,j hdldrj we s kï tjeks mß Kl cd hla Ring
Topology , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'

88. Bus topology
. , ;rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß Kl cd fha we s
. % ,ieu mß Klhlau tla m Odk k hlg (Common
Channel) . ,iïnkaO ùfuka mß Kl cd h
ks¾udKh fõ'
Terminator

89. Tree topology
. , ;rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg mß Kl cd fha we s
. . ;= ;ieu mß Klhlau il w úysos we s wdldrhg
. ,iïnkaO ùfuka mß Kl cd h ks¾udKh fõ'

90. . , .mß Kl cd j¾ SlrKh Types of Network
. , = . , ; ;mß Kl cd hla N f da Sh jYfhka me sÍ we s
, , , . ; .wdldrh ie ls a g f k my ioyka wdldrhg mß Kl
, . < ‘cd j¾ slrKh l yel
1. Local Area Network (LAN)
2. Wide Area Network (WAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network
(MAN)

91. 1 Local Area Network (LAN)
!; ; , . . ,fN sl jYfhka t rï úYd fkdjq f dvke s s úYaj
, ; , ; . ,úoHd jeks wdh k j Ndú jk mß Kl cd (1km
. %j¾ m udKhla muK ) LAN , ,f i yÿkajkq efí'
;tla wdh khl LAN , % ;úYd m udKhla we ' Bus /
star network topology ;Ndú d flf¾'

92. 2 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Local Area Network , , + . ,j g jvd úYd N f da sh m
% . , ,foaYhla wdjrKh lrkakd jq mß Kl cd hla f i
, ,yÿkajkq efí' WodyrKhla f i fuys oS iudk
; ; % ; . ;dËKhla hgf a ls hd aul jk k r lsysmhl we s
; ; .wdh k tlg iïnkaO lr msysgqjd we s mß Kl
,cd hla yÿkajd osh yel'

93. 3 Wide Area Network (WAN)
+ . , : , ;N f da Sh jYfhka úúO ia dk j we s
.mß Kl tlg iïnkaO ùfuka Wide Area Network
ìys fõ' tkï WAN . , , ,hkq mß Kl cd j cd hls'
WAN ;=, LAN yd MAN , %úYd m udKhla
oelsh yel'

95. . , ; %mß Kl cd hla iEoSug Ndú jk m Odk
WmlrK
Main Devices that are used to create a network
.lsishï WmlrKhla mß Klh yd iïnkaO lsÍu
; .ioyd w rueos WmlrK wjYH jkjd fiau mß Klhla
. ,mß Kl cd hlg iúlsÍu ioydo WmlrK wjYHfõ'
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Modem
Router
Hub
Switches
Bridge

96. Network Interface Card (NIC)
. , ; % :mß Klhla cd hlg iú lsÍu ioyd wjYH b d m d ñl
,WmlrKh f i Network Interface Card tl yeoskaúh yel'
Network Interface Card tlla tl milska motherboard tl
;u jQ slot .tlla u ska motherboard yd iïnkaO fõ'
; ; .wfkla miska msysgqjd we s fidlÜ Ndú d lr mß Klh
, < ; ;cd hg iïnkaO l yel' úúO dlaIK hgf a ksmojk
. , . .mß Kl cd yd iu mß Klh iïnkaO lrùu ioyd wjYH
;fidlÜ fujeks ldâ msgqmiska msysgqjd sfí'' ieu
Network Interface Card ,tllgu wkkHh jQ smskhla
;we ' fuh MAC Address , ,f i yÿkajkq efí

97. Network Interface Card
(NIC)
Hub or
Switch
RJ 45 Connectors
UTP Cable

98. . ; ,mß Klhla wka ¾cd hg iïnkaO jkafka Analog Signal
; : . . ;Ndú lrkd ÿrl k ud¾ hla yryd kï mß Klh yd ÿrl k
. ; = ,ud¾ h tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍfï w rueosfhl f i Modem kï
; . .WmlrKh Ndú d flf¾' fï u ska isÿ flfrkqfha mß Klh
.u ska ckkh lrk Digital Signal : . .ÿrl k ud¾ h Tiafia uka
<l yels Analog Signal ; ; :njg mßj¾ kh lr oSu a ÿrl k
. ,ud¾ h yryd efnkd Analog Signal . ; .;mß Klhg f areï
yels Digital Signal ; ;njg mßj¾ kh lr oSu ah' fuys oS
RJ11 Connecters ; .Ndú d lr mß Klh yd Modem
%WmlrKh iïnkaO flf¾' m Odk jYfhka Modem .j¾
;folla we '
1 Internal Modem
2 External Modem

99. Digital Signal Analog Signal
Modulation
Demodulation
Modem
Computer
Digital Device
Analog Device
Digital Signals
Analog Signals
Telephone

101. Router
Routers
. ,tlsfklg wiudk jQ mß Kl cd hka folla tlg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Router ;kï WmlrKh Ndú fõ'
Router kï ; ;úfYaIs WmlrKh my ioyka ld¾hka
.ioyd fhdod kS'
1 tlsfklg fjkia jQ LAN folla iïnkaO lsÍug'
(Dissimilar type of LAN)Router

102. 2 LAN yd WAN tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug'

103. Router %tllg m Odk jYfhka Port ;folla we '
1 LAN Port
2 WAN Port
tu ksid Router tllg IP Address ;folla we '
1 LAN ,tlg nd fok IP Address tl
2 WAN ,tlg nd fok IP Address tl
fuys os WAN Port ; ;tlg my ioyka iïnkaO d
; <Ndú l yels fõ'
1 Dial-Up connection
2 Leased Line Connections
3 ISDN Connections
4 ADSL Connections

104. Hub
.mß Kl , .cd hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïos mß Kl tlsfklg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Hub ; ; .keu s WmlrKh Ndú d fõ' mß Kl
, ; .cd fha we s ieu mß Klhlau Hub tlg fjk fjku iïnkaO fõ'
fï ioyd RJ 45 Connectors iy UTP Cable ; ‘Ndú d fõ
Hub tlla Passive Device ,tlla f i kï flf¾'
. , ; ;tkï tla tla mß Klfhka efnk o a
(Data Packet) ,úYaf aIKh lsÍfï yelshdjla Hub ;tlg fkdue '
Hub ;tlla Ndú lr LAN < < .tlla ms sfh lr ekSug wjYH
(-oE
Network Interface Card (NIC)
UTP Cable
RJ 45 Connectors

105. Switch
. , .mß Kl cd hla ks¾udKh lsÍfïoS mß Kl tlsfklg
iïnkaO lsÍu ioyd Switch ;keue s
; ;WmlrKh Ndú d fõ' fuu WmlrKh nqoaêu a
WmlrKhla (Intelligent Device) ,f i yeoska fõ' tkï
. , ; ; , ,tla mß Klhlska efnk o a úYaf aIKh lr th nd
;= .osh hq mß Klh (Using Destination Address) fï
. . ,u ska yÿkd kq efí' fï ioyd NIC Card , ;j we s
MAC Address ;Ndú d flf¾'

108. Bridge
Bridge
tlsfklg iudk jQ Protocol ;Ndú lrkakd
jQ Network folla tlsfklg iïnkaO
lsÍu ioyd Bridge ;Ndú

109. Server
. , =; . ,mß Kl cd hlg iïnkaO wfkl a mß Kl j g
fiajd
, .imhkq nk mß Kl jevigyka (Computer
Program)
.= .wvx úfYaI mß Kl Server , ,f i yÿkajkq efÄ'
Server
ClientClient

110. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
Coaxial Cable
Fiber Optics Cables