نگاهی اسلامی به اخلاق رسانه ای

1. ‌‫أ‬
ِ‫ث‬ ‫اسالهی‬ ‫ًگبّی‬ًِ‫سسب‬ ‫اخالم‬‫ای‬
ٓ‫ٍيكبو‬ ‫ډلميٍ١ب‬
‫ډؼَى‬ ٓ‫ثبثبئ‬ ‫كٖٕه‬

2. ‌‫ب‬
‫هطبلت‬ ‫كْشست‬
‫پ‬‫ي‬‫ًبضش‬ ‫طگلتبس‬
‫دکتش‬ ِ‫هوذه‬‫ثبٌّش‬ ‫ًبصش‬
‫ًگبسًذگبى‬ ِ‫هوذه‬
ً‫هجب‬ ‫؛‬ ‫اٍل‬ ‫ثخص‬‫ی‬ًِ‫سسب‬ ‫اخالم‬‫ا‬‫ی‬
‫ايڃ؛‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬
‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ْ‫ػمٮ‬ًّٓ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ډٮ٢چ‬ ‫ي‬ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ي‬
‫ٍي‬ٔ‫پَى‬ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ًٍْ‫ډل‬
‫َب‬ٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ ‫يځَ؛‬ًّٓٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ْ
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ َ‫ػج‬ٔ‫پ‬ٍٓ‫ٍٕبو‬
ًٍ‫ډل‬ ‫ډلشًا‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬
ٍ‫اثِا‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬
‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ ‫وٺي‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫دًد‬ٓٔ‫َب‬َٔ‫يځ‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫َب‬ ٘‫ى‬ٍ ‫؛‬ٔٞ‫سٶ‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫يځ‬َٕ‫دًد‬ ‫ڄ‬
ٕ‫ٙىب‬ ٍ‫وٚبو‬ٓ‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ٔ‫َب‬ ٍْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وٚبو‬ْ

3. ‌‫ج‬
‫ٕوه‬...َ‫آه‬
‫ىيڇ؛‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬
ٗ‫ٍي‬ ‫سجٕٕه‬ َ‫ث‬ ْ‫٭چڈ؛ىٍآډي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬
َ‫سٮ‬ٔ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ،ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٴ‬
ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬‫٭چمى‬
ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬‫٭چًڇ‬
‫سياٍٽبر‬ ٘‫وٺ‬‫ؿ‬ٓ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ډئبثبو‬ٔ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ب‬
‫ػب‬ًٔٝ‫س‬ ٌ‫ڂب‬ٕ‫ٶ‬ٓ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬
‫ػب‬ُٔ‫سم‬ ٌ‫ڂب‬ٕ‫ي‬ْ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬
‫ي٩ب‬ٔ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٴ‬
‫اوٖبو‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ
‫ٍي‬ٔ‫پَىَب‬ْ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٫ً‫ډشى‬
‫ٍي‬ٔ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ډوشب‬ ‫پَى‬
‫اػشُبى‬ ‫ځَي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٓ‫َٙ٭‬ ‫كؼٕز‬
‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫كؼٕز‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬
...َ‫آه‬ ‫ٕوه‬
‫ًٕڇ؛‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬
‫ثى‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫بن‬ْ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٍٓ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اهالٷ‬
‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٽالن‬ ْ‫ٍئپَىَب‬

4. ‌‫د‬
‫ٱب‬ ٍَٔ٪‫و‬‫ٔز‬ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬‫اهالٷ‬
ٓٔ‫هًىځَا‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬
ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوشٺبىار‬
ٓٔ‫ًٕىځَا‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬
ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫ًٕى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوشٺبىار‬
ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ٍ‫ي٩ٕٶ‬
ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ٍ‫ي٩ٕٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوشٺبىار‬
ًٍ‫ډل‬ ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ْ‫ٍئپَىَب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوشٺبىار‬
ًٍ‫ډل‬ ‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬ ‫اهالٷ‬
:‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬
:‫إالڇ‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ډپشت‬
...َ‫آه‬ ‫ٕوه‬
‫دٍم‬ ‫ثخص‬‫اخالم‬ ‫اصَل‬ ‫؛‬ًِ‫سسب‬‫ا‬‫ی‬
‫ايڃ؛‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬‫ا‬ْ‫ٱَة؛‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫اهالٹ‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٓ‫ٍي‬ ‫سب‬ٔ‫ثى‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫بى‬ْ
‫اهالٹ‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ٍٓ‫ٍٕبو‬
‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ْ‫آُاى‬ ‫ي‬ْ‫ث‬ٕ‫بن‬
‫ډٖئًڅ‬ٕ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ز‬ٓ‫ي‬‫آُاى‬ْ‫ث‬ٕ‫بن‬
‫څ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٕ‫جَاڅ‬ٕ‫ًٕىځَا‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ٖڈ‬ٓٔ‫دچًٍاڅ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫؛‬ٕ‫اولٞبٍځَا‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ٖڈ‬ٓٔ

5. ‌‫ه‬
‫ډٖئًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ٕ‫ًٕىځَا‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍُ‫ډًاػ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ٓٔ‫اولٞبٍځَا‬ ‫ي‬ٓٔ
ً‫َِاٍس‬ ٍ‫ى‬ْ‫ډٖئًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ٕ‫ز‬
... َ‫آه‬ ‫ٕوه‬
‫ىيڇ؛‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬
‫سلچ‬ٍَٕٕ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ڄ‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ْ‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫ى‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ‫ٽٶبٔز‬ ‫٭يڇ‬ْ‫ا‬
‫سجچٕٲبر‬ ْ‫ٽْٽبٍٽَىَب‬ ‫سجچٕٲبسٓ؛‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ثي‬ )‫اڅٴ‬
1‫ډشٶبير‬ َْ‫ٵپ‬ ‫ٕ٦ًف‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ياكي‬ ‫سجچٕٲبر‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ .
2ٓ‫سجچٕٲبس‬ ٫‫اٹىب‬ .
3‫اٱَاٷ‬ ‫سجچٕٲبر‬ .ِٕ‫آډ‬
4‫سجچٕٲبر‬ .ِ‫ٕج‬
5ٍْ‫سؼب‬ ‫سجچٕٲبر‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ډٖشُؼه‬ َٔ‫سٞبي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ .
‫هًٚوز‬ )‫ة‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ْ‫ا‬
1ٕٓ‫٭پب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽبًة‬ ٓٔ‫ومب‬ ٬‫.ياٹ‬
2‫.٭يڇ‬ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬‫ثچًٯ‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ډوب٥جبن‬ ٓ‫ٍياوٚىبهش‬
3٤‫ه‬ ‫.١ٮٴ‬ٓٚ‫ډ‬ْ‫َب‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ْ‫ا‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ْ‫آُاى‬‫ٔب‬‫ډٖئًڅٕز‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬
‫ډظجز‬ ْ‫آُاى‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډىٶ‬ ْ‫آُاى‬
‫څٕجَاڅٕٖڈ‬ ‫وٺي‬
ٖٕ‫ثىشبډ‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ڈ‬ٓ‫څٕجَاڅٕٖش‬ ‫سٶپَار‬ ‫ډًڅًى‬ ،ْ‫ا‬
)ٓٔ‫اولٞبٍځَا‬ ْ‫ثىشبډٕٖڈ(ډجىب‬ ْ‫ٽْٽبٍٽَىَب‬ َ‫ث‬ ْ‫وٺي‬

6. ‌‫و‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫ًٕىځَا‬ ‫وٺي‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ َْ٪‫و‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ ‫سجٕٕه‬ْ‫ا‬
1.ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫سپظَځَأبو‬ ََٔ‫سٺ‬ْ‫ا‬
2.ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ََْٔ‫سٺ‬ ‫ٍٕبوٍ؛‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ډٖئًڅٕز‬ْ‫ا‬
3.ْ‫آُاى‬ ََٔ‫سٺ‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫هًاَبو‬ْ‫ا‬
ٓ‫َٖش‬ ‫وٺي‬‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٙىبهش‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫و٪َٔبر‬ ٓ‫ٙىبهش‬ْ‫ا‬
‫ىٕشًٍاڅٮمڄ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ياٍى‬ ‫أَاىار‬ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ىٕشًٍاڅٮمڄ‬ ٍْ‫سؤطَٕځٌا‬ ‫٭يڇ‬‫َيٳ‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ىٕشًٍاڅٮمڄ‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٓ‫٭ٕى‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٓ‫ًَى‬ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫اثشٌاڃ‬ ‫ډٞبىٔٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫إشبوياٍى‬
...َ‫آه‬ ‫ٕوه‬
‫ًٕڇ؛‬ ‫ٵٞڄ‬
‫ٍٕب‬ ‫اهالٷ‬‫ا‬ ٍ‫و‬ْ‫إالڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ا٥ال٭بس‬ ‫٭ياڅز‬ :‫ايڃ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ٓ
ٍ‫اثِا‬ ‫٭ياڅز‬ :‫ىيڇ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ٗ‫ٍي‬ ‫ي‬
ُ‫سًاومىيٕب‬ :‫ًٕڇ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ْٞ‫ډوب٥ت(ث‬ٕ‫َر‬ٚ‫ثو‬ٓ)
‫ډٖئًڅ‬ :‫ؿُبٍڇ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ٕ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ز‬ٓ‫ث‬ ‫ٍٕبوٍ؛‬ٍٓ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫وجًىن‬ ‫٥َٳ‬
‫كٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭ياڅز‬ٕ‫ٺز‬
ٍُٗ‫ا‬ ٰ‫ډجچ‬ ،ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ :‫دىؼڈ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬‫َىؼبٍَب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ْ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ډ٦چًة‬ٓ‫َٙ٭‬ٓ
‫ٹَاٍىاى‬ ‫ي‬ْ
٩‫ي‬ٕ‫سجچ‬ ‫ٍٕبوٍ؛‬ ٍ‫ٶ‬ٕ‫ډج‬ ‫ثالٯ‬ ‫ي‬ ٰٕ‫ه‬

7. ‌‫ز‬
‫سؼچ‬ ‫ٍٕبوٍ؛‬ُٓ‫اڅ‬ ٍ‫ثبڅٲ‬ ‫كؼز‬ٓ
3-1‫د‬ ‫اثالٯ‬ .ٕ‫بڇ‬‫َب‬ُْ‫اڅ‬ٓ‫ډوب٥ت‬ ٍ‫ث‬
3-2‫ا‬ .ٔ‫ثَا‬ ‫ډؤډه‬ ‫ؼبى‬ْ‫ډوب٥ت‬ َ‫ٵپ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًَه‬
3-3‫ډٮَٵ‬ .ٓ‫كپمز‬‫َب‬ُْ‫اڅ‬ ٍ‫ثبڅٲ‬ٓ‫ډوب٥ت‬ ٍ‫ث‬
3-4‫سجچ‬ .ٕ‫ؿڂًوڂ‬ ُٰٓ‫اڅ‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵَډبن‬ ‫سلٺٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٕبوين‬ٓ
...َ‫آه‬ ‫ٕوه‬
‫ًت‬‫ي‬‫گ‬ ِ‫ج‬‫ي‬‫ش‬‫ی‬
‫هؤاخز‬ ٍ ‫هٌبثغ‬

8. 1
ِ‫هوذه‬
ٍ‫ى‬‫ثب‬ ‫سٮبډڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٍ‫ځٌٙش‬ٔ‫پي‬ٔ‫د‬ َ‫ڂ‬ٕ‫ډ‬ ٘ٓٓ‫ٶ‬ ٖ‫ٵچ‬ ‫بٍٳ‬ ‫ډٮ‬ .‫ي‬ ‫ٍٵشى‬
ٌ‫٭ُي‬‫سج‬ ٍ‫ىا‬ٕٕ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ه‬‫ث‬ٕ‫ى‬ٓ‫ډجبو‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ٓ‫سلچ‬ ‫ٍا‬ٕ‫اهش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫َى‬ ‫ٽ‬ ‫ڄ‬ٍٕ‫ب‬
‫ٕب‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ َٕٓ ‫ٹَن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٔ‫د‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫ىاىوي‬ٍٕ‫سي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ِىَڈ‬ٍٔ‫به‬ ٙ ‫غ‬‫ب‬ َْ
ُ‫ا‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ٔ‫پي‬ٔ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ػيا‬ َ‫ڂ‬ٓ‫و‬ٕ‫ى‬ ُ‫ب‬ٔ‫ڄ‬ ‫٭چ‬ .‫ي‬ ‫يو‬
‫ٵب٭چ‬ٓ‫ٱب‬ ‫ي‬ٓٔ‫ث‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ُٓ‫سًػ‬ٓ‫٭چ‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ٓٔ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډلييى‬ ً‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬
‫ٹبثچ‬ ‫ډجيأ‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ٘ ‫ىاو‬ .‫ز‬ ‫ځَٵ‬ ٍ‫َا‬ ‫ٹ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا٭شى‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ٓ
ٕ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډلييى‬ٕ‫اٵٺ‬ َٓٓٞٞ‫(سو‬ٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ٙ )‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ٙين‬ٕ‫ًى‬ ‫٭م‬ َُْ‫ب‬ ‫ث‬
‫ثَه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫آوؼبٕز‬ ‫ٙڂٶز‬ .‫ډبوي‬ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٓ‫بن‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٶ‬ ٖ‫ٵچ‬ ،‫ث‬ٕ‫ى‬ٓ
‫ا‬‫څلبى‬ْ.‫ٽَىوي‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬
‫آن‬ ٜ‫وٺ‬ ‫ډًػجبر‬ ،‫٭چًڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ‫أه‬‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ًډ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫َى‬ ‫ٽ‬ ‫َاَڈ‬ ‫ٵ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬
ٍ ٕٞ‫وٺ‬ ‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ٬ ‫ٍٵ‬ ‫ز‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ثًىوي‬ َ‫االه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫االيڃ‬ ٬٦‫ډىٺ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاى‬ ‫ٕبډبن‬
‫ډٕبن‬ ‫سلٺٕٺبر‬ ‫ٹبڅت‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫سٮبډڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سالإڇ‬ ،‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ٍ‫ٍٙش‬ْ‫ا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍْ‫١َي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الُڇ‬ َْ‫اډ‬.‫ٍٕي‬
‫سلٺ‬ٕ‫ډ‬ ‫ٸ‬ٕ‫بن‬ٍٍ‫ٙش‬‫ا‬ْ٘‫ىاو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫يٹًٳ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٣ً‫ډى‬‫َب‬ٍْ ‫اڅجش‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ځًوبځًن‬
‫٭چم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډىشغ‬ ٍ‫ځٌا‬ٓ‫ى‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬َٔ‫ڂ‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫ټ‬ٕ‫بن‬ٍ‫ش‬ ٍٙ‫ا‬ْ‫َىن‬ ‫ٽ‬ ‫ڄ‬ ‫٭م‬
‫ډُڈ‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ‫څپه‬ .‫إز‬‫ٽالن‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫س‬‫ٍي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ځٌا‬ ٍ‫ٝياڅجش‬ ،َ‫س‬ٔ‫سلچ‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫چ‬ٓ‫ًڇ‬ ‫٭چ‬
‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٔ‫سَٽ‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫ج‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ػُز‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ،ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ػب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَي‬ٔ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ڂب‬

9. 2
‫ٱ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬‫ب‬ٔ‫آن‬ ‫ز‬‫َب‬ٔ‫ٮى‬ٓ‫سٮ‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ‫سپبډڄ‬ٕٕ‫ډ‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫ومب‬ٔ‫و‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ .‫ي‬ِٕ
‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثبٍي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٍ١َ‫٭‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ډٖبئڄ‬ٓ.‫ٽىي‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډ٢بٳ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ،‫ډ٦چٸ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫سظچٕض‬ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ثبٍي‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
‫ػُبن‬ ‫ٕبكز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٓ‫اٵٺ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ډًاُار‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫٭مًى‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ٓ‫ثٕى‬
ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٤ًٕ‫س‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ٔ‫آ‬ ‫وبئڄ‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫سپبډڄ‬‫ى‬.‫ي‬‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٔ‫ٍإشب‬ ‫ه‬‫ًن‬ ‫دَٕاډ‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ْ‫ا‬‫و‬ٕ‫سلچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دَىاهز‬ ‫ٵبٍٯ‬ ‫ډ٦بڅت‬ ِٕ،‫ډًػًى‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ‫ڄ‬
.‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سيئه‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َْ‫ثٖش‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ثي‬ٔ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ه‬َ٪‫و‬ٍُٔ‫دَىا‬ْ‫د‬ٍٕ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫َاډًن‬‫ا‬ْ‫ُائ‬ ‫الڇ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ َ٪‫ډى‬ ُ‫ا‬ٌٕ‫ي‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫ډ٢بٳ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍْٕ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ،.‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬
‫ٸ‬ ‫ډلٺ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍيٕز‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ً‫اسوب‬ ‫اَمٕز‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍيٙه‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫٭ىًان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫آٔب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٕبُى‬‫هيډز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًاوي‬
‫هَٕ؟‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ْ‫ياال‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اهالٷ‬
‫َب‬ًّٔ ‫سپىًڅ‬ َ‫يځ‬ْ‫ىو‬ ٌ‫ُاى‬ ‫ٍا‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫بو‬ ‫ډج‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ؤط‬ ‫ډش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َة‬ ‫ٱ‬ٓ‫ياى‬ ‫ٹچم‬ ‫آن‬
‫ډ‬ٓ‫ومب‬ٍٔ‫ى‬ ‫ي؛‬‫ًار‬ َ‫ثٖش‬‫ځَا‬ٓٔ‫َب‬ٔ‫ش‬ ٕ‫ى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫وه‬ ٕ َ‫يځ‬ٕ‫بث‬ٓ‫ٱب‬ ٍ ‫ث‬ٔ‫ي‬ ‫بر‬
‫ياال‬ ‫اَياٳ‬َْٚ‫ث‬ْ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ثبٵز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ًّٓ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫دىي‬ْ‫ث‬ٍٓ‫ى‬ َ ‫اط‬
‫ًار‬ ٘‫ى‬ٍ ‫ثب‬ َ‫دًد‬ ‫ٽبٍڃ‬ ‫ډٺبثڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ثًى‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ًار‬‫ځَا‬ٓٔ‫سپى‬ ٍ‫يػ‬ ،ٕ‫پ‬ٓ
َ‫ډب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيف‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٵبٍٯ‬ ‫ٍا‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫ز‬َٔ‫يځ‬ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ْ‫ًٍى‬ ‫ډ‬ َ ٚ‫ث‬ ‫ز‬ ٕ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫سؤډڄ‬ٓ‫ىَي‬.
ٓ‫ډ‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ٍ‫ډظبث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ،َ٘‫دْي‬ ‫أه‬ٓ ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫دىياٍى‬‫ي‬ ‫سًاو‬
‫٩َٵٕز‬ ٌَ‫ځٖش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ْ‫ياال‬ ‫اَياٳ‬‫ٸ‬ ‫سلٺ‬ ‫ًى‬ ‫ه‬ ْ‫سًاومىئُب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬
ًّْ ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ‫يا١ٮٕه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫ٽبٍٽَىَب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫دبٔجىي‬ ‫څپه‬ ‫ثوٚي‬
‫آن‬ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ ‫ٍا‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ََٔ‫سٺ‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫وجًى‬ ‫اوي‬‫ى‬‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫َي‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ ‫ٽ‬ ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ‫ٕبكز‬ ،‫ايڃ‬ ‫إز؛‬ ًٍٞ‫ډش‬ ‫ٕبكز‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬

10. 3
‫ڄ‬ ‫ٹبث‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٫‫اثيا‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫اثِاٍَب‬ ٓ‫سمبډ‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ٕبكز‬ ‫أه‬
‫بى‬ ‫أؼ‬ ٓٔ‫ډلشًا‬ ٍ‫٭ٺج‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ډٶًُډ‬ ‫ٕبكز‬ ،‫ىيڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سَٞٳ‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ؿًن‬ ٍْ‫اثِا‬ٕ ‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٝياڅجش‬ .‫ىَي‬‫بكز‬
‫ي‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ‫ډٺبڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫هًا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ډًػًى‬ ‫اىثٕبر‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ػي‬ ٍ‫إشلبڅ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬
ٍٞ‫ٙبه‬ ‫ډٺبڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫هًا‬.‫دٌَٔى‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫ي٩بٔٴ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽبٍٽَى‬ ،‫َب‬
‫اَم‬ ‫ػُز‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫اډب‬ٕ‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ز‬ٔٗ‫ٍي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫ٙىب‬ٓ‫ٍا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ډ‬
‫سًڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٕ‫ډ‬ ٜ‫ډٚو‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫سًڅ‬ .‫ٽىي‬ٕ‫إالډ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫ډشپ‬ٍٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫إالډ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ٕٓ‫ا‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫ثىبٕز‬ َ‫اځ‬ .‫ز‬‫ثلض‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫إالڇ‬ َ٪‫ډى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬
‫ثىٕبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫آوٕڈ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌَٔ‫وبځ‬ ‫ځَٕى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫سيٹٕٸ‬ ‫ي‬‫ٍا‬ ٫ً ١ً‫ډ‬ ‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ي‬ ‫ز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫َة‬ ‫ٱ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫ي‬ ٙ ‫ي‬ ٕ‫سًڅ‬ ٍْ‫ِا‬ ‫اث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډٶًُڇ‬ ،ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ .‫ومبٕٔڈ‬ ً‫ػٖشؼ‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫ػمچ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫٭ٺج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ‫اىثٕبر‬ ٬‫ثبڅشج‬،ْ‫ا‬
(ٓ‫ٱَث‬ ٌ‫هبٕشڂب‬‫ز‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ )ٓٔ‫ب‬ ٕ‫ػٲَاٵ‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ٱَة‬
‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫١َيٍر‬ٓ ‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬ ٙ ٜ‫ډٚو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬‫يډز‬ ‫ه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫بو‬ ٍٕ ‫ًان‬ ‫س‬
‫ډًٍى‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ٌ‫هبٕشڂب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ځٌاٙز‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ْ‫ياال‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ‫سلٺٸ‬
‫آن‬ ‫بٔٴ‬ ٩‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽبٍٽَىَب‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ىَٕڈ؛‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫سيٹٕٸ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثلض‬
.‫ومبٕٔڈ‬ ‫سجٕٕه‬ ‫ٍا‬
‫َمب‬ ‫څٌا‬‫ن‬ٗ‫ٍي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ت‬ ٕ‫ډشىب‬ ‫َة‬ ‫ٱ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕ‫سًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍ٥ٓ ٕ‫ٙىب‬ْ‫ب‬ َ
ٗ‫ٍي‬ ‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ‫دٌَٔٵز‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ٓٞ‫ډٚو‬ِٕ‫و‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬
‫الٷ‬ ‫اه‬ ‫ًن‬ ‫ؿ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ډچلٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫بو‬ ٍٕ ٓ‫ًډ‬ ُ‫ډٶ‬ ‫بكز‬ ٕ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫َىى‬ ‫ځ‬ ‫ډجٕه‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬‫ػُبن‬ َ‫ثٖش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ا‬.‫ًٙى‬ ‫ثبُسٮَٔٴ‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ٓ‫ثٕى‬
،ٓٔ‫شٺَايځَا‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ًن‬ ‫ؿ‬ ٓٔ‫ب‬ َ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕ‫سًڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٱَة‬‫بڃ‬ ٦‫اث‬،ٓ ٔ‫ځَا‬
ٍ‫ثَوبډ‬‫اوٺالة‬ ،َٓٚ‫دْي‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ٍا‬ ... ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ش‬ ٍٖٕٙ‫آوب‬ ‫َى‬ ‫ٍئپ‬ ،ٓ‫دبٍاىأم‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫بٷ‬ ‫يٵ‬ ‫ًٍى‬ ‫ډ‬ )ٍ‫الډٓ(ٵٺ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ‫سًڅٕي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫څپه‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬

11. 4
‫ي‬ ٕ‫سًڅ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ډ‬ ‫ًن‬ ‫ؿ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ‫اػشُبى‬ ‫َمبوب‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫اوئٚمىيان‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چمبي‬
ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ُ‫اػش‬ ‫وبڇ‬ ‫أڈ‬ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٤ًٕ‫ډش‬ ‫بى‬
ٓ‫بو‬ ٖ‫او‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ‫ي‬ ٕ‫سًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵَأى‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ُٓ‫ٵٺ‬ ‫اػشُبى‬ ٤ٕ‫يا‬
ٌ‫وُبى‬.‫أڈ‬
ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ‫وُبٔز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫ډجٕه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬‫ز‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ٓ‫بډچ‬ ‫٭‬ ‫ًان‬ ‫٭ى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سًان‬
ٍُٗ‫ا‬ ‫سلٺٸ‬‫ئًڅٕز‬ ٖ‫ډ‬ ‫ز‬ ٖ‫ىاو‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ْ‫ياال‬ ْ‫َب‬‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫بو‬ ٍٕ ْ‫ب‬ َ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٕبكز‬‫س‬ َ‫ث‬ ٫َ‫ډشٶ‬ ‫ډٖئًڅٕز‬ .‫ځَٕى‬‫ٴ‬ ٕ‫سپچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٴ‬ ٕ‫پچ‬
ٍ‫ب‬ ٕ‫اهش‬ ‫ًى‬ ‫ه‬ ‫سپبڅٕٴ‬ ‫اوؼبڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫اهشٕب‬ َ‫ث‬ ٫َ‫ٵ‬
ُ‫ا‬ .‫ز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ئًڃ‬ ٖ‫ډ‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٴ‬ ‫ډپچ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٍ‫ب‬ ٕ‫اهش‬ ‫ًن‬ ‫ؿ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاٍى‬
‫ډٖئًڅٕز‬.‫إز‬ ٫‫اػشمب‬ ‫ٹجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ډٖئًڅٕز‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ثٍِٿ‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫َى‬ ‫ٍئپ‬ ‫ز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ٫‫ب‬ ‫اػشم‬ ‫بڃ‬ ‫ٹج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ډٖئًڅٕز‬ ‫دَٕاډًن‬
‫ٵ‬َ٘‫دْي‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ډشپ‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫چٖٶ‬‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫َىى‬ ‫ځ‬ ٜ‫و‬ ٚ‫ډ‬ ٍْ‫ب‬ ‫َىؼ‬ ْ‫َب‬
‫ډٮ‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍإشب‬ٍٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ثَا‬ْ‫سٮ‬ٕٕ‫اهش‬ ‫اٵٮبڃ‬ ‫ٹجق‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كٖه‬ ‫ه‬ٍٕ‫ب‬ْ‫هًإَڈ‬
.‫ثًى‬
ٍ‫ىٕش‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ْ‫ٍئپَىَب‬ٍ‫ئچ‬ ٖ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ْ‫ثىي‬‫ي‬ ًٍ ‫ډل‬
‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ٍ‫ډٖئچ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ .‫ځَىى‬‫ًى‬ ‫ه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ًٍ ‫ډل‬
ٕ٩‫ي‬ ‫بر‬ َٔ٪‫و‬ٍ ‫ٶ‬‫ز‬ ٔ‫ٱب‬ ‫بر‬ َٔ٪‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ ‫ځَأبو‬.‫ز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ْ‫ب‬ ‫ػ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ ‫ځَأبو‬
‫َمٕه‬‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ًٍ٥‫ٕچز‬ ٢‫ٵ‬ ‫بر‬ َٔ٪‫و‬ ِ ٕ‫و‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬‫ت‬ ‫ډپش‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ ‫ځَأبو‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙبډڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ب‬ ‫ډوش‬ ‫الٷ‬ ‫اه‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ .‫ځَىى‬
‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫َمبوب‬ ‫ٽشبة‬‫ٵ٢ٕچز‬ ٓ‫ٕ٦ل‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ٓٔ‫ځَا‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬‫ىَي‬‫٭مٕٸ‬ َٓ‫وڂب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬‫ٍا‬ ‫الڇ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ډپشت‬ َ‫س‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ٍ ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ٽمبڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕٮبىر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ځَٕى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ډٮَٵ‬ ‫هيايوي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سٺَة‬ ‫ٵ٢بئڄ‬ ‫ثٍِځشَٔه‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ٓ ‫ٵٮچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬

12. 5
ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ٍُٓٙ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫س‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډلًٖة‬ َ‫س‬‫سًأډبن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ٵب٭چ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ٵٮچ‬ ‫كٖه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬
.‫ثبٙي‬ ‫ىاٍا‬
‫ٍٕبو‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ٍ ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ډٞبڅق‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫كٖب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٓ‫سَثٕش‬ ً‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ ٓٚ‫وٺ‬ ٍ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ًٍْ‫ًىډل‬ ٕ ٓ‫كش‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ َٓ‫ځَي‬ ‫ي‬ ْ‫ٵَى‬ ًٍْ‫ًٕىډل‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫څٌا‬ .‫ثبٙي‬
ْ‫شب‬ ٕ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫بو‬ ٍٕ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ َ٪‫و‬ ‫ډ٦مق‬ ْ‫ډبى‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬
٬‫ډىبٵ‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ٍ‫ٝياڅجش‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬ ٬‫ډىبٵ‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ًٓ‫وٶ‬ ‫سَثٕز‬
‫اٹياډ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٵشبٍَب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍْ‫اٍُٙڂٌا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اي‬ ‫بر‬.‫ٽىي‬
.‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٔبٵش‬ ‫ٕبډبن‬ ‫أٚبن‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫سٶپَار‬ ْ‫ٍإشب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬
ٓ‫َٖش‬‫ډٮَٵز‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬‫ػُبن‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ٓ ‫٭چم‬ ‫بر‬ َٔ٪‫و‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ثٕى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٚپٕڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٱَة‬.‫ز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫سؤٽٕي‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫آو‬ ُ‫ا‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ‫ىَي‬
‫ايډبو‬ ٓ‫ٶ‬ ٖ‫ٵچ‬ ْ‫ب‬ ‫ډجى‬ ٍ ‫ٽ‬ ‫ز‬ ٙ‫ىا‬ ٍ‫اوش٪ب‬ ‫وجبٔي‬ ‫څٌا‬ٕ‫ڈ‬ ٖ‫څٕجَاڅ‬ ‫ب‬ ٔ ‫ي‬ٕ‫ڈ‬ ٖ
ًٍْ‫سئ‬ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٓٔ‫اولٞبٍځَا‬ ِ‫ػ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ٍٔ‫َٕډب‬ ‫ٹبڅت‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫ا‬.‫ثِوي‬ ‫ٍٹڈ‬ ٍْ‫ىا‬
ًٍْ‫سئ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍيٕز‬ ‫َمٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ٓ‫الډ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٍّٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثچىي‬ ‫ډٶبَٕڈ‬ َ‫ثٖش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ُْ‫دَىا‬
‫ػُز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫ډٖشٺٕم‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ؿًن‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٓ‫ډجبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬
‫ا٭ش‬ ‫ټ‬ ٔ ٍ ‫ث‬ ... ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ ٔ‫ى‬ ،٫‫اػشمب‬ ،‫اوٖبن‬ ،‫ډٮَٵز‬ ،ٓ‫َٖش‬‫بن‬ ُ‫ػ‬ ٍ‫ب‬ ‫ج‬ٓ ‫ثٕى‬
.‫ىاٙز‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬
ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثٮ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬ ٙ‫ىا‬ ‫آن‬ َ ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫بة‬ ‫ٽش‬ ‫ډئڅٶٕه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ډوشب‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫َمٕه‬
ٍ‫ٶ‬ ٖ‫ٵچ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫هًى‬ ٬١ً‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ػبٔڂب‬ ‫سجٕٕه‬‫ي‬ ‫ڈ‬ ‫٭چ‬ ،ًّْ ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫بٳ‬ ٢‫ډ‬ ْ‫ب‬ َ
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ‫سَٚٔق‬ ‫َٕاٯ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ٓ‫٭ٺچ‬ ْ‫وٺيَب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ْ‫ا‬
‫و‬ ٍ ‫اٍائ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ز‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ًڃ‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫آن‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫وٺچ‬ ‫ي‬‫ًڃ‬ ٝ‫ا‬ ‫ز‬ ٔ‫وُب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ًى‬ ‫م‬
ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫اهالٷ‬ ٍ‫ؿُبٍځبو‬.‫ىَىي‬ ‫سً١ٕق‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٓ‫ډٮَٵ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫إالڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ا‬
ٍ‫بو‬ ٍٕ ‫اهالٷ‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫دَيا١ق‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ُ‫ا‬ َ ‫ٵَاس‬ ٍ‫ٕب‬ ٖ‫ث‬ ‫الڇ‬ ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ا‬
‫آن‬ ‫بڇ‬ ‫سم‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ‫آن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫سلٺٕٸ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ؿُبٍځبو‬ ‫ډًاٍى‬‫ب‬ ٞ‫إشٺ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ب‬ َ

13. 6
‫َيٳ‬ ‫څپه‬ ‫ومبٔي‬‫ه‬ ٔ‫ا‬ ًٍ‫ډٌٽ‬ ‫سلٺٕٸ‬ ٍْ‫ځٌا‬‫د‬ ‫ًٍر‬ ٝ ٍ ‫ځًو‬ٍ ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٌَٔٵز‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ ‫ىٔى‬ ‫بر‬ ‫ډ٦بڅٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫بو‬ ٍٕ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ‫اوئٚمىيان‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫٥َاك‬ ٓ‫ډىُؼ‬
.‫ثذَىاُوي‬ ‫اًٝڃ‬ َٔ‫ٕب‬ ‫إشوَاع‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍيٙه‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٹبڅت‬

14. 7
‫ّب‬ ًِ‫سسب‬‫ی‬‫جوؼ‬‫ی‬
‫كلسل‬ ِ‫هؼضل‬ ٍ‫ی‬‫تکٌَلَط‬‫ی‬‫هؼٌب‬ ٍ
‫٭‬ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ٕ‫ى‬ٓ‫ًَى‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫ىو‬ ‫ځًوبځًن‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ػب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ِٔ‫ڂ‬ٔ‫د‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ه‬ٕ.‫ومًى‬ ‫ٚبډيٍن‬
‫ا‬‫ثَه‬ ٍ‫څجش‬ٓ‫ا‬ ُ‫ا‬ٍٔ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ‫ٹَين‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍٕٚ‫بو‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫إز؛اډب‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ َ‫ډشؤه‬ٓ‫سًان‬
‫ايڅ‬ٕ‫ځ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫وُ٢ز‬ ‫ه‬َْٕ‫ؿى‬ٕ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ه‬ٍٓٔ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ومًى‬ ‫ٹچمياى‬ ٔ‫ٍوٖبو‬ ‫ٍا‬ٍٔ‫ى‬ ٍٚ
ٕ ‫سلًالر‬ٕٕ‫ب‬ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ٓ.‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ٱَة‬
ًٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اډب‬ْ‫ى‬ٔ‫ډٌَج‬ ‫اٝالف‬ َ‫ڂ‬ٓ‫و‬ٕ‫سظج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِٕ‫ػي‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ز‬ٍٔ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ َ‫ډئط‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ‫ي‬
‫٭ٺ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اسپبي‬ ٍ٦ٕ‫ثًا‬‫ډشبٵ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إشٲىبي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ڄ‬ِٕٔ‫وٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هَى‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ‫ټ‬ٓ‫آسًڅ‬ٕ‫وٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ش‬َٓ‫اډ‬
ٕ‫ٹي‬ٓ‫ځًا‬ .‫ىاٙز‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ىپ‬ٓ‫ٹَن‬ ‫سًان‬17‫وً٭‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ‫ډٶًُڇ‬ ُ‫آٱب‬ ٍ٦‫وٺ‬
‫سپى‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ًّٕ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ټ‬ْ‫و‬ٕ.‫ځَٵز‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِ
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫وبٹيان‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اڅًڃ‬ ‫ّاٻ‬ْ‫ي‬ ‫دىغ‬ٔ‫ْځ‬ٓ‫ثَا‬ْ‫سپى‬ٕ‫ډ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ‫ټ‬ٓ
‫ٙمبٍى؛اسًډبس‬ٕ‫ثًىن‬ ‫ټ‬1
ٌ‫سٲ‬ ‫اُهًى‬ ،ٔ‫ٙين‬ ٍ‫ٵَث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ٍ2
‫ځ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ،َْٕ3
‫هًى‬ ،
ٍ‫ډوشب‬ْ4
‫ٽچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يكير‬ ،ٕ‫ز‬5
(Joshi,1993,p.287)‫؛‬‫ثي‬ٔ‫ډپبو‬ ‫ٕبن‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫ٖڈ‬
1
Automation
2
Self-augmentation
3
Universalism
4
Autonomy
5
Monism

15. 8
‫ى‬ٔ‫ىبډ‬ٕ‫پ‬ٓ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ٔ‫ىبډ‬ٕ‫ٖڈ‬‫ىٍيو‬ًّٓ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫د‬ ٤‫ٍياث‬ٕ‫َاډًو‬ٓ‫ىځَځًن‬ ‫ؿىبن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ػُبن‬
‫اوٖبو‬ ٤‫ٍياث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ومًى‬ٓ‫سلًڅ‬ٓ‫ث‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٕبثٺ‬ٔ.‫ومًى‬ ٍ‫سؼَث‬ ٍ‫ځٌا‬ ‫ه‬
‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٔ‫ٍإشب‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫پ‬ٓ‫ىٕشبي‬ ُ‫ا‬‫ٍىَب‬ْ‫ىو‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ًٍُ٩ ‫ډيٍن‬ٍْ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫ډيٍن‬
‫ػب‬ ‫ثٮىًان‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ِٔ‫ڂ‬ٔ‫ى‬ٓ‫َب‬ ٌ‫ځَي‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ْ‫ٕىش‬ ٬‫ډَػ‬ٓ‫ډً١ً٭‬ٕ‫ز‬ٔ‫بٵز؛‬
‫ثَه‬ٓ‫ډبٍس‬ ‫ډبوىي‬ ٍ‫ٵالٕٶ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ثب‬ َ‫يځ‬ٔ‫پَى‬ْ‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫بو‬ْ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬ِٕ
‫ډجبى‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ډشؤط‬َْ‫ډب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ىاوٖش‬ ‫ٱَة‬ٕ‫ډيٍو‬ َ‫ثٖش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ز‬ٕ‫ش‬ٍ‫ا‬ ‫ومًىوي‬ ً‫ػٖشؼ‬‫ډب‬
‫ثَه‬ٓ‫ى‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫ٙير‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ‫دًد‬ ‫ٽبٍڃ‬ ‫ؿًن‬ َ‫ڂ‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىاوٖشىي‬ ‫ډَىيى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫پَى‬ٍْ‫اثِا‬ْ
ً‫سپى‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ًّ‫څ‬ْ‫سيٹ‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ومًىوي.ى‬ ‫ٸ‬ٔ‫سلٺ‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫سلچ‬ ‫١مه‬ ‫ٸ‬ٍَٕٕ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ڄ‬ٓ‫ا‬ٔ‫ىي‬ ‫ه‬
‫ى‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫يځب‬ْ‫سج‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ٕٕ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٍ‫ډٮ٢چ‬ ‫ه‬ًّٓ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫ثب‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ي‬
‫ٍي‬ٔ‫پَى‬ْ‫ٙىبهش‬ ٍ‫وٚبو‬ًٓ‫س‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ى‬.‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍ‫ػ‬
ٍ‫س‬‫ي‬‫کشد‬ٌَ‫تک‬‫لَط‬‫ی‬‫هحَس‬
‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫ىو‬ ‫سٺبثڄ‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ىو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕىز‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ډ‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ډيٍن‬َٕ‫ډٶب‬ ‫بن‬ٕ‫ٕىش‬ ‫ڈ‬ٓ‫ي‬
‫َب‬ ‫ومًى‬ْ‫ډ‬ ُ‫ثَي‬ ‫سؼيى‬ٓ‫ومب‬ٔ‫ثَا‬ ‫ي‬ٔ‫ډجبى‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫ه‬ْ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ډيٍن‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬
‫ډٮىب‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫بٵش‬ٔ‫ىو‬ ٍ‫ىپ‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫َب‬ ًٌُ‫آډ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ځٌا‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ْ‫ٕىش‬ٓ‫وُبىن‬ ‫ثىب‬ ‫ي‬
‫اًٝڅ‬ٓ‫ػب‬ِٔ‫ڂ‬ٔ‫د‬ ٔ‫د‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫و‬ ‫ډي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫ث‬ ‫ًوي‬ٕ‫سٺبثڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ً‫ب‬‫ًاس‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ه‬
‫ثب‬ٔ‫پي‬َٔ‫اډ‬ ‫ڂَوي‬ْ‫ث‬ٓ‫سچٺ‬ ٓ‫إب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ځَىى؛‬
‫ّب‬‫ي‬‫گشا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ذگش؛‬‫يی‬‫تکٌَلَط‬ ‫دس‬‫ی‬
‫دب‬ َ‫ث‬ٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ ٍٍٓٔ‫ٍٕبو‬‫ث‬ٍٍ‫ډظبث‬ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫ٍي‬ ‫ثب‬ٔ‫پَى‬ْ‫َٖش‬ٓ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫ٙىبٕبو‬
‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫و‬ٓ‫ځ‬ٕ‫َى؛‬‫ثي‬ٔ‫دب‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫٭ٺالو‬ ‫سٶبير‬ ٍٕ‫سؼچ‬ ،‫ډيٍن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕىز‬ ‫ز‬ٕ‫ډبى‬ ‫بر‬ْ
ً‫ډٮى‬ ‫ي‬ْ‫ا‬ٔ‫و‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫ډجبو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ِٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫سلچ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ډوشچٴ‬ٍَٕٕ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ڄ‬ٓ٬‫ياٹ‬

16. 9
‫ډ‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ًٙى‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ٍإشب‬ ‫ه‬ٍْ‫ٽ‬ ‫آن‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫كبٽڈ‬ ‫ٍيف‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫دَىاهشه‬ ‫ثيين‬
‫ىو‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ډشؤط‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ػي‬ٍٔ‫اوڂب‬ ٌ‫ٕبى‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ي‬ْ‫ٕ٦ل‬ ‫ي‬َٓ‫وڂ‬ْ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫ثى‬ٓ.‫ٍٕي‬
‫ډبٍس‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫ه‬‫ٔي‬َ‫ځ‬1
‫ثبوٶًًس‬ًَّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ډشٶپ‬ ‫ه‬َْ‫ډُمش‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ٔ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬
‫سؤط‬َٕ‫َځٌاٍس‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثٚمب‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ٍ‫ٵالٕٶ‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيى؛‬ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫كبٽڈ‬ ‫ًار‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍيف‬ْ
ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ً‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ْ‫كٖبة‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ي‬
ٍ‫ځَاو‬‫ا‬ َ‫ث‬ٍٔ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫ه‬‫اوٖبن‬‫ي‬ ‫ډيٍن‬‫سپى‬ٌٕ‫ُى‬ ‫ټ‬‫٥َى‬ ‫ثب‬ً‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ْ،َ‫سٶپ‬
ِ‫ثَځ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ځَاو‬ ‫كٖبة‬ٔ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ي‬6)196(Heidegger,.‫ي‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ْ‫ٵََىڀ‬ ،
‫ٝىٮش‬َٓ‫ٕبډبوي‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ َٝ‫ډٮب‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫اثِاٍاوڂبٍاو‬ْ‫يٕب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ٔ‫ٱ‬ ‫ڄ‬ٕ‫اهالٹ‬ َٓٓ‫ډجشى‬ ‫ي‬
ٍْ‫ٕبال‬ ‫ٵه‬ ‫ٽٶبٔز‬ َ‫ث‬‫َب‬ ٌٍ‫اوڂب‬ ‫ډٺبثڄ‬ ٍ٦‫وٺ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ْ‫ى‬ٔ‫ى‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ٓ‫ځ‬ٕ‫َى‬ًّ‫؛سپىًڅ‬ْ
‫٭ٺالو‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ډشؤط‬ٕ‫٭َٵ‬ ،‫ز‬ٓ‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙين‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫َٚٵز‬ْ‫٭چم‬ٍٓ‫سؼب‬ ‫ي‬ْ( ‫إز‬َ‫ٽ‬ٔ‫ٖش‬ٕ،ِ‫بو‬
1385ٛ،91).‫ثَا‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫ه‬ْ‫ىو‬ ‫ډًڅًى‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ډيٍن‬‫ي‬‫ډجبو‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ٓ
‫٭‬ٕ‫ى‬ٓ‫ًَى‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫آن‬‫ډ‬ َ‫ډشؤط‬ٓ‫ثبٙي‬.‫ثىبثَا‬ٔ‫ډجبو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًٍ٦‫َمبو‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫َٖش‬ٓ‫ٙىبهش‬ٓ
‫ىو‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ډيٍن‬‫٭ٺالو‬ ُ‫ا‬ٕ‫وً٭‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ًٍ‫٭ج‬ ‫ٕىز‬ ‫ز‬ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٫‫اوٺ٦ب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ومًى‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ
‫ثوٚي؛‬ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬‫٥ج‬ ‫ًڅًى‬ٕ‫ٮ‬ٓ‫و‬ ‫إز‬ ‫آن‬ِٕ‫ؿى‬ٕ‫وٖجش‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫ډجبى‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ْ‫ٕىز‬
‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثَٹَا‬ٓ.‫ٕبُى‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ ،ٓ‫ٕىش‬ ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ْ‫ٍا‬ٍ‫ثمظبث‬ٍ‫اثِا‬‫سچٺ‬ٌٓ‫ٽَى‬ٍْ‫وًآي‬ ‫ي‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ ،٬‫ياٹ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سىِڃ‬ ٓ‫ٵى‬ ‫سًڅٕيار‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ٵى‬ ْ‫َب‬ْ‫ي‬ ‫ٵٮڄ‬
‫اوٶٮبالس‬ٓ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬٣‫اٍسجب‬ ٍ‫ى‬‫ثب‬.‫ځَٕى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫ډ‬ ‫سَٽٕت‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫آډٕوش‬ ‫َڈ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫هًٍاٽ‬ ٓ‫ډٮؼًو‬ ‫َمبوىي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ي‬ٓ
‫ًٙوي‬:«ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫و‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫ډلًٞڃ‬ ً‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ٕ‫ىاٍا‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ٖز‬ٍْ‫ٕبهشب‬ْ
‫َٖش‬ٓ‫ٙىبهش‬ٓٝ‫هب‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ٓ‫اډپبوبس‬ ٍ‫ډؼمً٭‬ ُ‫ا‬ٍٓ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬
‫ُډ‬ ‫ډب‬ َ٪‫و‬ٕ‫ا‬ ُ‫ٕب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ُٔ‫اډَي‬ ‫ٵىًن‬ ‫ؼبى‬ْ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ثبٙي‬»(Heidegger,1977, P9-10).
1
Martin Heidegger

17. 11
‫كٺ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫ٺز‬ٔ‫ډجشى‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ َٞ‫٭‬ َ‫يځ‬ًّٓ‫سپىًڅ‬ َ‫ث‬ْ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ثىبثَا‬ ‫ىاوي‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫ه‬
‫ثب‬ َ‫اځ‬ َٞ‫٭‬ٔ‫ډًٹٮ‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ُٕ‫ثذَىا‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٘‫ياٽى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ز‬ٔ‫ٍيف‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًار‬ ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ‫ڈ‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْٔ‫پ‬ٕٓ‫إب‬ ‫ډٖبئڄ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٓ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬.(Ihde, 1979)
ٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ْٕ ٌَ٦‫ثڂًٔي‬ ‫ٕوه‬ ُْ‫اډَي‬ َٚ‫ث‬ َ‫ث‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬
َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ُډبو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ځَىاوي؛‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫ث‬ ً٦ٍٕ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٵال٥ًن‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ْ ٍٍٚٔ
ٍ٦ٕ‫ك‬ ،َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓٚ‫ثو‬ ‫إشٺالڃ‬ ‫١مه‬ ٓ‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬
.‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ػيا‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ْ ٍ٦ٕ‫ك‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ْ ٍٔ‫دب‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ٪‫و‬ ْ
‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ‫٥ًڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ‫ي‬ َْ٪‫و‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٕجت‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬
‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٙبن‬ ٓ‫ٍٵشڂ‬ ‫ىٍَڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫دًٕٕشڂ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثڂًو‬ ‫ًٙويٳ‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ډٺبثڄ‬
‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫ډجىب‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ٓ‫كش‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثياوؼب‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ځَٕى‬ ٓ‫وم‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬
.‫ځَٕى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫ٵالٕٶ‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬
ً٥‫اٵال‬ ‫ُډبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫څٌا‬‫ٍا‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ‫ي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٓٔ‫ٍئبٍي‬ ‫أه‬ ‫سبٽىًن‬ ً٦ٍٕ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ن‬
ٕ٘‫د‬ )‫ځَا‬ ‫(ًَه‬ َْ٪‫و‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ٦ٔ‫َٙا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ‫ډجىب‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ومًى‬ ٌ‫ډٚبَي‬
.‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫دٕيا‬ ‫ًٕٷ‬ )‫ځَا‬ ٓ‫(٭ٕى‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓ٦ٔ‫َٙا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬
‫سٺيڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ‫سٺبثڄ‬ ً‫ب‬ٕ‫إب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫إز‬ ٜ‫ډٚو‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ‫اډب‬
ً‫ب‬ًٝٞ‫ه‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ْ‫َب‬ ‫ٍَٕبٵز‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ْ‫ډجىب‬ ،َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٽياڇ‬ ََْ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ى‬
.‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬
َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫سپىٕپ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ْ ٌَ٦ٕٕ ‫ثب‬ َٝ‫ډٮب‬ ْ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬
ُ‫ا‬ َٓ‫وڂب‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ځَؿ‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٍٕٕي‬ ‫دبٔبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ،َ‫ځ‬ ٍ‫ډلبٕج‬
‫څ‬ ‫وياٍى‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ثٕى‬ ًٗ‫َٕه‬‫ٱَٕٹبثڄ‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٚ‫ث‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ْ ٌَ٦ٕٕ ‫په‬
‫٭چًڇ‬ ‫اٹٖبڇ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ .‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫سچٺ‬ ‫اػشىبة‬
‫ي‬ .‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډجيڃ‬ ٓ‫٭چًډ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٙٮج‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ‫ٔبثي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٺچٕڄ‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ْ‫ثب‬

18. 11
‫سبٍٔن‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ًٍٝس‬ ‫ثٮىًان‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ْ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫ىاىن‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫ډجىب‬
ِٕٔ‫ډشبٵ‬.‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٹچمياى‬ ‫ټ‬(Heidegger, 1962)
ٍ‫ځَؿ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٓ‫ډٖبئچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ٍْ‫ٍيُځب‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫أىؼبٕز‬ ‫ډُڈ‬ ٍ‫ډٖبڅ‬
‫وم‬ ‫َٕ٭ز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٕى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫وپَىن‬ ‫كڄ‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫كڄ‬ٓ‫سبډڄ‬ ‫څٌر‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫څپه‬ ،‫آٵَٔي‬
‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ډشبٵِٕٔټ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ؿًن‬ ٓ‫ډٖبئچ‬ ‫ثبة‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ َ‫ٵپ‬ ‫ؿٚبوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬
‫اٵال‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ًَه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫هبٽ‬.‫ومًى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫ٽ‬1
‫كبڅش‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫ثشًان‬ ‫ٙبٔي‬ٓ،َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬
َ٦‫ٵ‬ْ‫ٍيف‬ ‫ډظڄ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٓ‫ډچپًس‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډچپ‬ ‫ثٮي‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٹچمياى‬
ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٹبى‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ََ ‫ثيين‬ ‫ٵَى‬ .‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ َ‫ٔپئڂ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ػبن‬ ‫ي‬
‫اوج‬ ًٍ٢‫ك‬ ‫ثٖجت‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫اىيا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫وٕٖز.كبڃ‬ٕ‫بي‬‫اسٞب‬ ‫ي‬ ٤‫ٍث‬ ‫أه‬ ُٓ‫اڅ‬‫ثب‬ ‫ڃ‬
ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫يك‬ ْ ٍٔ‫ٕب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫٭ٺالو‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ًٓٔ‫ځ‬ ً‫س‬ ‫ٙي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌَٔ‫د‬ ‫اډپبن‬ ٓ‫يكٕبو‬ ٓٔ‫ډجىب‬
‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ومًى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ٓ‫يك‬ ‫ىاډبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫٭ٺڄ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اڅٺبي‬ ‫اوجٕبي‬ ‫دَٕيان‬
ٌَُ‫ث‬ ُ‫ا‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫َب‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫آډي‬ ٓ‫وم‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثٕه‬ ٓ‫سىبٵ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍٟ‫سٮب‬
،‫ٙي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډلَيڇ‬ ‫اوجٕبي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثبڅٶٮڄ‬ ْ‫ډىي‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ُډٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ، ً‫ػ‬ ‫هيا‬ ‫ٵ٦َر‬
ُ‫دَيا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ًٍٝر‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ىاى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ًٕٷ‬ ٓ‫ډشبٵِٕٔپ‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫سٶپَار‬ ‫ٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ومًى‬
‫ؿىي‬ ‫ٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٵز‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٍ‫الو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الكي‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٔب‬ ‫ُډٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ًَه‬
‫د‬ ‫إز‬ ٜ‫ډٚو‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫ومًى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډٕڄ‬ ْ‫يػًى‬ٕ‫ٱ‬ ‫ًوي‬ٕ‫آىډ‬ ٍ‫اوپب‬ ‫َٹبثڄ‬ٓ‫ثب‬
‫ډشبٵ‬ِٕٔ‫ث‬ .‫ثًى‬ ‫ټ‬‫كبٝڄ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽَى‬ ‫اى٭ب‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډجىب‬ ‫َأه‬
َْ٪‫و‬ ْ ٍ٦ٕ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ٍئياى‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫اډب‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ َٚ‫ث‬ َْ٦‫ٵ‬ ‫سبډالر‬
1
ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډي٭ب‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٙبَي‬ ‫ثُشَٔه‬ً‫ادٕپ‬ ْ‫َب‬ٍ(Epicurus( ٓ‫ًٔوبو‬ ‫ٵٕچًٖٳ‬ )341-
270ٌّ‫(يا‬ .‫ٔبٵز‬ )‫.ڇ‬ ‫ٷ‬ٙ‫٭ب‬ ْ‫ډٮىب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ًٍ‫ادٕپ‬ ْ‫ا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫هًة‬ ٓ‫وًٕٙيو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٱٌا‬ ‫ٸ‬،‫ثًى‬ ‫ځَا‬ ‫څٌر‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ‫اي‬ .)‫ثبٙي‬
ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫يٹٴ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ِ‫ََځ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثب‬ . ‫إز‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ ‫٥چت‬ ٍ‫ِٕايا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫وٕټ‬ ،‫څٌر‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫ىٍثبة‬ ‫ٽَىن‬ َ‫ٵپ‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫سؤډڄ‬ ‫څٌر‬ ‫ثٍِځشَٔه‬ ‫ثًى‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ .‫وپَى‬ ْ‫ٍي‬ ٌ‫ُٔبى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫څٌر‬ ‫ثب‬ ٌ‫َمَا‬
ٌٍ‫ىٍثب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭بڅڈ‬‫ثَا‬ .‫ػًى‬ ْ‫سًاوٕي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ‫ىٍأه‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬ ٍ‫ډ٦بڅٮ‬ ْ:‫ٍ.ٻ‬،َ‫(دبڅم‬1383.)

19. 12
ً‫ب‬‫٭مًډ‬‫ډُڈ‬ ‫اسٶبٹبر‬ ً‫ب‬ٕ‫إب‬ ٍ‫ؿَاٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍٕ‫سًػ‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ٍ‫ٱچج‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ ٍ٦ٕ‫ك‬ َ‫ث‬
‫و‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭ٺالو‬ ‫سبډالر‬ ‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍم‬ َْ٪‫و‬ ْ ٍ٦ٕ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َْٚ‫ث‬‫ؿىٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِٕ
.‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٔبٵش‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ځًوبځًن‬ ُ‫ثَي‬ ‫ي‬ ًٍُ٩ ‫ډؼبڃ‬ ٓٔ‫ٵ٢ب‬
ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډٮ٦ًٳ‬ ً‫ب‬‫٭مًډ‬ َْ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ َْٚ‫ث‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوپٚبٵبر‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اډب‬
‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫ىٽبٍس‬ ‫ٙپبٽٕز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٘‫ثٕى‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ‫أه‬ ْ ٍٍٚٔ ٍ‫ځَؿ‬ .‫وٕٖز‬ ‫إٓمبن‬
‫وڂب‬ ‫ٱَة‬ ٓ‫ًَى‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭ٕى‬ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َْ‫ثٖش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫څپه‬ٌ
َْ‫َبٔيځ‬ َٗ‫وڂ‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ‫سٮئڄ‬ ٓ‫اٵٺ‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ْ‫٭مًى‬
َ‫سٶپ‬ ًْٕ ‫ي‬ ‫ٕمز‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ‫ي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ْ ٌَ٦ٕٕ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ومًى‬ ‫ثَىاٙز‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬
ً‫ب‬ٕ‫إب‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ٓ‫سؼَث‬ ‫٭چًڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫اوٺٖبڇ‬ ٬‫ثبڅشج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ‫ٕمز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اوٖبن‬
‫ځ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ي‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫ٕبثٸ‬ ‫دًٕوي‬َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ‫ثٺًڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٖٕوش‬‫اوٖبن‬
‫وٖجش‬ٓ(‫ومبٔي‬ ٍ‫ثَٹَا‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫سپىٕى‬،َ‫َبٔيځ‬1365)1
ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْٕ‫سٮج‬ ‫٥جٸ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ؿَا‬
ٍ‫ُډبو‬ ٍ‫ډيٍوٕش‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ‫ٍډبوشٕټ‬ ‫ىيٍان‬ ‫ايائڄ‬ ٓ‫آڅمبو‬ َ‫ٙب٭‬ ‫ًَڅيٍڅٕه‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬
«‫هيأبن‬ ‫َؼَر‬»ْ ٍ‫ُډبو‬ ‫ي‬«ًْ‫ډٮى‬ ٣ً‫ٕٺ‬»‫إز‬(Mannheim, 1959).
َ‫ث‬‫ا‬ٔ‫ه‬‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫إب‬ٔ‫سپ‬ ‫پَى‬ًّ‫ىًڅ‬ْ‫ډجبو‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ى‬ٔ‫ىو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ي‬ ‫ٕىز‬
‫ډجبو‬ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٍٓ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ٔ‫پ‬ًّٓ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫اٵَاى‬ ُ‫ا‬ْ‫ىو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ‫ډيٍن‬
‫د‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫دَىاهش‬ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ًوي‬ٔ‫َٖش‬ َ٪‫ډى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫ٙىبهش‬ٓ‫ٱ‬ٕ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫ثى‬ ‫َډمپه‬ٓ
.‫ٍٕي‬
‫تکٌَلَط‬ ‫ججش‬‫ي‬‫ک‬‫ی‬ًِ‫سسب‬
‫د‬ٕ‫يا‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ َٗ‫يځٖش‬ ْٖ٘‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ٍٕ‫ب‬َْ‫ډشٶپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ًٔ‫ك‬ ‫ه‬‫سلز‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اٍسجب٥بر‬ ٌُ
‫سؤط‬ٕ. ‫ىاى‬ ‫ٹٍَا‬ َٔ‫پ‬َٓ‫س‬ ٍ‫ثَػٖش‬ ُ‫ا‬َٔ‫ډشٶپ‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫اٍسجب٥بر‬ ‫ه‬ْ
1
:ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٽىٕي‬ ٍ‫ډَاػٮ‬ ‫سًاوٕي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬ ٍ‫ډ٦بڅٮ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬
(Hood,1972‫؛‬Dreyfus,1995. )

20. 13
‫ػمٮ‬َٓ‫ډُمش‬ ‫ثٮىًان‬َٔ‫س‬ ٓ‫كٖب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫دي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫ي‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫هًى‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ٌ‫ي‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٌْْ،‫ىاٙز‬
‫څًَبن‬ ‫ډټ‬ ‫ډبٍٙبڃ‬1
(1911-1980‫ډ‬ )ٓ‫سؤٽ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ثبٙي.اي‬ًٍٕ‫ډل‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ْ
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫َب‬ ٍ‫،ٍٕبو‬ْ‫ػمٮ‬ٓ‫د‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬‫چ‬ٓ‫ث‬ٕ‫٥ج‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫٥ج‬ ‫ػِي‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ٮز‬ٕ‫ٮز‬
‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثٚمب‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ٓ( ‫آيٍى‬،‫څًَبن‬ ‫ډټ‬1377‫).ي‬ْ‫ا‬ َ‫ث‬ٔ‫ىو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫ب‬ٓٔ
‫ُويځ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ٽى‬ٕ‫يٕب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ڈ‬ٔ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ‫ڄ‬ٓ‫ثَا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ،ََْ .‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ‫ډب‬ِٔ‫وبځ‬ ،‫ډب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ټ‬َٔ
‫َٖش‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ٕ‫ىٹ‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫ثُش‬ ‫ٙىبهز‬ َ٥‫هب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ڈ‬ٕ‫ػُبو‬ َ‫س‬ ‫ٸ‬ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ
‫ٽى‬ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ڈ‬ٔ‫يٕب‬ ‫ه‬ٕٔ‫ثٚىب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ڄ‬ٕ‫ډل‬ .‫ڈ‬ٕ‫ػي‬ ٤ٔ‫ُا‬ ،‫ي‬ٕٔ‫يٕب‬ ٌ‫ي‬ٔ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ‫ڄ‬ٓ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬
‫ٹيٍس‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ػُبر‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ‫ٱ‬ٕ‫سؤط‬ ‫سلز‬ ٍ‫اوش٪ب‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ َٕ‫يٕب‬ ‫إز.څٌا‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َٔ‫ڄ‬
٥‫اٍسجب‬ٓ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ ٓ‫كًا‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ٔ‫پي‬ٔ‫ى‬ ‫ٵََىڀ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ُى‬ ‫َڈ‬ َ‫ث‬ َ‫ڂ‬َٔ‫ڂ‬ْ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬
(‫اوي‬ ٌ‫آيٍى‬ ‫اٍډٲبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫هًى‬ٍٕٙ،ًٍ‫يد‬1352ٛ،7ٌ‫٭مي‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫اٍسجب٥بر‬ ًٌُ‫).ىٍك‬
ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ىاٍى؛ډپشت‬ ‫يػًى‬ٕ‫ٙىب‬ٓ‫اٍسجب٥بر‬2
‫اوڂ‬ ‫سلًڃ‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ‫ي‬ِْٕ‫اٍسجب٥بر؛‬
1
Marshal McLuhan.
2
‫ډپش‬ ‫ووٖشٕه‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ) ً‫ٕٙپبځ‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ( ‫اٍسجب٥بر‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ډپشت‬ْ‫ډلشًا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوٖز‬ ٓ‫ج‬
‫الُإٍٶچي‬ ‫َبٍيڅي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫٭جبٍسىي‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ىَي.ثىٕبوڂٌاٍان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اَمٕز‬ ‫َب‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬‌‫ئچجََٙاڇ‬ ،‌‌‫ٽبٍڃ‬ ،
‫َبيڅىي‬‌‫څًٔه‬ ‫ٽًٍر‬ ،‌ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ْ‫ٵَأىيَب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫ثَأه‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ ْ‫ډلشًا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ‫أه‬ .
‫اػش‬ ، ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬ ْ‫َب‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ َُٔ ‫ي‬ ‫َب‬ ‫ٕبهز‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫وٕبُډىي‬‫ثَأه‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ... ‫ي‬ ْ‫اٹشٞبى‬ ،ٓ‫ٵََىڂ‬ ، ٓ‫مب٭‬
‫َب‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ ٓ‫إب‬3: ‫ىاٍوي‬ ٓ‫اٝچ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬1٤ٕ‫ډل‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫و٪بٍر‬ )2‫ي‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ْ‫َب‬ ٓ‫َمجٖشڂ‬ ‫سٺًٔز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫أؼبى‬ )
3‫اډپبن‬ ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ٕٕٖشڈ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ‫أه‬ ْ‫َب‬ ٌٍ‫اوڂب‬ ٓ‫ٵََىڂٓ.ثَإب‬ ‫ډَٕاص‬ ‫اوشٺبڃ‬ )
‫ػَٔب‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫ٕٕٖشڈ‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌَٔ‫د‬‫دٕبڇ‬ ٌ‫ثٮالي‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ‫َمبَىڀ‬ ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٓ‫ا٥ال٭بس‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ْ‫َب‬ ‫ن‬
‫ثٮي‬ ‫ي‬ َْ‫ٵپ‬ ‫ٍَجَان‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫َب‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ ‫اثشيا‬ ٓ‫ٔٮى‬ ‫ًٙوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫سبطَٕځٌا‬ ‫ي‬ َٚ‫ډىش‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ډَكچ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫َب‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اَمٕز‬ ِ‫كبئ‬ ٍ‫وپش‬ . ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډىشٺڄ‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ٍ‫٭بډ‬ ٍ‫ث‬
‫الًٕڃ‬ ‫ٵَډًڃ‬«‫؟‬ ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫؟‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫؟‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ځًٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ‫؟‬ ٖٓ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬»‫ډًٍى‬
،ً‫(ٽبُو‬ :‫ٍ.ٻ‬ ‫سًاوٕي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫اٍسجب٥بر‬ ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫دَٕاډًن‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬ ٓٔ‫آٙىب‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ .‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬1377
،ٓ‫؛ٕبٍيهبو‬1379)

21. 14
ُ‫ا‬ ‫څًَبن‬ ‫ډټ‬ ‫ډبٍٙبڃ‬َ‫س‬ ٍ‫ثَػٖش‬ٔ‫ه‬ِْٕ‫اوڂ‬ ‫سلًڃ‬ ‫ډپشت‬ ‫ځٌاٍان‬ ٍٔ‫دب‬‫اٍسجب٥بر‬
‫ډ‬ٓ‫ثبٙي‬‫ا‬ ٍ‫.ى‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫سؤط‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ َْ٥‫اٍسجب‬ٍٓ‫ى‬3َٞ‫٭‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬‫ډ‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ٓ
:‫ًٙى‬1-‫ٙٶ‬ َٞ‫٭‬َٓ‫ب‬‌‌2-‫ځًسىجَٿ‬ َٞ‫٭‬‫ي‬‌3-ٓ‫ډبٍٽى‬ َٞ‫٭‬‫ثىبثَا‬ .ٔ‫څًَبن‬ ‫ډټ‬ ‫ه‬
‫ثَډجىب‬ْ‫ػجَځَا‬ًّٓٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ٔ‫پ‬ٓ1
‫ثَا‬ٔ‫سٲ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫ه‬ٕٕ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ َٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫يٍٕبو‬ْ
‫سٲ‬ ‫ثب٭ض‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٙين‬ٕٕ‫كش‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ٕ٦ق‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سلًڃ‬ ‫َي‬ٍٓ‫سب‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ‫ن‬ٓ‫ا‬ ‫ثب‬ .‫ًٙى‬ٔ،َٗ‫وڂ‬ ‫ه‬
ٍ‫سًػ‬ ٍ‫يٕٕچ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ‫يٕبٔڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫څًَبن‬ ‫ډټ‬ً‫سًځ‬ ،‫ىاٙز‬ ٕٓ‫إب‬ٓٔ
ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،‫وٕٖز‬ ‫َب‬ ‫دٕبڇ‬ ٫ً‫ډؼم‬ ،‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډٮَٵز‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ٫‫اػشمب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ‫آن‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫َب‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ‫يٕبٔڄ‬ ‫٥َٔٸ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓٝ‫هب‬ ‫ډبَٕز‬
(‫ًٙى‬،ً‫ٽبُو‬1377‫ى‬ ‫ډ٦بثٸ‬ .)ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ َ‫ػج‬ ٌ‫يځب‬ٔ‫پ‬ٓ«ً‫و‬ ‫سمين‬ٍٔ‫سب‬ ،‫ه‬ٔ‫اهشَا٭بر‬ ‫ن‬
ً‫و‬ٔٙ‫ډب‬ .‫إز‬ ‫ه‬ٕٙ‫ډب‬ ،ٍ‫ثوب‬ ‫ه‬ًٕ‫سچ‬ ،‫ؿبح‬ ‫ه‬ِٔٔ‫اسًډج‬ ،‫ًن‬ٕ‫ٽبډذ‬ ،‫ڄ‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫ډبًَا‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫ًس‬ٔ‫ه‬
‫ثَا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌُ‫سب‬ ٬١‫ي‬ًْ‫و‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ٔ‫ا‬ ‫َبٍيڅي‬ .‫اوي‬ ٌ‫آيٍى‬ ‫ٵَاَڈ‬ ‫ه‬ٍٔ‫ٽ‬ ٔ‫ى‬ٔ‫پ‬ٓ‫كبډ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٕ‫ا‬ ‫بن‬ٔ‫ه‬
‫ٙپى‬ ‫ثٖز‬ ‫ثه‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ،‫إز‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ٓ‫َب‬ْٕ‫إب‬ٍٓ‫سب‬ ٧‫څلب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ٔ‫و‬ٓ
‫ٵَآ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اثشيا‬ ٌٍ‫َمًا‬ٔٙ‫ډب‬ .‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٣‫اٍسجب‬ ‫ىي‬ٕ‫ډپبو‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ،‫ؿبح‬ ‫ه‬ٍٕ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ټ‬
‫يػًى‬‫اڅپشَيو‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ‫سچڂَاٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آيٍى‬ٕ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ٕبُډبن‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ .‫ُى‬ ‫ٍٹڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ټ‬ٓ‫ډَاكڄ‬ ،
‫ي‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ٔ‫ْځ‬ٓ‫َب‬ْ‫ٵََىڂ‬ٓ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ،ٍْ‫ځَٵش‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ىيٍان‬
(.‫اوي‬،‫ډًالوب‬1382ٛ ،22)
ٍٔ‫َب‬ ٍْٚ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫سپى‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ٕ‫پ‬ٓ‫ثَيٙى‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ‫ٍيثپَى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًان‬ٓ‫ډټ‬
‫و‬ ‫څًَبن‬ٕ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫آوؼب‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ومًى‬ ٌ‫ډٚبَي‬ ِْ:‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬«ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ َ‫اځ‬ُْ‫ا‬ ‫ډىجٮض‬
‫يڅ‬ ،‫إز‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫٭مڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًَه‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ي‬ َٞ‫٭‬ ََ ‫اوٖبن‬ْ‫ُا‬ ‫هًى‬ ،ًّٕٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٌ‫ي‬ْ
ً‫ه‬ ‫ُډبن‬ٔ‫ى‬ ‫٭جبٍر‬ ٍ‫ث‬ .‫إز‬ ًّ٘ٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ََ ،َ‫ڂ‬ٍْ‫سي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٚ‫ث‬ٔ‫ٵ٢ب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫غ‬ٌُْ‫سب‬
‫ا‬ْ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ٓ‫ٵ٢ب‬ ََ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَي‬ْ‫٭بډچ‬ ،ٌُ‫سب‬ٓ‫سٮ‬ٕٕ‫ُويځ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َٕوًٙز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٌ‫ٽىىي‬ ‫ه‬َٓٚ‫ث‬
‫ٙمب‬ ٍ‫ث‬‫ډ‬ ٍٓ‫ٍيى‬(.»،‫ىاىځَان‬1374ٛ،90)
1
Technological Determinism.

22. 15
ٍ‫ى‬ٔ‫ثىي‬ ٬‫ػم‬ ‫ټ‬ْ‫ثب‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫ي‬ٍٔ‫ٵىبي‬ ‫پَى‬ْ‫ثَا‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ٔ‫سؤٽ‬ ٍ‫ػىج‬ ‫ه‬ٍٕ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ي‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫ُا‬ٕٔ‫ػُبو‬ ٌ‫ي‬ٓ‫ډجبو‬ ‫ىٍآن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ٓ‫ًَى‬ٓ‫ىو‬ٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ومًى‬ ‫ډيٍن‬
ٔ‫ٵ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډمپه‬ .‫إز‬ ٍ‫بٵش‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٍَ‫اڅجيا‬ٔ‫ىـى‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ًٍٞ‫س‬ ‫ه‬ٍٔ‫ٵىبي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يٕبئڄ‬ ‫ه‬ْ‫َب‬
ً‫طبو‬ ٍ‫ػىج‬ْ‫وٖجز‬‫كٺ‬ ‫څپه‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ٍٕ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٺز‬ٔ‫َب‬ ٍْٚ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٌٓ‫ٕبُوي‬
‫د‬ ‫ثياوؼب‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ًّٕ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫دًٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ْ٘‫و‬ِٕ
‫آډ‬ٕ‫ځَى‬ ٍ‫وش‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫آوؼب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ي‬ٔ‫ډجبو‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫ٵ٢ب‬ ٍ‫ى‬َٓٔ‫ډٶب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثيي‬ٕ‫ى‬ ‫ڈ‬ٔ‫ى‬ٓ‫ٙپڄ‬
‫ثٮىًان‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ټ‬َْ‫ډٶب‬ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٕ‫ى‬ ‫ڈ‬ٔ‫ى‬ٍٓ‫ٽب‬ْ‫ي‬ ‫٭جض‬
‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ْ‫ث‬ٓ‫وش‬ٕ‫ثَا‬ .‫ثًى‬ ‫هًاَي‬ ٍ‫ؼ‬ٍٔ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ثبسًػ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫َب‬ ٍْٚ‫ٵچٖٶ‬َٓ‫ػج‬
ًّ‫سپىًڅ‬ْ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ َ٪‫ډى‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ‫الُڇ‬ ، ‫څًَبن‬ ‫ډټ‬ٓ‫و‬ٕ‫ؿى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫س٢بى‬ ‫ي‬ ٍٟ‫سٮب‬ ‫ه‬ْ
‫ومب‬ ‫ىٹز‬ٕٔ:‫ڈ‬
‫هحَس‬ ‫هحتَا‬ ‫سٍيکشد‬
‫ثَىاٙش‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ًٍٝ ‫سَٔه‬ ٓٔ‫اثشيا‬ ُ‫ا‬َٓٚ‫ث‬ ٌٍ‫َمًا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫يػًى‬
‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫ايڅ‬ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫إشوَاع‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫اثِاٍآالر‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٤‫ډٖچ‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ َ
‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ،‫إز‬ٍٔ‫ىاٙش‬ ٍْ‫،ٕبُځب‬ ‫هًى‬ ْ‫َب‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓٔ‫اثشيا‬ ‫ډَاكڄ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ‫ٍإشب‬ ‫ه‬
( .‫إز‬،‫ٽبٍىيڃ‬1369‫ٍي‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ‫اډب‬ )ٍٔ‫ٵىبي‬ ‫پَى‬ْ‫ؿى‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ه‬ُْ‫ا‬
‫ث‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ٍ‫ؿَاٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫وياٙش‬ ٓ‫سبٍٔو‬ ٓٔ‫ډبوب‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬‫ٹَين‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ ُ‫ا‬ َٚ
‫ومب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ځًو‬ َ‫ډشبه‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډٕبو‬ ‫ٹَين‬ ،‫ثٮي‬ٔٓٔ‫ػب‬ ‫سب‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ‫بن‬
َ‫اط‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثڂًو‬ ‫أٚبن‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫هبٍع‬ ‫َٝٳ‬ ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٵىًن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫اهشَا٭بر‬ ٓ‫ثَه‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٍ‫ځٌاٙش‬ْ‫ٍا‬ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثىٕبىٔه‬ ْ‫َب‬ ٓ‫ىځَځًو‬ ‫هًى‬
‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ٕبهش‬ ٍ‫دئيا‬‫ُډبن‬ ‫دَٕاډًن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ًٍٞ‫س‬ ٓ‫ډپبوٕپ‬ ‫ٕب٭ز‬ ٫‫اهشَا‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬ .
ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٓٔ‫سًاوب‬ ٍْ‫آي‬ ‫ٵه‬ َٗ‫ځٖش‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ًْٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ومًى‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ًٗ‫ىٕشو‬
.‫ثًى‬ ٌ‫آيٍى‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ َ‫ث‬ َ‫ثٕٚش‬

23. 16
‫سؤط‬ ‫سلز‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٹجڄ‬ ‫سب‬ ‫ډشؼيى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬َٕ‫ډٶب‬ َٕ‫سٮبڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ڈ‬ُٕ‫ا‬ ‫سٺئَار‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٕىز‬ ‫ڈ‬
‫ا‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫سٮٕٕه‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ٔٙ‫ىا‬ ‫مبن‬ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫ٕجټ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫آن‬ ٓ‫سؼچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ٍٙي‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫ز‬1
ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ ،
ً‫ه‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سًاوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍٕٕي‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٍٵش‬ٔ‫ډب‬ ‫ٵب٭ڄ‬ ٍ٘ٔ‫ثبٙي؛ى‬ ‫ٚبي‬
‫ايډبو‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ٕ‫ثَدب‬ ‫ٖڈ‬ٔ‫َم‬ ٍٕ‫ځَى‬ ٍ‫إشًا‬ َٗ‫وڂ‬ ‫ه‬ٔٓ‫ًَى‬ ‫٭ًاډڄ‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫ثَأه‬ .‫ي‬
‫ٵَآ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سبطَٕځٌا‬ ٓ‫٭ٕى‬ ‫ي‬َٕٔ‫سبط‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ډيٍوِٕإًٕن‬ ‫ٍيوي‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ډيٍوٕش‬ ‫ىي‬. ‫ځٌاٙز‬
‫ثَه‬ًٍٓ‫ډل‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اٍثشب٥بر‬ ‫ٝبكجى٪َان‬ٔ‫ډٮىب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ٵٮبڃ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ز‬
ُ‫ٕب‬ْ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍا‬ٓ‫سؤط‬ ‫سلز‬ ‫ٙټ‬ٕ‫ډيٍو‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬ ًَّٕ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٍ‫،ى‬ ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ش‬ْ‫و‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ِٕ
‫ٍي‬ ‫ىاىوي؛‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫ډيو‬ٔ‫پَى‬ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ‫ثٮىًان‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ْ‫سًڅ‬ ‫ػُز‬ٌٕ‫هًا‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ي‬
‫اهالٹ‬ٓٔ‫ٱ‬ ‫ب‬ٕ‫اهالٹ‬ َٓ‫سلچ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬َٕ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ڄ‬ٍٕٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ٓ.‫ىَي‬
‫اثضاس‬ ِ‫هثبث‬ ِ‫ث‬ ًِ‫سسب‬
‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ه‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫پَى‬ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ،ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ْ‫اڅٺب‬ ‫ػُز‬َْ‫ډٶب‬ٕ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫ځًوبځًن‬ ‫ڈ‬ٍٓ‫ى‬
‫ډ‬ ‫ډوشچٴ‬ ‫ٕ٦ًف‬ٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ .‫ثبٙي‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ىپ‬ْ‫ًاس‬ ً‫ب‬ٕ‫إب‬ٕ‫بس‬ًَٓ‫ډب‬ْ‫سؤط‬ ‫ي‬ٍٕ‫ځٌا‬ َ
َ‫ثَډٶب‬ٕ‫ٱب‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫وياٙش‬ ‫ڈ‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ َ٪‫ډيو‬ ‫ز‬ٓ‫ځ‬ٕ‫َى؛‬
‫كب‬‫ډ‬ ‫ڃ‬ٓ‫ا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سًان‬ٔ‫ٍإشب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ‫ه‬ْ‫و‬ٕ‫ياال‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ڄ‬َْٚ‫ث‬ْٔ٬‫ډىبٵ‬ ‫ػُز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ب‬
‫ٵَى‬ْ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ي‬ٓٔ‫كش‬ ‫ب‬ٓ‫سلم‬ ًٍ٪‫ډى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٕ‫٭مًډ‬ ‫اًَبن‬ ‫ىاٙشه‬ ٍ‫وڂ‬ ٍ‫ىي‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ٸ‬ٓ
‫ياٹٮ‬ ُ‫ا‬ٕ‫َب‬ ‫ز‬ٍْ‫ػب‬ْ‫ٕب‬ ‫ډظڄ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ٍ‫ومًى؛ٍٕبو‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ٔ‫و‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫اىيار‬ َُٕ‫ب‬
٦‫سٖچ‬ ٍ‫و‬ ،‫اوٖبن‬ٓ‫ي‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ َ‫ث‬ٍ‫و‬‫اوٖب‬‫ىٕش‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ن‬ٕ‫بث‬ٓ‫سلي‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٔ‫ي‬
‫ډ‬ٓ.‫ٽىي‬
‫ٍي‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ٍٔ‫١َي‬ ٍ‫و‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ،ًٍ‫ډل‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫پَى‬ْ‫ًاس‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ْٓ‫ا‬ ٍ‫يٕٕچ‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ،
‫إز‬ َْ‫اډ‬ ،ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ‫ډبَٕز‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ‫يػًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ‫هيډز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز‬
‫آالر‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اىيار‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬ .ٍ‫ٵىبيٍاو‬ َٕ‫ٱ‬ ‫اَياٳ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫سبثٮ‬ ‫آن‬ ٍُٗ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ١ٍ‫٭ب‬
1
Life Style

24. 17
ًٕ‫ډ‬ٕ‫ٺ‬ٓ‫ث‬‫َا‬ْ‫َٕځَډ‬ٓ‫ثَا‬ ‫وؼًڇ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫يٕبئڄ‬ ‫ي‬َْٚ‫ث‬ ٘‫ىاو‬ ٍ‫سًٕٮ‬ٌْ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ډًٍى‬
‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ٓ‫ځ‬ٕ‫ثي‬ .‫َوي‬ًّٔ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ه‬ْ‫و‬ ‫سچًًِٔٔن‬ٕ‫سجچٕٲبر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٕ٘‫ث‬ ‫سًاوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ِ
( .‫ٽىي‬ ‫هيډز‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍْ‫ٍٕشڂب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ،ٍْ‫سؼب‬ ‫ي‬ ٕٓ‫ٕٕب‬،ِ‫ٽَٖٔشٕبو‬1385ٛ،91)
‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬َْ‫ځَي‬ٓ‫و‬ٕ‫َب‬ ٍ‫اثِا‬ ً‫ب‬‫َٝٵ‬ َِْ‫ٵ‬ٍٔ‫جپب‬ٍْ‫سؼب‬ْٔ‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ًٔ‫يئ‬ًّ‫څ‬ٔ‫وم‬ ‫ټ‬ٓ
‫دي‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫ثبٙىي‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ي‬ْ‫ٵََىڂ‬ٕٓ‫ٙىب‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ٦ٕ‫يا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫اوي‬ٓ‫ٕب‬ ‫ي‬ٔ‫٭چًڇ‬ َ
‫ٵََىڂ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ٍٓ‫اثِا‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ځَىوي‬ْٖ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ٍٕ‫ب‬ْ‫ُويځ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډَىڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ًٓ‫ه‬ٔ٘
ٚ‫ثو‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ(‫ٽىىي‬ٜٝ، ‫َمبن‬143-144‫ا‬ ً‫ب‬‫٥جٮ‬ .)ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ومًى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٫ً١ً‫ډ‬ ‫ه‬ْ
‫ى‬ ‫ډىبٕټ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آىاة‬ٔ‫ى‬ٓ‫اَم‬ٕ‫ش‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ؿىيان‬ ‫ىي‬ٓٔ‫ىٍا‬ َ‫سَو‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬ ‫بثي‬ٔ‫٭ٺ‬ ٌٍ‫ثب‬ ‫ه‬ٌٕ‫ي‬
‫ٵ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ٕ‫ٕب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫چڈ‬ٔ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ډَكچ‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اٵَاى‬ ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ َْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫إٓشبو‬ْ‫ډ‬ٓ٥ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٽىىي‬ٓ
‫ُويځ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫آن‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٵبٝچ‬ ‫هًى‬ ٌَ‫ٍيُډ‬ٓ‫ځ‬ٕ‫ثَا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫َوي‬ْ‫آډبىځ‬ ‫سلًڃ‬ٓ‫د‬ٕ‫ډ‬ ‫يا‬ٓ.‫ٽىىي‬
‫ا‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ‫ډًػت‬ َ‫اډ‬ ‫ه‬ٓ‫٭جبى‬ ‫ډَإڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ًٙى‬ْ‫ي‬ ‫ثبٙىي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫ٵٮبڃ‬ ٘‫وٺ‬ ٍ‫ػبډٮ‬ ٍ‫ى‬
ٚ‫وٺ‬ٓ‫ډ‬‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽبٍاو‬ ٍ٪‫لبٵ‬ٔ.‫وپىىي‬ ‫ٶب‬(Turner,1986)
‫ى‬ ًٍُ٩ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ٔ‫سؤط‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫َار‬ٓ‫ٵََىڂ‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫ٍي‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ‫آن‬ٔ‫پَى‬
‫ىا‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ٕٔ‫ي‬ ٌََٕ‫س‬ ٬ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ومًى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫ٍا‬ْ‫ى‬ ‫ډىبٕټ‬ٔ‫ى‬ٓ‫ثَډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٓ
‫ځ‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫.ؿ‬ ‫َى‬ٔ‫ثَا‬ ٍ‫ىپ‬ٔ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ه‬َٓ‫ډٶب‬ ‫سًاوي‬ٕ‫ياال‬ ‫ڈ‬ْ‫اوٖبو‬ُٓ‫اڅ‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫و‬ ‫ٍا‬ٕ‫ياٍى‬ ِ
‫اڅڂًَب‬ْ‫ٵََىڂ‬ٓ‫اػشمب٭‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫ثي‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ٔ‫سَس‬ ‫ه‬ٕ‫ُډ‬ ‫ت‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ْ‫ثَا‬ْ‫ث‬ ‫سٮبډڄ‬َٕ‫ٚش‬
‫ى‬ٔ‫ومب‬ ‫ٵَاَڈ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫يٍٕبو‬ ‫ه‬ٔ.‫ي‬
‫٥ج‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ً‫ب‬‫ٮش‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫و‬ ‫پَى‬ٕ‫ثب‬ ِٔ‫ډجبو‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ًٍٓ‫ډٮىبډل‬ْ‫ومًى‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫سٮم‬ ٍ‫ؿَاٽ‬ٕ‫سلچ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٸ‬ٕ‫ؿى‬ ‫ڄ‬ٕ‫ٍي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫پَىَب‬ٓٔ‫ډجبو‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثب‬ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ډىشغ‬ ‫آن‬
َ٪‫و‬ ‫طمَار‬ ٍ‫ث‬ْ‫ٽبٍثَى‬ ‫ي‬ْ‫ث‬َٕ‫ٚش‬ْ‫ىٍٍي‬ .‫ٙي‬ ‫هًاَي‬ٍٔ‫ٵىبي‬ ‫پَى‬ْ‫و‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ِٕ
‫َب‬ ٌٍ‫اوڂب‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ْ‫َب‬َٔ‫يځ‬ْ‫َم‬ ‫ٙبَي‬ٕ‫ثًى‬ ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫ٍي‬ ‫وٺي‬ ‫١مه‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ڈ‬ٔ‫پَى‬
‫َب‬ٔ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ، َ‫يځ‬ٕ‫ډجىب‬ ‫بن‬ْ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٓ‫ٍي‬ًٍٔ‫ډٮىبډل‬ ‫پَى‬َْ‫هًا‬ٕ:‫دَىاهز‬ ‫ڈ‬

25. 18
‫گشا‬ ‫رات‬ ‫ًوذ‬ ٍ ‫پَپش‬‫يی‬‫ّب‬‫ي‬‫ذگش‬
‫َبٔي‬ َٗ‫وڂ‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ ٍْ‫ٵىبي‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ٍ‫ى‬‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٓ‫سپىٕپ‬ ٓ‫وٖجش‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ َ‫ځ‬
َٚ‫ث‬ َٗ‫وڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ػئي‬ ٍ‫ٵٖچٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍْ‫٭ٕب‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ ‫اوٺالة‬ ‫ډٮچًڃ‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ٽَى؛‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثَٹَا‬
ً‫ال‬‫ٽبډ‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ،‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ډٺبڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ٬‫ډًٹ‬ ،‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫آن‬ ْ ٍ٦ٕ‫يا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬
(‫إز‬ ٌ‫آډي‬ ‫ثًػًى‬ ْ‫ػئي‬،َ‫َبٔيځ‬1365‫ٍا‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ٍيف‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ .)
‫ا‬ ٌ‫ثَآډي‬ ِٕ‫و‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫و‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ٓ‫ٕىش‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ډٶبَٕڈ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ثيي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ْ‫ىوٕب‬ ‫ًار‬ ُ
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ثَىاٙش‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ْ‫اوشٺبى‬ َٓ‫وڂب‬ ‫ثب‬ ٬١‫ډًا‬ ‫أه‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ځَؿ‬ .‫ىَي‬
٬١ً‫ډ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫٭ٺالو‬ َٕٖ‫سٶ‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ٦‫ٍاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اي‬ ِٕ‫آډ‬ ‫اثُبڇ‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ‫څپه‬ ‫ومبٔي‬
‫.ځًأىپ‬ ‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬ ‫ډٚپڄ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٗ‫ا‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ثٕبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫سىُب‬ ٍ‫و‬ ‫ثُبڇ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ
ٍ‫ى‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ ٓ‫وً٭‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ځب‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ٵُڈ‬ ‫ٹبثڄ‬ ‫ثً١ًف‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اي‬ ٓ‫ډجبو‬
‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓٔ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٓ‫وٕٚى‬ ‫٭ٺت‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ځب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډٮشٺي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬
:‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬«‫كبڃ‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ٓ‫ٵى‬ ‫إجبة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سًاوٕڈ‬ ٓ‫ډ‬‫ثب‬
‫ٔٮى‬ ‫ىأٍڈ‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ‫آُاى‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٹٕي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ٝلٕق‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ٓ‫هًإشٕڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ُډبن‬ ََ
‫ثبٔي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫آوـىبن‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫إجبة‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سًاوٕڈ‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ .‫ًٙٔڈ‬ ٛ‫هال‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثىي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثشًاوٕڈ‬
َٕ‫سبط‬ ‫ډب‬ ٓ‫كٺٕٺ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ثب٥ى‬ ًََ‫ځ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ِْٕ‫ؿ‬ ‫َمـًن‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫٭ٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬
َْٕ‫ځ‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫سًاوٕڈ‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ .‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٘ٔ‫ٍَب‬ ‫وجوٚي‬‫اطجبر‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬ ‫إجبة‬ ُ‫ا‬ َِٔ‫وبځ‬
‫ٍا‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ ‫اسالٳ‬ ‫ي‬ ً٘ٔٚ‫س‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اولَاٳ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًى‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫كٸ‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ډب‬ ٍ‫ٍيُاو‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاى‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ٌُ‫اػب‬ ...‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ٓ‫وٶ‬
‫ځٌاٙز‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ ٘‫ثَٕيو‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ‫٭ٕه‬»)‫.(َمبن‬
ٓ‫يوشبٔؼ‬ ‫سجٮبر‬ ً‫ا‬َُ‫ٹ‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َْٕٖ‫سٶ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ٌ‫ىٔيځب‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬
ً‫ال‬‫اي‬ .‫آيٍى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثجب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ثًىٔڈ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ٙبَي‬ ًٍ‫ډل‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ْ‫ثَا‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬
ً‫ب‬ٕ‫طبو‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ‫ٹبئڄ‬ َٓ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ډىبٕت‬ ‫ثَهًٍى‬ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫أه‬
‫اوٖبن‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سمٖټ‬ ً‫ب‬‫طبڅظ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓ‫سچٺ‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫وٚبن‬ ‫ٍا‬

26. 19
‫ډيٍن‬‫ډٮَٵ‬ ‫ډمپه‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭مچ‬ٓ‫ډ‬ٓ‫ثىبثَا‬ .‫ځَىى‬ًٔ‫ال‬‫٭م‬ َْ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ َْٕ‫ثپبٍځ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ه‬
ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ْ ٌَ‫ؿىج‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًْ‫ثىل‬ ‫ٍاَڂٚب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ؤًه‬ ٓ‫وٖجش‬ ٍْ‫ثَٹَا‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډيٍن‬ ‫اوٖبن‬
ً‫ا‬‫ډؼيى‬ ‫اٙذٕڂڄ‬ ٍ‫ډؼچ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ډٞبكج‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ٍ‫أىپ‬ َ‫س‬ ‫ػبڅت‬ .‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍَب‬َ‫ث‬ ٍٕ‫سپ‬ ‫ثب‬
ٌ‫ٍا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ىٕشٕبث‬ ‫اډپبن‬ ‫٭يڇ‬ ‫ي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ډبَٕز‬‫ٍا‬ َْ‫اډ‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫سلٺٸ‬ ،‫آن‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ډٺبثچ‬
( .‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ‫اثُبڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫َبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬،ْ‫إي‬1375ٜٝ،1-15)
ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫ډٕبن‬ ‫ٙپبٽٕز‬ ًٕٓٔ ُ‫ا‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ثبة‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ َٕ٘‫د‬ ‫ٍٕي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ث‬
ًٕ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓٔ‫ٍَب‬ ‫ي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ٓٔ‫ى‬ٍٔ‫ى‬ ‫اثُبڇ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫٥ٕٶ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ‫ڂ‬
َ‫سٶپ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫دًٕوي‬ ٍْ‫ثَٹَا‬٬١ً‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫ؿىيځًوڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اثُبڇ‬ ‫أه‬ .‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍَىمًن‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ػَٔبن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ْ ًٌُ‫ك‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ َْٕ‫ځ‬
‫إز‬ ٍ‫ثبي‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ٓٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ ٘‫ى‬ٍ ‫ثب‬ ْ‫ي‬ ‫ثبٙي؛‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫دًد‬ ‫ٽبٍڃ‬ ‫آن‬ ْ‫اػال‬ ‫ٵَى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ځَىى‬
‫ه‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هًى‬ ٓ‫٥جٕٮ‬ ٤ٕ‫ډل‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ډشٺبثڄ‬ ‫ا٭مبڃ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ٌ‫وپَى‬ ‫ٔب‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫چٸ‬
‫ا‬ .‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ٍيث‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ‫ثب‬ٔ‫ي‬ ‫ډًٹٮٕز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ايٕز‬ ‫ا٭شٺبى‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫اوشوبة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ه‬
( ‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫دٍَوڀ‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اي‬ ٘‫وٺ‬،َ‫دًد‬1369ْ‫ىاٍا‬ ‫ٕٙئ‬ ََ ٓ‫إب‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ .)
‫ٽىي‬ َٕٕ‫سٲ‬ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫ځٌاٍى.كبڃ‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫اط‬ ٓ٥‫اٍسجب‬ ٍ‫ٙجپ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ْ‫ٹٞي‬ ٍْ‫آطب‬
ً‫ه‬ ‫ډشَست‬ ‫آن‬ َ‫ث‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ َ‫اط‬ٓ‫ًاسٕبس‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ٍ‫أىڂًو‬ ‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٙي‬ ‫اَي‬
ٍ‫ثبالػجب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ًاسٕبر‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ػب‬ ََ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثبٙي‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ٓ‫ٱَث‬ ٍ‫اڅجش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الٔشوچٴ‬
.‫وڂٌاٍى‬ ٓ‫ثبٹ‬ َْ‫ډٶ‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫يَٕؾ‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ‫كمڄ‬ ‫ثياوؼب‬ ‫هًى‬ ‫ثب‬
ََ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫وٕز‬ ‫ي‬ َٟ‫ٱ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ډ٢مًن‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫وٕش‬ ‫ي‬ َٟ‫ٱ‬ ََ ‫ٵچٌا‬
‫إز‬ ٓٔ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ٓٔ‫ډٮىب‬( ‫أڈ‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ‫آن‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫هًى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬،ٓ‫ډڂ‬1359َ‫ث‬ ً‫ا‬‫ٙئي‬ َ‫).دًد‬
‫ي‬ ‫وڂَى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ْ‫ډبى‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ډبٕٙى‬ ْ ٌَُ‫ؿ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٔ‫ٽ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ‫ي‬ ِٕ‫ؿ‬ ٍ‫َم‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْ‫سٶپ‬ ٫ً‫و‬
‫ثَدب‬ .‫سبُى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ،‫ىاوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىيٍٽٕڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽب‬ ‫سٺٖٕڈ‬ ‫اٝڄ‬ ٬‫سبث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ْ ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ٓ‫كش‬ٍٔ

27. 21
‫آى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫ػمالس‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ْ‫ٍيوي‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫هًى‬ ٟ‫ا٭شَا‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫َمٕه‬‫يڅٴ‬
َ‫ٽچ‬1
:‫ٕبُى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ومبٔبن‬ ‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٺڄ‬
«‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭َٵبو‬ ْ‫ٹًا‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ‫ٍيف‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ثبٕٙڈ‬ ‫ػئي‬ َْٞ‫٭‬ ْ ٍ‫إٓشبو‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍٕي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َ٪‫ثى‬
‫ي‬ ‫ٙين‬ ْ‫ډبى‬ َ‫ثَاث‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ً‫و‬ ْ‫َب‬ ًٌٍ٦ٕ‫ا‬ ‫ٕبهشه‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٔبثي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ُ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ً٘ٔ‫ه‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ثبٖٔز‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫َىڂبډ‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ٍيف‬ ‫هِى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ َ‫ث‬ ٟ‫ا٭شَا‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫ُويځ‬ ‫ٙين‬ ٓ‫ډبٕٙى‬
ٕٖٕ‫سپى‬ ‫ډٺبڇ‬ٍ‫ى‬ ٌٍ‫ىيثب‬ ‫اٽىًن‬ ٓ‫يڅ‬ ‫ٽٚي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫٭ٌاة‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ‫هيډز‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌ‫ٍاوىي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ه‬
‫ٍيى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٕ٘‫د‬ ٓٔ‫ٍئب‬ َْ‫ٍَج‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵَډبن‬ ‫سلز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ثٕيا‬ َ‫دٕبډج‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫ٙب٭‬ ‫ډٺبڇ‬
َْ‫ثَاث‬ ٓ‫٭چم‬ ْ‫َب‬ ٍ‫ثَوبډ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫٭ٺچ‬ ‫كپمز‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ا٭شمبى‬ ٓ‫ٙبٖٔشڂ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫كپمز‬ ‫ػُز‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
‫آوُب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٓ‫ثَاوڂِٕاوىيځ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثًىن‬ ٘‫ثو‬ ‫اڅُبڇ‬ َ٪‫و‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬‫ثَسَوي‬(»،َ‫دًد‬1369،
ٛ1084ْ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ ‫ٽڈ‬ ‫ىٕز‬ ، ‫ًٙى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ډٌډز‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ٍ‫).ى‬
‫ي‬ ‫آيٍى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ثَٕين‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ٓ‫ثَىځ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ْ ٍ‫هالٹ‬
ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ًَٔٞ‫س‬ َ‫دًد‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٓ‫اوٖبو‬ .‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫٥َى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓ‫سپىًڅًّٔپ‬ ‫ىسَډٕىٕٖڈ‬
‫ي‬ ٓ‫دٕـٕيځ‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ ‫ثب‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬‫اوشوبة‬ ْ‫ا‬ ًٌ‫ٹ‬ ًٕ ‫ٔټ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ومبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫سٮَٔٴ‬ ٘‫اثُبډ‬
‫ٙپڄ‬ َِ‫ىٍثَاث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٙپڄ‬ ‫هًى‬ ًْ‫ډٮى‬ َ‫سٶپ‬ ٫ً‫و‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ػُبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ َ‫ځ‬
‫ي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ْ‫ډًػًى‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ًْٕ ُ‫ا‬ .‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫٭چڈ‬ ‫ٹي‬ ‫ىوٕب‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬
ٍ‫ٽ‬ )َْ‫(َبٔيځ‬ ٓٔ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ .‫ٽىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٍ‫ثَٹَا‬ ٓ‫وٖجش‬ ‫ٙين‬ ٓ‫ٝىٮش‬«ٍ‫ى‬
‫٭‬ ْ‫َب‬ ٍ‫څٶبٵ‬ِٕ‫آډ‬ ٍ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵَٕب‬ ‫ٺڄ‬(»،ٗ‫َٕي‬1366ٌَ٦ٕٕ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سىُب‬ ‫ځَىى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫اٍائ‬ )
‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ٤‫ٍث‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ىاى‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫و‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫س‬ ‫٭مٕٸ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍٔ‫ال‬ ٍ‫ثچپ‬ ‫دَىاُى‬ ٓ‫وم‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬
:‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫ډيو‬ ٓ‫َٖش‬ ‫ي‬ ‫يػًى‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫ٍا‬
«َ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثَآيٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ً٘ٔ‫ه‬ ‫ىڃ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ُى‬ ٓ‫ډًػ‬ ‫يػًى‬ ْ‫ىٍٔب‬
‫ا‬ ٍ‫ٍٔوش‬ ‫ٕبكڄ‬‫آن‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثًٚٔي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٌ‫آڅًى‬ ‫ٕبكڄ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ثَآيٍى‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓ‫ډًػ‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ‫اي‬ ‫َڈ‬ ‫ٕز‬
1
Adollf Keller

28. 21
َ‫يډٖو‬ ٍ‫َٕځٚش‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫وذىيأٍڈ‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫هًى‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ٓ‫ٱبٔش‬ ‫ايٕز‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫سمًع‬ ‫ي‬ ‫سال٥ڈ‬
‫ائٕڈ‬ ْ ٍ‫َٕځٚش‬ ‫ي‬ َ‫ډٖو‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫ډبٕز‬(.»ٛ ،‫َمبن‬284)
‫سٮج‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ،‫إز‬ ٍ‫ياثٖش‬ ‫يػًى‬ ْ‫ىٍٔب‬ ْ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫ډًع‬ ‫آن‬ ٬‫ياٹ‬ ٍ‫ى‬َٕ
‫ىا‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬:‫ځٶز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٍى‬«‫ىَي‬ ‫وؼبر‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډب‬ ‫سًاوي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٓٔ‫هيا‬ ٤‫ٵٺ‬»1
ْ‫ډجىب‬ َ‫اځ‬ ‫اډب‬
ٌٍ‫اٙب‬ ‫ثيان‬ ٍ‫آوـ‬ ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ٵَاس‬ ٓ‫اوشٺبىاس‬ ‫ثب‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫ىَٕڈ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ ٍ‫ډياٹ‬ ‫ډًٍى‬ ‫ٍا‬ َ‫دًد‬
‫إز‬ ‫ٍيثَي‬ ‫ٙي‬.
َ‫٭جياڅپ‬ٔ( ٗ‫َٕي‬ ‫ڈ‬1365‫؛‬1366‫؛‬1377ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ )‫هًى‬ ٍ‫آطب‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍْ‫ثٖٕب‬ُ‫ا‬ َ‫ډشؤط‬
َْ‫ٵپ‬ ٓ‫ډجبو‬–َ‫دًد‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ٕ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬‫ٍي‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ز‬ٔ‫پَى‬‫ځَا‬ ‫ًار‬ْْ ٍ‫ُډٕى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬
ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٛ‫هًا‬ ‫ي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬‫ډ‬ ‫ٙير‬ ٍ‫ث‬ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ،‫سبُى‬ٓ‫ى‬ ‫سًان‬ٍٕٔ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫اي‬ ٌ‫يځب‬
‫ُډ‬ٕ‫سيٹ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ٕ‫ومًى؛‬ ‫ٸ‬
‫َب‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ٍ‫ى‬َٔ‫يځ‬ْ‫ځَٵز‬ َ٪‫و‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٽڄ‬ ‫ٔټ‬ ٍ‫ثمظبث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫ډ‬
‫آن‬ ‫اٹش٢بئبر‬ ‫سمبڇ‬ ‫دٌَٔٵشه‬ ُ‫ا‬ َِٔ‫وبځ‬ ‫آن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌٍ‫دب‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ًْ‫ثىل‬
‫ؿى‬ ٍ‫ى‬ .‫ٙي‬ ‫هًإَڈ‬ٕ‫ٍي‬ ‫ه‬ٔ‫پَى‬َْْٕ‫ثپبٍځ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ْ ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ٬‫اڅًاٹ‬ ٓ‫ٵ‬
‫كبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز؛‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫ځَٵش‬ ٌ‫وبىٔي‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ٓ‫ي‬ ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ،‫ډٮچًڃ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭چز‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬
ٓ‫ٔپ‬ ٓ‫وٕپ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ډشمبِٔوي‬ َ‫ٔپئڂ‬ ‫ثب‬ ً‫ب‬‫اهالٹ‬ ‫ي‬ ً‫ب‬‫ډى٦ٺ‬ ٍ‫اوڂٕوش‬
‫ي‬ ٓ‫اهالٹ‬ ٍْ‫ىاي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ٕوه‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ .‫ثَى‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ٓ‫وٕپ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٓ‫د‬
ٓ‫ډى٦ٺ‬.‫ٔبثي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ُْ‫ډمشب‬ ٓ‫سؼچ‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫اوڂٕوش‬ ْ ٌٍ‫ثب‬ ٍ‫ى‬2
ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬
1
‫وو‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ثٮي‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ٍ‫ځَأبو‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ‫اڅلبى‬ ٓ‫وً٭‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ثشئٍغ‬ ‫ٽبسًڅٕٖٕٖڈ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٘ٚٔ‫ځَا‬ ‫ٖشٕه‬nihilistic
atheism‫اي‬ ‫هًى‬ ٧‫اڅٶب‬ ٓ‫ثَإب‬ ‫ثوًإَڈ‬ َ‫اځ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫دٕيا‬ ٘ٔ‫ځَا‬ ٓ‫ٵچٖٶ‬ ٓٚ‫ثٕى‬ ‫ػبوت‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٔ‫ٕذ‬ ‫ي‬
ٍ‫أىپ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫څپه‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫ٙين‬ َ‫س‬ ٓ‫ىٔى‬ ‫كبڃ‬ ََ ٍ‫ى‬ ٍ‫دًٕٕش‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ځٶز‬ ‫ثبٔي‬ ََ‫٩ب‬ ‫كٖت‬ ‫ٽىٕڈ‬ ‫ٹ٢بير‬
‫ٽ‬ ٓٔ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫ثياوٕي‬ٍ‫ٽچم‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اي‬ ٍ«‫هيا‬»‫(ډټ‬ :‫ٍ.ٻ‬ ‫سًاوٕي‬ ٓ‫،ډ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ٍ‫ؿ‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ٌ‫اٍاى‬ ٍ‫ػمچ‬ ‫أه‬ ٍ‫ى‬
،ٍْ‫ٽًا‬1387ٜٝ ،133-155.)
2
‫ك٢َر‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اڅٖالڇ‬ ٍٕ‫٭چ‬ ‫اڅمئډىٕه‬ َٕ‫اډ‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ٙي‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ٓٔ‫ډجىب‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ٓ‫إالډ‬ ‫ٍيأبر‬ ٍ‫ى‬
‫اڅ‬ ‫ٔلت‬ ‫اهلل‬ ‫ان‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٵَډبٔىي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫وٺڄ‬ ‫يٕچڈ‬ ٍ‫يآڅ‬ ٍٕ‫٭چ‬ ‫اهلل‬ ٓ‫ٝچ‬ َ‫دٕبډج‬‫ي‬ ‫اڅٮمڄ‬ ‫ٔؼت‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫٭مچ‬ ٠‫ٔجٲ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٮجي‬

29. 22
‫أه‬ ُ‫ا‬ .‫آيٍى‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ىوجبڃ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ٝبىٷ‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ‫ٽبًة‬ ‫ډٺيډبر‬ ٌ‫ځب‬ ‫ډى٦ٸ‬
ْ ٌِٕ‫اوڂ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٍُْ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٹبثز‬ ٍٕ‫ٍيك‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ىوٕب٥چج‬ ‫ي‬ َٛ‫ك‬ َ‫اځ‬ ٓ‫كش‬ َ٪‫ډى‬
‫ٍا‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ىڅٕڄ‬ ‫ثئه‬ ‫سًان‬ ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ثبَُڈ‬ ‫ومبٕٔڈ‬ ‫ٹچمياى‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ًٍُ٩ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬
‫څٌا‬ ‫ومًى‬ ‫سٺجٕق‬‫دًٕوي‬ ‫آن‬ ٌ‫ٍا‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ثي‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ‫ثڂًٕٔڈ‬ ‫ثوًإَڈ‬ َ‫اځ‬ ٓ‫كش‬
‫ٵٖبى‬ ‫ځَٵشه‬ ٍ‫وشٕؼ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ٵبٕي‬ َٚ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬ ْ‫َب‬ ٍٍٚٔ ‫ي‬ ‫ٍٿ‬ ‫ىاىن‬
‫ي‬ ‫ډشٶبير‬ ٔ‫ػى‬ ‫ىي‬ ُ‫ا‬ ٍ‫ډٺًڅ‬ ‫ىي‬ ‫أه‬ ً‫ب‬ٕ‫إب‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ؿَا‬ ‫وٕٖز‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬
.‫إز‬ َ‫ٔپئڂ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ډٖشٺڄ‬
ٍ‫ى‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫ډٮىب‬ ‫أه‬ ًٛٞ‫ثبڅو‬ ‫ىٔئڈ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ؿىبن‬ َ‫َبٔيځ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ٓ‫كبڅ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫أه‬
‫سپ‬ ْ ٌٍ‫ثب‬(ٓ‫اٍىٽبو‬ ٍْ‫ىاي‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ىَي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٹَا‬ َ٪‫ډيو‬ ٍ‫ٍٕبو‬ ًّْ‫ىًڅ‬1387ِٕ‫و‬ )
ٍٚٔ‫اوي‬ ‫دَٕي‬ِ‫إشٶبى‬ ،ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍْ‫اثِا‬ ٌ‫وڂب‬ ٘‫ى‬ٍ ‫١مه‬ َْ‫َبٔيځ‬ ْ‫َب‬
ٓ‫ډ‬ ٌ‫اٍُوي‬ ْ‫دىي‬ ‫ٍا‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬ ُ‫ا‬ ًٍ‫ډلشًاډل‬٬‫ډ‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫ىاوي‬‫ًار‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اڅًٝٴ‬
ٓ‫وم‬ َ‫اط‬ ‫سپىٕټ‬!‫ٽىي‬
‫ٍيك‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫٭يڇ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫ياٍى‬ ‫ٍئپَى‬ ‫أه‬ َ‫ث‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ َْ‫ىٔڂ‬ ‫وٺي‬‫ي‬ ‫ٕبر‬
ُ‫ا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ٍ‫ٽ‬ ‫إز‬ ‫أه‬ ‫كٺٕٺز‬ ‫إز؛‬ ‫سبٍٔن‬ ‫٥ًڃ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ٍ‫ډٚبث‬ ‫و٪َٔبر‬
‫إز؛‬ ٌ‫ثًى‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٭بڅڈ‬ َٕ‫سٖو‬ ٓ‫د‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫إز‬ ٍ‫ځٌاٙش‬ ‫ُډٕه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫دب‬ ٓ‫يٹش‬
ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ىٍهشبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٌ‫إشٶبى‬ ‫ځٕبَبن‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫ي‬ ٌ‫ٽَى‬ ‫ٍاڇ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ‫كًٕاوبر‬
ْ‫اثشيا‬ ُ‫ا‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ .‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٍْ‫ثَىا‬ ٌَُ‫ث‬ ‫ُډٕه‬ َ‫ث‬ ‫ي‬ ‫ُډٕه‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫كَٽز‬
‫ه‬‫ډًػًىار‬ ‫ي‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ُ‫اثِإٍب‬ ْ‫ٍئپَى‬ ،‫هًى‬ ‫هچٺز‬ ْ‫اٹش٢ب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫چٺز‬
.‫إز‬ ٍ‫ىاٙش‬ ‫٥جٕٮز‬ ٍ‫ى‬1
‫َمبن‬ ٍ‫إشمَا‬ ‫ي‬ ٍ‫اىاډ‬ ِٕ‫و‬ ‫ػئي‬ ًّْ‫سپىًڅ‬
‫وياٍى‬ ‫ىيٕز‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ثىي‬ ٌ‫ځب‬ ‫ي‬ ‫دٖىيى‬ ٓ‫وم‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٘‫٭مچ‬ ‫اډب‬ ‫ىاٍى‬ ‫ىيٕز‬ ‫ٍا‬ ْ‫ا‬ ٌ‫ثىي‬ ‫هيايوي‬ ٌ‫ځب‬ / ٍ‫ثيو‬ ٠‫ٔجٲ‬
ٍ‫،ه٦ج‬ ٍ‫اڅجالٱ‬ ‫دٖىيى(وُغ‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٘‫٭مچ‬ ‫اډب‬154)
1
َْ‫ثَس‬ ‫ي‬ ‫هچٺز‬ ‫و٪بڇ‬ ٍ‫ى‬ ‫اوٖبن‬ ‫ډىِڅز‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ٍ‫سًػ‬ ‫ثب‬ ‫هيايوي‬ ‫ٵَډبٔي‬ ٓ‫ډ‬ ‫ٽَٔڈ‬ ‫ٹَآن‬ ٍ‫ؿىبوپ‬ ٍ‫ځًأىپ‬‫ي‬
ٍ٦‫ٕچ‬ ‫ي‬ ٓ‫ؿَٕځ‬ ‫څٌا‬ ‫ي‬ ‫إز‬ ٌ‫ومًى‬ ٍَ‫ډٺ‬ ٓ‫آىډ‬ ْ‫ثَا‬ ‫ٍا‬ ٓٔ‫اٹش٢ب‬ ‫ؿىٕه‬ ‫ډًػًىار‬ َٔ‫ٕب‬ ٍ‫ث‬ ‫وٖجز‬ ‫اي‬ ‫َٙاٵز‬