Urbanization is increasing globally and having significant impacts on wildlife. As human settlements expand and habitat is lost and fragmented, urban-avoiding species decline while urban-adapted and urban-exploiting species may increase. Effects include simpler habitat, more edge, and invasion by non-native species. Conservation efforts aim to preserve large habitat areas and connectivity, enhance smaller habitats locally, and address issues like accidental mortality and domestic predation. Urban planning approaches like clustered development and growth management can help control sprawl and its effects on wildlife.