The study examined factors influencing physical activity levels among youths with physical and sensory disabilities. It analyzed data from a previous study of 987 youths in Ontario, Canada ages 6-20 with physical disabilities, chronic medical conditions, hearing or visual impairments. The main findings were:
1) Youths with visual impairments or physical disabilities had significantly lower activity levels than those with chronic medical conditions or hearing impairments.
2) Within physical disabilities, youths with cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy had more sedentary lifestyles than those with other conditions like head injuries or spina bifida.
3) Activity levels decreased with age overall, and among those with chronic medical conditions.
This study investigated whether children's psychological self-concepts are predictive of their reported activity preferences and leisure participation. 38 healthy children aged 10-14 completed questionnaires measuring self-concept and activity participation. Results showed that children's intellectual/school self-concept predicted their overall enjoyment of participation. Freedom from anxiety predicted preferences for skill-based activities. Gender and age also predicted some activity preferences and participation, such as gender predicting participation in physical activities. The study provides evidence that children's psychological self-concept, age, and gender can predict their activity preferences and leisure participation.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
The document summarizes a study that examined whether using screen time as a reward for physical activity is associated with differing levels of physical activity and screen time in children. The study involved surveying 49 children ages 5-18 about their physical activity, screen time habits, and whether parents used screen time as a reward. Results showed that children whose parents used screen time as a reward reported significantly higher levels of physical activity but similar levels of screen time compared to children whose parents did not use this reward system. This suggests that screen time rewards may help increase children's physical activity levels.
This study investigated the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) among female group fitness instructors, including yoga and Pilates teachers, in Norway. The key findings were:
1) 26.3% of the 685 female instructors reported experiencing UI, with most reporting stress UI that occurred during physical activity or exercise.
2) Yoga and Pilates instructors had a similar prevalence of UI to other fitness instructors, with 25.9% reporting UI.
3) Older instructors and those with longer teaching careers had a significantly higher prevalence of UI, while use of oral contraceptives was protective against UI.
Crimson Publishers-Functionality and Attitudes in Relation to Aging of Elderl...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Functionality and Attitudes in Relation to Aging of Elderly Women Practicing Physical Exercises by Daniel Vicentini de Oliveira in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
The objective was to verify the attitudes regarding old age and the functional capacity of elderly women practicing physical exercises. This is a cross-sectional study, realized with 200 women. The Functional Protocol of the Latin American Development Group for Maturity (GDLAM) and the Scale for Assessment of Attitudes in Relation to Old Age was used. There was a significant correlation only in the stand up from sitting position test, with the domains of expectations regarding activity (r=-0.31), satisfaction with life (r=0.38) and death anxiety (r=-0.27). It can be concluded that there is correlation between some domains of the functional capacity test and the attitudes towards old age.
Childhood obesity treatment literature reviewAmber Breidel
This document provides summaries of several studies related to childhood obesity treatment:
- One study found no significant differences in anthropometric measures between intervention and control groups for adolescent obesity treatment in Kuwait over 6 months.
- A Swedish study is evaluating the effectiveness of different approaches to treat preschool obesity and expects the treatment will improve both primary and secondary outcomes.
- A study evaluated a group medical visit program for treating obesity in an underserved community and found reductions in BMI z-score and improvements in lifestyle factors and empowerment measures.
- A study found that participants in a two-year multidisciplinary weight management program maintained treatment effects and did not significantly change BMI z-scores between post-treatment and 24
120 students participated in a survey about body image consisting of questions on knowledge, physical activity, environment, and attitude. The majority were sophomores aged 21, with 76 living off-campus and 44 on-campus. Results showed that knowledge of nutrition and exercise recommendations was highest for grains and fruits/vegetables, and lowest for oils. 31.7% engaged in low-impact activity 8+ times a week, with 63.3% of off-campus students attending the gym more than on-campus (26.7%). Females and younger students relied more on friends/family for health info and had less knowledge. The study aims to determine the dominant factor influencing body image and support past findings
The Beighton score is a valid measure for generalized hypermobility in children ages 6 to 12 based on this study of 551 Dutch children. More than 35% of children scored above the cutoff of 5/9 on the Beighton scale, indicating increased joint mobility. Children with higher Beighton scores showed increased range of motion in other joints measured as well. There were no significant differences in prevalence of joint pain or pain after exercise between groups with different Beighton scores. The Beighton score effectively measured generalized joint mobility in this population of school-aged children.
This study investigated whether children's psychological self-concepts are predictive of their reported activity preferences and leisure participation. 38 healthy children aged 10-14 completed questionnaires measuring self-concept and activity participation. Results showed that children's intellectual/school self-concept predicted their overall enjoyment of participation. Freedom from anxiety predicted preferences for skill-based activities. Gender and age also predicted some activity preferences and participation, such as gender predicting participation in physical activities. The study provides evidence that children's psychological self-concept, age, and gender can predict their activity preferences and leisure participation.
EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL INDEPENDENCE OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND ITS COR...Shabana2428
The document discusses several research studies related to physical independence and participation in physical activities for children with disabilities:
1. One study examined the gap between independence and frequency of participation in daily activities for children with disabilities in Taiwan. It found that restrictions in frequency of participation were greater than restrictions in independence, especially in neighborhood settings.
2. Another study identified important quality of life domains for children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disabilities through parent interviews, such as physical health, social connections, and access to services.
3. A third study explored perceptions of post-traumatic growth in spinal cord injured athletes participating in parasports and found benefits like improved physical functioning and identity.
4. The document discusses several
The document summarizes a study that examined whether using screen time as a reward for physical activity is associated with differing levels of physical activity and screen time in children. The study involved surveying 49 children ages 5-18 about their physical activity, screen time habits, and whether parents used screen time as a reward. Results showed that children whose parents used screen time as a reward reported significantly higher levels of physical activity but similar levels of screen time compared to children whose parents did not use this reward system. This suggests that screen time rewards may help increase children's physical activity levels.
This study investigated the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) among female group fitness instructors, including yoga and Pilates teachers, in Norway. The key findings were:
1) 26.3% of the 685 female instructors reported experiencing UI, with most reporting stress UI that occurred during physical activity or exercise.
2) Yoga and Pilates instructors had a similar prevalence of UI to other fitness instructors, with 25.9% reporting UI.
3) Older instructors and those with longer teaching careers had a significantly higher prevalence of UI, while use of oral contraceptives was protective against UI.
Crimson Publishers-Functionality and Attitudes in Relation to Aging of Elderl...CrimsonPublishersGGS
Functionality and Attitudes in Relation to Aging of Elderly Women Practicing Physical Exercises by Daniel Vicentini de Oliveira in Gerontology & Geriatrics studies
The objective was to verify the attitudes regarding old age and the functional capacity of elderly women practicing physical exercises. This is a cross-sectional study, realized with 200 women. The Functional Protocol of the Latin American Development Group for Maturity (GDLAM) and the Scale for Assessment of Attitudes in Relation to Old Age was used. There was a significant correlation only in the stand up from sitting position test, with the domains of expectations regarding activity (r=-0.31), satisfaction with life (r=0.38) and death anxiety (r=-0.27). It can be concluded that there is correlation between some domains of the functional capacity test and the attitudes towards old age.
Childhood obesity treatment literature reviewAmber Breidel
This document provides summaries of several studies related to childhood obesity treatment:
- One study found no significant differences in anthropometric measures between intervention and control groups for adolescent obesity treatment in Kuwait over 6 months.
- A Swedish study is evaluating the effectiveness of different approaches to treat preschool obesity and expects the treatment will improve both primary and secondary outcomes.
- A study evaluated a group medical visit program for treating obesity in an underserved community and found reductions in BMI z-score and improvements in lifestyle factors and empowerment measures.
- A study found that participants in a two-year multidisciplinary weight management program maintained treatment effects and did not significantly change BMI z-scores between post-treatment and 24
120 students participated in a survey about body image consisting of questions on knowledge, physical activity, environment, and attitude. The majority were sophomores aged 21, with 76 living off-campus and 44 on-campus. Results showed that knowledge of nutrition and exercise recommendations was highest for grains and fruits/vegetables, and lowest for oils. 31.7% engaged in low-impact activity 8+ times a week, with 63.3% of off-campus students attending the gym more than on-campus (26.7%). Females and younger students relied more on friends/family for health info and had less knowledge. The study aims to determine the dominant factor influencing body image and support past findings
The Beighton score is a valid measure for generalized hypermobility in children ages 6 to 12 based on this study of 551 Dutch children. More than 35% of children scored above the cutoff of 5/9 on the Beighton scale, indicating increased joint mobility. Children with higher Beighton scores showed increased range of motion in other joints measured as well. There were no significant differences in prevalence of joint pain or pain after exercise between groups with different Beighton scores. The Beighton score effectively measured generalized joint mobility in this population of school-aged children.
A Comprehensive Mixed-Longitudinal Study of Growth in Boys with Autism Spectr...Cherie Green
The first aim in the current study was to replicate previous findings indicating a phase of early overgrowth of HC, height and weight. The second aim was to investigate if growth dysregulation was also apparent in older children and adolescents with ASD. If a general growth dysregulation was found in boys with ASD from birth - 16 years of age, it was hypothesized that this growth dysregulation may be the result of either 1) connective tissue abnormalities, and/or
2) dysregulation of the HPA axis. A further exploratory aim was to identify biologically distinct subgroups within ASD based on specific growth, behavioural, and biological patterns.
The results from both Study 1 and 2 confirmed that an overall growth dysregulation exists in ASD. Boys with ASD are smaller at birth, but then grow at a faster rate, so that by 4 years of age they are larger than TD boys. They then stay larger throughout childhood and adolescence. Although there were no group differences in the overall rate of growth from 4- to 16-years of age, the pattern of growth was visibly different and requires further investigation.
Although the abnormal growth trajectory is clear, the reasoning behind it is less so. Boys with ASD had longer limbs than TD boys, indicating possible connective tissue abnormalities. The HPA axis may also be involved, as more severe autistic symptoms were correlated with a greater CAR and with being large overall. Further research is required to determine if boys who are large overall also have increased CAR and represent a biologically distinct subgroup within ASD.
This study examined the relationship between academic performance, as measured by GPA, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity, sleep, work, and study habits in college students. A survey of 253 students found a significant positive relationship between GPA and hours worked per week. There were also strong trends toward higher GPAs being associated with more hours studied per week and greater use of the student recreation center. However, the study found no significant relationship between GPA and the amount of physical activity or exercise reported. The limitations included a small sample size and potential recall bias in self-reported surveys.
Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Osun State (2)iosrjce
The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day
care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It
was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and
nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited
for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric
day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as
control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional
Assessment (MNA) scale.
Findings revealed that more (9.1%) of the respondents in the study group were undernourished, and 25.9% of
the respondents in the same group were overweight. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status
of respondents from both groups (X2=2.25, p= >0.05). This study concluded that attendance of geriatric day
care centres and income conferred no added benefit on the nutritional status and dietary pattern of the elderly.
This study assessed the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among rural preschool children in West Bengal, India. The researchers conducted clinical examinations on 9,228 children and blood tests on 590 children. They found that the prevalence of Bitot's spots, a sign of clinical VAD, was 0.6%. The proportion of children with subclinical VAD (blood vitamin A <20μg/dL) was 61%. Prevalence was significantly higher in boys and among children from lower socioeconomic communities and scheduled tribes. This study indicates that VAD is a major public health problem among rural preschool children in West Bengal.
Sleep Quality and Quality of Life in Adults with Type 2 DiabetesDr. S M Niaz Mowla
The document summarizes a study on sleep quality and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. It provides background on the increasing prevalence of diabetes, poorer quality of life and sleep quality in those with diabetes compared to those without. The study aims to assess sleep quality and quality of life using validated scales in 180 adults with type 2 diabetes receiving care at a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It describes the methodology used, including a cross-sectional design, convenience sampling, and data collection using questionnaires to measure sleep quality, quality of life, and participant demographics. Preliminary results on the socio-demographic characteristics of participants are also presented.
Low back pain in schoolchildrenthe role of school bag weight and carrying wayAlexander Decker
1) The study examined 242 primary school students in Iraq to measure school bag weight and its relationship to body weight and low back pain.
2) It found that the average school bag weight was 5.1 kg, which was 18.9% of the average student body weight. Nearly 40% of students reported their bag as too heavy.
3) Heavy school bag weight, defined as 5 kg or more, was significantly associated with low back pain. 80.4% of students with back pain carried heavy bags, while only 19.6% of those with back pain carried lighter bags.
Francesca Martinelli MedicReS World Congress 2013MedicReS
The document discusses the history and activities of the Quality of Life Department (QLD) within the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). It details how QLD was established in 1993 to centralize and professionalize quality of life assessments in EORTC clinical trials. Over the years, QLD has developed standardized quality of life questionnaires, trained collaborators, monitored compliance, and disseminated findings to improve cancer patients' quality of life. A key trial showed that adding temozolomide chemotherapy to radiation therapy improved survival and did not negatively impact quality of life for glioblastoma patients.
1) The document examines the administrative factors influencing sports involvement of girls in secondary schools in Rivers State, Nigeria. It analyzes how factors like quality of facilities, personnel, maintenance, and funding affect girls' participation.
2) A survey was conducted with 150 girls across 6 secondary schools. Results from statistical analysis showed that quality of facilities, maintenance levels, and funding significantly influenced girls' involvement, but quality of personnel did not.
3) The study concluded that to encourage girls' participation, schools need to provide adequate and well-maintained facilities, hire qualified sports staff, and adequately fund sports programs. It recommended making intramural sports mandatory and establishing an endowment fund for facilities and equipment.
Educational intervention program to tackle health risk behaviors among male s...Alexander Decker
This study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate an educational intervention program to reduce health risk behaviors among male secondary school students in Khan Younis, Gaza Strip. The study used a quasi-experimental design and surveyed 366 students before and after the intervention, which provided five sessions on topics like tobacco use, nutrition, injury prevention, and aggression. Results found that healthy behaviors significantly increased after the program for the intervention group compared to the control group in domains like safety, sadness, smoking, and recreation. The study concluded the program was effective in positively impacting students' health risk behaviors.
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-e...Annex Publishers
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms...ivdacruz
A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1-s2.0-S0965229912001203-main
This study examined clustering patterns and correlates of multiple health behaviors in middle-aged Koreans with metabolic syndrome. 331 individuals with metabolic syndrome completed surveys about sociodemographics, health behaviors, and psychological characteristics. The results showed that men were more likely than women to engage in multiple unhealthy behaviors like smoking and heavy drinking. Certain combinations of health behaviors like smoking and heavy drinking clustered together. Those with lower self-regulation were more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors. The findings support examining multiple health behaviors together rather than individually to develop effective interventions for metabolic syndrome.
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affecting many post-menopausal women. While dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the gold standard for measuring bone mineral density, it is not readily available in Nepal. The Osteoporosis Self Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) is a simple, inexpensive alternative based on age and weight. This study evaluated OSTA's ability to predict low bone density as measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus bone in 100 Nepalese women. The study found that OSTA had a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 56.5% when comparing to a QUS T-score of
Effectiveness of Stretch Interventions for Children With Neuromuscular Disabi...Sarah Craig
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of stretch interventions for children with neuromuscular disabilities. Sixteen studies were included, with sample sizes ranging from 14 to 1110 participants. The studies evaluated casting, orthoses, passive stretching, and supported standing programs. Low-grade evidence suggests casting can temporarily increase ankle range of motion. Orthoses may improve gait parameters while worn. Supported standing programs may improve bone mineral density. However, there is limited evidence stretch interventions benefit body functions and structures. The evidence is also inconclusive regarding whether stretching prevents contractures or impacts activity or participation. Overall, the methodological quality of included studies was poor.
The prevalence and correlates of low back pain in adultsYounis I Munshi
This study examined the prevalence and correlates of low back pain in adults in Southern India. A total of 804 adults (401 men and 403 women) aged 20 years and older participated in the study. The key findings were:
1. The overall prevalence of low back pain was 40.7%, with the prevalence being higher in women (52.9%) compared to men (28.4%).
2. Height, weight, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and BMI were not associated with low back pain in both men and women.
3. In women, those who had undergone caesarean sections or sterilization were more likely to experience low back pain.
4. Both men and women
A study on knowledge and practice of post menopausal womenAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the knowledge and practices of post-menopausal women in rural Karnataka regarding health maintenance. The study found that 75% of subjects had good overall knowledge, but their practices of breast self-examination and Kegel exercises were very poor, with average scores below 1%. While knowledge of preventing osteoporosis was high, knowledge of cancer prevention was average. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practices. The study concludes that lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D intake, and health screenings are important for post-menopausal health but are lacking in the community.
The document summarizes the results of an internet survey assessing public knowledge of childhood hypothyroidism in the United States and India. The survey found that overall knowledge was low in both countries. It also found some gender differences in knowledge, with females showing more knowledge than males in India, while in the US females knew more about some symptoms but males knew more about others. The study concluded that more public health education is needed about the causes and symptoms of hypothyroidism globally.
This document outlines a study on factors associated with physical inactivity among first year undergraduate students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. It includes a literature review on previous research examining relationships between physical inactivity and socio-demographic factors, environmental support, mental health, self-efficacy, and body image. The document presents the study objectives, conceptual framework, and methodology, which will involve a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling of first year undergraduates to examine associations between physical inactivity and various independent variables.
This presentation explores the physical inactivity level of Asian females aged 45-54 in England and recommends interventions that can potentially increase PA in the present target population
Enhancing Motivation In Physical Educationsmith281
This study examined differences in motivation and physical activity levels between adolescents with visual impairments living in a residential school who met or exceeded healthy BMI criteria compared to those who did not. Those meeting BMI criteria had higher levels of external and introjected motivation but similar physical activity levels and amotivation scores. While physical activity levels were generally adequate, some students did not meet recommended daily amounts. Motivation profiles provide insight for encouraging active free time choices in this environment.
The Effect Of Perceived Teacher Feedback On Intrinsic Motivation In Physical ...smith281
This study examined differences in motivation and physical activity levels between adolescents with visual impairments living in a residential school who met or exceeded healthy BMI criteria compared to those who did not. Those meeting BMI criteria had higher levels of external and introjected motivation but similar physical activity levels and amotivation scores. While physical activity levels were generally adequate, many students did not meet recommended daily amounts. Motivation profiles provide insight for encouraging active free time choices in this environment.
A Comprehensive Mixed-Longitudinal Study of Growth in Boys with Autism Spectr...Cherie Green
The first aim in the current study was to replicate previous findings indicating a phase of early overgrowth of HC, height and weight. The second aim was to investigate if growth dysregulation was also apparent in older children and adolescents with ASD. If a general growth dysregulation was found in boys with ASD from birth - 16 years of age, it was hypothesized that this growth dysregulation may be the result of either 1) connective tissue abnormalities, and/or
2) dysregulation of the HPA axis. A further exploratory aim was to identify biologically distinct subgroups within ASD based on specific growth, behavioural, and biological patterns.
The results from both Study 1 and 2 confirmed that an overall growth dysregulation exists in ASD. Boys with ASD are smaller at birth, but then grow at a faster rate, so that by 4 years of age they are larger than TD boys. They then stay larger throughout childhood and adolescence. Although there were no group differences in the overall rate of growth from 4- to 16-years of age, the pattern of growth was visibly different and requires further investigation.
Although the abnormal growth trajectory is clear, the reasoning behind it is less so. Boys with ASD had longer limbs than TD boys, indicating possible connective tissue abnormalities. The HPA axis may also be involved, as more severe autistic symptoms were correlated with a greater CAR and with being large overall. Further research is required to determine if boys who are large overall also have increased CAR and represent a biologically distinct subgroup within ASD.
This study examined the relationship between academic performance, as measured by GPA, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity, sleep, work, and study habits in college students. A survey of 253 students found a significant positive relationship between GPA and hours worked per week. There were also strong trends toward higher GPAs being associated with more hours studied per week and greater use of the student recreation center. However, the study found no significant relationship between GPA and the amount of physical activity or exercise reported. The limitations included a small sample size and potential recall bias in self-reported surveys.
Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of the Elderly in Osun State (2)iosrjce
The study compared the dietary intake and nutritional status of the elderly attending geriatric day
care centres and those who did not in Ile-Ife and Imesi-Ile both in Ife-Ijesasenatorial district of Osun State. It
was aimed at examining the relationships between income, acute diseases and food intake on dietary intake and
nutritional status of the elderly people. A total of four hundred and eighteen elderly respondents were recruited
for the study through a snow balling sampling technique. One hundred and thirty two elderly attending geriatric
day care centres were recruited as study group and 318 who do not attend any of the centres were recruited as
control group. Data was collected by using a twenty-item questionnaire adapted from Nestle Mini Nutritional
Assessment (MNA) scale.
Findings revealed that more (9.1%) of the respondents in the study group were undernourished, and 25.9% of
the respondents in the same group were overweight. There was no significant difference in the nutritional status
of respondents from both groups (X2=2.25, p= >0.05). This study concluded that attendance of geriatric day
care centres and income conferred no added benefit on the nutritional status and dietary pattern of the elderly.
This study assessed the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) among rural preschool children in West Bengal, India. The researchers conducted clinical examinations on 9,228 children and blood tests on 590 children. They found that the prevalence of Bitot's spots, a sign of clinical VAD, was 0.6%. The proportion of children with subclinical VAD (blood vitamin A <20μg/dL) was 61%. Prevalence was significantly higher in boys and among children from lower socioeconomic communities and scheduled tribes. This study indicates that VAD is a major public health problem among rural preschool children in West Bengal.
Sleep Quality and Quality of Life in Adults with Type 2 DiabetesDr. S M Niaz Mowla
The document summarizes a study on sleep quality and quality of life in adults with type 2 diabetes in Bangladesh. It provides background on the increasing prevalence of diabetes, poorer quality of life and sleep quality in those with diabetes compared to those without. The study aims to assess sleep quality and quality of life using validated scales in 180 adults with type 2 diabetes receiving care at a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It describes the methodology used, including a cross-sectional design, convenience sampling, and data collection using questionnaires to measure sleep quality, quality of life, and participant demographics. Preliminary results on the socio-demographic characteristics of participants are also presented.
Low back pain in schoolchildrenthe role of school bag weight and carrying wayAlexander Decker
1) The study examined 242 primary school students in Iraq to measure school bag weight and its relationship to body weight and low back pain.
2) It found that the average school bag weight was 5.1 kg, which was 18.9% of the average student body weight. Nearly 40% of students reported their bag as too heavy.
3) Heavy school bag weight, defined as 5 kg or more, was significantly associated with low back pain. 80.4% of students with back pain carried heavy bags, while only 19.6% of those with back pain carried lighter bags.
Francesca Martinelli MedicReS World Congress 2013MedicReS
The document discusses the history and activities of the Quality of Life Department (QLD) within the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). It details how QLD was established in 1993 to centralize and professionalize quality of life assessments in EORTC clinical trials. Over the years, QLD has developed standardized quality of life questionnaires, trained collaborators, monitored compliance, and disseminated findings to improve cancer patients' quality of life. A key trial showed that adding temozolomide chemotherapy to radiation therapy improved survival and did not negatively impact quality of life for glioblastoma patients.
1) The document examines the administrative factors influencing sports involvement of girls in secondary schools in Rivers State, Nigeria. It analyzes how factors like quality of facilities, personnel, maintenance, and funding affect girls' participation.
2) A survey was conducted with 150 girls across 6 secondary schools. Results from statistical analysis showed that quality of facilities, maintenance levels, and funding significantly influenced girls' involvement, but quality of personnel did not.
3) The study concluded that to encourage girls' participation, schools need to provide adequate and well-maintained facilities, hire qualified sports staff, and adequately fund sports programs. It recommended making intramural sports mandatory and establishing an endowment fund for facilities and equipment.
Educational intervention program to tackle health risk behaviors among male s...Alexander Decker
This study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate an educational intervention program to reduce health risk behaviors among male secondary school students in Khan Younis, Gaza Strip. The study used a quasi-experimental design and surveyed 366 students before and after the intervention, which provided five sessions on topics like tobacco use, nutrition, injury prevention, and aggression. Results found that healthy behaviors significantly increased after the program for the intervention group compared to the control group in domains like safety, sadness, smoking, and recreation. The study concluded the program was effective in positively impacting students' health risk behaviors.
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-e...Annex Publishers
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms...ivdacruz
A pilot study to evaluate nutritional influences on gastrointestinal symptoms and behavior patterns in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder1-s2.0-S0965229912001203-main
This study examined clustering patterns and correlates of multiple health behaviors in middle-aged Koreans with metabolic syndrome. 331 individuals with metabolic syndrome completed surveys about sociodemographics, health behaviors, and psychological characteristics. The results showed that men were more likely than women to engage in multiple unhealthy behaviors like smoking and heavy drinking. Certain combinations of health behaviors like smoking and heavy drinking clustered together. Those with lower self-regulation were more likely to engage in unhealthy behaviors. The findings support examining multiple health behaviors together rather than individually to develop effective interventions for metabolic syndrome.
Osteoporosis is a major public health problem affecting many post-menopausal women. While dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is the gold standard for measuring bone mineral density, it is not readily available in Nepal. The Osteoporosis Self Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) is a simple, inexpensive alternative based on age and weight. This study evaluated OSTA's ability to predict low bone density as measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the calcaneus bone in 100 Nepalese women. The study found that OSTA had a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 56.5% when comparing to a QUS T-score of
Effectiveness of Stretch Interventions for Children With Neuromuscular Disabi...Sarah Craig
This systematic review examined the effectiveness of stretch interventions for children with neuromuscular disabilities. Sixteen studies were included, with sample sizes ranging from 14 to 1110 participants. The studies evaluated casting, orthoses, passive stretching, and supported standing programs. Low-grade evidence suggests casting can temporarily increase ankle range of motion. Orthoses may improve gait parameters while worn. Supported standing programs may improve bone mineral density. However, there is limited evidence stretch interventions benefit body functions and structures. The evidence is also inconclusive regarding whether stretching prevents contractures or impacts activity or participation. Overall, the methodological quality of included studies was poor.
The prevalence and correlates of low back pain in adultsYounis I Munshi
This study examined the prevalence and correlates of low back pain in adults in Southern India. A total of 804 adults (401 men and 403 women) aged 20 years and older participated in the study. The key findings were:
1. The overall prevalence of low back pain was 40.7%, with the prevalence being higher in women (52.9%) compared to men (28.4%).
2. Height, weight, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and BMI were not associated with low back pain in both men and women.
3. In women, those who had undergone caesarean sections or sterilization were more likely to experience low back pain.
4. Both men and women
A study on knowledge and practice of post menopausal womenAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study on the knowledge and practices of post-menopausal women in rural Karnataka regarding health maintenance. The study found that 75% of subjects had good overall knowledge, but their practices of breast self-examination and Kegel exercises were very poor, with average scores below 1%. While knowledge of preventing osteoporosis was high, knowledge of cancer prevention was average. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and practices. The study concludes that lifestyle changes, calcium/vitamin D intake, and health screenings are important for post-menopausal health but are lacking in the community.
The document summarizes the results of an internet survey assessing public knowledge of childhood hypothyroidism in the United States and India. The survey found that overall knowledge was low in both countries. It also found some gender differences in knowledge, with females showing more knowledge than males in India, while in the US females knew more about some symptoms but males knew more about others. The study concluded that more public health education is needed about the causes and symptoms of hypothyroidism globally.
This document outlines a study on factors associated with physical inactivity among first year undergraduate students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. It includes a literature review on previous research examining relationships between physical inactivity and socio-demographic factors, environmental support, mental health, self-efficacy, and body image. The document presents the study objectives, conceptual framework, and methodology, which will involve a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling of first year undergraduates to examine associations between physical inactivity and various independent variables.
This presentation explores the physical inactivity level of Asian females aged 45-54 in England and recommends interventions that can potentially increase PA in the present target population
Enhancing Motivation In Physical Educationsmith281
This study examined differences in motivation and physical activity levels between adolescents with visual impairments living in a residential school who met or exceeded healthy BMI criteria compared to those who did not. Those meeting BMI criteria had higher levels of external and introjected motivation but similar physical activity levels and amotivation scores. While physical activity levels were generally adequate, some students did not meet recommended daily amounts. Motivation profiles provide insight for encouraging active free time choices in this environment.
The Effect Of Perceived Teacher Feedback On Intrinsic Motivation In Physical ...smith281
This study examined differences in motivation and physical activity levels between adolescents with visual impairments living in a residential school who met or exceeded healthy BMI criteria compared to those who did not. Those meeting BMI criteria had higher levels of external and introjected motivation but similar physical activity levels and amotivation scores. While physical activity levels were generally adequate, many students did not meet recommended daily amounts. Motivation profiles provide insight for encouraging active free time choices in this environment.
Find an artticle or advertisment that exemplifies the use of the sta.pdfarkurkuri
Find an artticle or advertisment that exemplifies the use of the statistics. Then,based on the
article answer the follwing quetions. (a) Identtify your source.Include the date of publication.
(b)What is the population? Is the population tangible or conceptual? (c)What is the method of
data collection? (d)what is the sample? (e)How was the sample obtained? (f) Decide if there
seems to be a better way to take the sample? (g) Identify any one variable that reported in the
article? (h) Identify the type of data and level of measurement for the variable in (g). (i) Identify
and describe one statistic reported in the article.
Solution
Robitaille Y., Laforest S., Fournier M., Gauvin L., Parisien M., Corriveau H., Trickey F., &
Damestoy N. (2005, November). Moving Forward in Fall Prevention: An Intervention to
Improve Balance Among Older Adults in Real-World Settings. Am J Public Health, 95(11),
2049 – 2056.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of a group-based exercise
intervention to improve balancing ability among older adults delivered in natural settings by staff
in local community organizations.
In this study, the quasiexperimental design was used. The participants of this study were older
adults concerned about falls. In this study, community organizations were responsible for
recruiting participants and delivering the intervention. Ninety eight participants were offered the
interventions by 10 community organizations in a group of 5 to 15 persons and 7 organizations
recruited 102 participants (similar groups of 5 to 15 persons) for control group (with home-based
exercises). Participants were assessed by a physiotherapist at the beginning of the study and 3
months later. The researchers compared the demographics, health, balance, and strength of the
two groups.
The mean age of participants was 73.9 years, and 84% were women. More than half of study
participants lived alone, and almost 40% reported having fallen in the year before baseline
assessment. Comparison of intervention and control participants at baseline did not reveal
statistically significant differences in demographics, health, physical activity, or vitality
indicators. Intervention participants improved more than control participants on all statistic
balance indicators except one (lateral reach both sides). Intervention participants also showed
greater improvement in mobility and strength indicators.
The findings of this study are consistent with those of previous researchers who reported that
group-based exercises targeting balance can actually improve balance among older adults.
However, to our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that intervention effects on
balance are possible when the intervention is managed by community organizations and when
participants register because they are concerned about their balance or worried about falls.
The strength of the study is that the ten intervention organizations represented a broad range of
enviro.
A validation of the adverse childhood experiences scale inAlexander Decker
This document discusses the validation of the Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale in Nigeria. It describes a study that examined the concurrent validity of the Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) using responses from 253 prison inmates in Nigeria. The study found significant correlations between the total scores on the ACE-IQ and CTQ, as well as between their subscales, indicating the two scales have concurrent validity in measuring adverse childhood experiences. It also found that male, young, low education, and divorced inmates reported more adverse childhood experiences.
Full paper physical actvity ,mental health and quality of life of athletesalonzo mortejo
This study examined the physical activity, mental health, and quality of life of 176 university student athletes in the Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires on physical activity, quality of life, and mental health. Qualitative data from interviews identified key coping strategies used by athletes, including maintaining a positive mindset, family support, prayer, and staying productive. The findings provide insight into how the pandemic has impacted athletes and will help inform policies to support their needs during this difficult time.
This document outlines a proposed study investigating the effects of an after-school physical activity intervention on children's physical activity levels. The study would use a quasi-experimental design comparing an intervention group receiving the multi-component after-school program to a control group receiving usual after-school care. Physical activity would be directly observed at baseline and follow-up using the SOFIT protocol. The author hypothesizes that the after-school intervention will significantly increase physical activity levels in the intervention group compared to the control group.
Why older people engage in physical activity an exploratory study of partici...Darren John Capalb
While older people experience substantial physical and mental health benefits from regular physical activity, participation rates among older people are low. There is a need to gather more information about why older people do and do not engage in physical activity. This paper aims to examine the reasons why older men and women chose to engage in a community-based physical activity program. Specific issues that were examined included reasons why older people who had been involved in a community-based program on a regular basis: commenced the program; continued with the program; and recommenced the program after they had dropped out. Ten participants (eight females and two males) aged between 62 and 75 years, who had been participating in a community-based physical activity program for a minimum of 6 months, were individually interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. Three major themes emerged, including ‘time to bond: social interaction’ with sub-themes ‘bona fide friendships’ and ‘freedom from being isolated’; ‘I want to be healthy: chronic disease management’; and ‘new lease on life’. Two of the primary reasons why older people both commenced and recommenced the program were the promise of social interaction and to be able to better manage their chronic conditions.
Company Chosen Suncorp Bank Across Australia and globally, th.docxjanthony65
Company Chosen: Suncorp Bank
Across Australia and globally, the nature and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) is in a constant state of evolution as organisational forms, management standards, labour markets and whole economies shift, adapt and change. In this assignment you are required to select an organisation, and undertake an investigation and evaluation regarding the HRM practices and policies present in that organisation. Your assignment is thus in two parts. The first section (of approximately 900 words) requires you to account for, and discuss, the ways in which your selected organisation:
· Recruits and inducts new staff
· Manages staff performance and engagement
· Identifies and advances high performing staff
· Ensures that staff operate safely
· Advances a diversity agenda across its staff and management base
· Encourages staff to stay at the organisation
· Resolves disputes and/or negotiates pay and benefits
In the second part of the assignment (approximately 1100 words in length) you should offer informed suggestions, supported by peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e. quality journal articles) on how the organisation can better structure its HRM practices and policies to advance employee performance (such as engagement, wellbeing, safety, commitment etc.) and organisational outcomes (e.g. profit and standing). Your suggestions should be critical and based on evidence, and at least 8 peer-reviewed academic articles should be cited in this section.
Home-based exergaming among children with
overweight and obesity: a randomized clinical trial
A. E. Staiano , R. A. Beyl , W. Guan , C. A. Hendrick , D. S. Hsia and
R. L. Newton Jr.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Address for correspondence:
AE Staiano, Pennington Biomedical
Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd,
Baton Rouge, LA 70815, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 14 February 2018; revised 30 April 2018;
accepted 26 May 2018
Summary
Background: Given children’s low levels of physical activity and high
prevalence of obesity, there is an urgent need to identify innovative physical activity
options.
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of exergaming (video
gaming that involves physical activity) to reduce children’s adiposity and improve
cardiometabolic health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial assigned 46 children with
overweight/obesity to a 24-week exergaming or control condition. Intervention par-
ticipants were provided a gaming console with exergames, a gameplay curriculum
(1 h per session, three times a week) and video chat sessions with a fitness coach
(telehealth coaching). Control participants were provided the exergames following fi-
nal clinic visit. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z-score. Secondary
outcomes were fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic
health metrics.
Results: Half of the participants were girls, and 57% were African–American.
Int.
Company Chosen Suncorp Bank Across Australia and globally, th.docxtemplestewart19
Company Chosen: Suncorp Bank
Across Australia and globally, the nature and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) is in a constant state of evolution as organisational forms, management standards, labour markets and whole economies shift, adapt and change. In this assignment you are required to select an organisation, and undertake an investigation and evaluation regarding the HRM practices and policies present in that organisation. Your assignment is thus in two parts. The first section (of approximately 900 words) requires you to account for, and discuss, the ways in which your selected organisation:
· Recruits and inducts new staff
· Manages staff performance and engagement
· Identifies and advances high performing staff
· Ensures that staff operate safely
· Advances a diversity agenda across its staff and management base
· Encourages staff to stay at the organisation
· Resolves disputes and/or negotiates pay and benefits
In the second part of the assignment (approximately 1100 words in length) you should offer informed suggestions, supported by peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e. quality journal articles) on how the organisation can better structure its HRM practices and policies to advance employee performance (such as engagement, wellbeing, safety, commitment etc.) and organisational outcomes (e.g. profit and standing). Your suggestions should be critical and based on evidence, and at least 8 peer-reviewed academic articles should be cited in this section.
Home-based exergaming among children with
overweight and obesity: a randomized clinical trial
A. E. Staiano , R. A. Beyl , W. Guan , C. A. Hendrick , D. S. Hsia and
R. L. Newton Jr.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Address for correspondence:
AE Staiano, Pennington Biomedical
Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd,
Baton Rouge, LA 70815, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 14 February 2018; revised 30 April 2018;
accepted 26 May 2018
Summary
Background: Given children’s low levels of physical activity and high
prevalence of obesity, there is an urgent need to identify innovative physical activity
options.
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of exergaming (video
gaming that involves physical activity) to reduce children’s adiposity and improve
cardiometabolic health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial assigned 46 children with
overweight/obesity to a 24-week exergaming or control condition. Intervention par-
ticipants were provided a gaming console with exergames, a gameplay curriculum
(1 h per session, three times a week) and video chat sessions with a fitness coach
(telehealth coaching). Control participants were provided the exergames following fi-
nal clinic visit. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z-score. Secondary
outcomes were fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic
health metrics.
Results: Half of the participants were girls, and 57% were African–American.
Int.
Company Chosen Suncorp Bank Across Australia and globally, th.docxmccormicknadine86
Company Chosen: Suncorp Bank
Across Australia and globally, the nature and practice of Human Resource Management (HRM) is in a constant state of evolution as organisational forms, management standards, labour markets and whole economies shift, adapt and change. In this assignment you are required to select an organisation, and undertake an investigation and evaluation regarding the HRM practices and policies present in that organisation. Your assignment is thus in two parts. The first section (of approximately 900 words) requires you to account for, and discuss, the ways in which your selected organisation:
· Recruits and inducts new staff
· Manages staff performance and engagement
· Identifies and advances high performing staff
· Ensures that staff operate safely
· Advances a diversity agenda across its staff and management base
· Encourages staff to stay at the organisation
· Resolves disputes and/or negotiates pay and benefits
In the second part of the assignment (approximately 1100 words in length) you should offer informed suggestions, supported by peer-reviewed academic literature (i.e. quality journal articles) on how the organisation can better structure its HRM practices and policies to advance employee performance (such as engagement, wellbeing, safety, commitment etc.) and organisational outcomes (e.g. profit and standing). Your suggestions should be critical and based on evidence, and at least 8 peer-reviewed academic articles should be cited in this section.
Home-based exergaming among children with
overweight and obesity: a randomized clinical trial
A. E. Staiano , R. A. Beyl , W. Guan , C. A. Hendrick , D. S. Hsia and
R. L. Newton Jr.
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, USA
Address for correspondence:
AE Staiano, Pennington Biomedical
Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd,
Baton Rouge, LA 70815, USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 14 February 2018; revised 30 April 2018;
accepted 26 May 2018
Summary
Background: Given children’s low levels of physical activity and high
prevalence of obesity, there is an urgent need to identify innovative physical activity
options.
Objective: This study aims to test the effectiveness of exergaming (video
gaming that involves physical activity) to reduce children’s adiposity and improve
cardiometabolic health.
Methods: This randomized controlled trial assigned 46 children with
overweight/obesity to a 24-week exergaming or control condition. Intervention par-
ticipants were provided a gaming console with exergames, a gameplay curriculum
(1 h per session, three times a week) and video chat sessions with a fitness coach
(telehealth coaching). Control participants were provided the exergames following fi-
nal clinic visit. The primary outcome was body mass index (BMI) z-score. Secondary
outcomes were fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and cardiometabolic
health metrics.
Results: Half of the participants were girls, and 57% were African–American.
Int ...
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are molianaalbee2qly
Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
Text dataTable 4-7Child Mortality, Female Literacy Rate,Per Capita.docxmattinsonjanel
Text dataTable 4-7Child Mortality, Female Literacy Rate,Per Capita GNP, and Total Fertility Rate for64 CountriesCMFLRPGNPTFR1283718706.66204221306.15202163107197655706.25967620503.81209262006.44170456706.19240293005.89241111205.8955552902.36758711803.93129559005.99249317303.51653111507.41947711604.21968012705148305805.2798696605.21161434206.51184710806.12269172906.19189352705.05126585606.16128142401.8167292404.75135654304.11078730206.66726314207.28128494208.122763198305.23152844205.79224235306.51425086407.17104623506.6287312307416616203.91312111906.7778820904.2142229005.43262222306.5215121406.2524693307.11913110107.1182193007378817303.46103357805.66678513004.8214378930583856904.74223332008.49240194506.5312212806.5127944301.6952832703.25794313407.1761886703.52168284106.09289543702.861214113104.881156214703.89186453006.9478536304.1178452206.09142675607.2
Aerobic Fitness and the Attentional Blink in Preadolescent Children
Chien-Ting Wu
Schreiner University
Charles H. Hillman
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Objective: Given the growing concern that children in today’s industrialized and technologically
advanced society are becoming more sedentary and less fit, a greater understanding of the extent to which
aerobic fitness relates to brain health and cognition during development is of increasing importance.
Accordingly, this study sought to use neuroelectric and behavioral measures during an attentional blink
task to examine the temporal dynamics of attention as a function of children’s aerobic fitness. Method:
Using a cross-sectional design, response accuracy and event-related brain potentials were assessed in
preadolescent children with different levels of aerobic fitness. Results: Results indicated that higher fit
children exhibited greater task performance and better attentional resources distribution, as measured via
the P3 component, compared to lower fit children. Conclusion: These findings indicate that aerobic
fitness may benefit aspects of cognitive health that involve temporal dynamics of attentional processes
during preadolescent maturation.
Keywords: P3, temporal dynamics, attention, cognitive, ERPs
Recent studies have indicated a positive effect of physical
activity on weight control, bone mass, muscle strength, and the
reduced risk of heart disease and certain cancers (U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, 2008). In children, physical activ-
ity has many benefits, such as improved physical fitness and
reduced risk of disease (Strong et al., 2005). Unfortunately, chil-
dren have become increasingly sedentary and unfit, exacerbating
the prevalence of certain physical diseases (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services & Department of Education, 2000).
Further, school policy is reducing opportunities for physical activ-
ity to create additional instruction on formal academic subjects
(Thomas, 2004). As such, childhood physical inactivity and a
sedentary lifestyle often persist across the life span (Janz, D ...
OutlineThesis Statement Due to racism, African Americans are mo.docxkarlhennesey
Outline
Thesis Statement: Due to racism, African Americans are more likely to face higher sentencing than the average American.
Argument #1- Mass Incarceration
Argument #2- Effects from Racial Sentencing
Argument #3- Community Damage
Opposing View Point
Body Paragraph #1
Argument#1- Mass Incarceration
Example #1- Overcrowded Jails/ Prisons
Example #2- Physical/ Mental Health Issues
Example #3- History
Body Paragraph #2
Argument #2- Effects of Racial Sentencing
Example #1- Broken Families
Example #2- Suicide / Death
Body Paragraph #3
Argument #3- Community Damage
Example #1- Employment
Example #2- Homelessness
Body Paragraph #4
Opposing View Point- How African Americans are sentenced fairly
Conclusion
Sum up Thesis Statement/ Body
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, O ...
This study examined differences in physical fitness and physical activity self-efficacy among 1,432 4th grade students from urban and suburban schools. It found that minority and low-socioeconomic status (SES) children scored lower than white and higher-SES peers on fitness tests and a self-efficacy scale. Among girls and boys, significant effects were seen for ethnicity and SES. Post-hoc analysis revealed minority and low-SES students scored lower on mile run, curl-ups, push-ups, BMI, and self-efficacy. The study aims to use these findings to develop school-based interventions to improve physical fitness and health among underserved minority youth.
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation Develop a PowerPoint Presentat.docxmarilucorr
Unit III PowerPoint Presentation
Develop a PowerPoint Presentation about standards/code sets, and include a slide for each topic outlined below:
· Slide 1: Introduction
· Slide 2: ICD 9 Overview
· Slide 3: ICD 10 Overview
· Slide 4: ICD 9 and ICD 10 Compare and Contrast
· Slide 5: Describe a SNOMED-CT Code
· Slide 6: Describe a NDC
· Slide 7: Describe a CDT
· Slide 8: Discuss why code sets are used
· Slide 9: Summary slide
· Slide 10: Reference slide with at least one outside source, not counting the textbook
MUST BE IN APA FORMAT
If you need additional space for a slide, please use the notes section under the slide.
Running head: CHILD SURVIVORS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS 1
CHILD SURVIVORS OF TRAUMATIC STRESS 2
Annotated Bibliography: Child who are Survivors of Traumatic Stress
name
school
2 July 2016
Annotated Bibliography: Child who are Survivors of Traumatic Stress
Neugebauer, R., Fisher, P. W., Turner, J. B., Yamabe, S., Sarsfield, J. A., & Stehling-Ariza, T. (2009). Post-traumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. International journal of epidemiology, 38(4), 1033-1045.
The study surveyed Rwandese children aged between 8 and 19 to measure traumatic exposures using an inventory of possible war time encounters and post-traumatic stress reactions against a checklist of symptoms of PTSD. Those who meet the assessed PTSD diagnosis model are categorized as the cases of probable PTSD. In a sample of 1547, the participants were divided into two. The respondents were exposed to horrific experiences during the war including witnessing killings, rape, sexual mutilation, and in some cases hiding under the corpse. In the two groups of respondents, the study has determined that the rate of probable PTSD was 62% and 54% in the first and second samples respectively. Some of the individuals had the rate that is as high as 100%. Besides, the study found out that the rate of probable PTSD was higher in women than in men. Still, the result indicates that the test on age gave inconsistent.
Wasserman, G. A., McReynolds, L. S., Lucas, C. P., Fisher, P., & Santos, L. (2002). The voice DISC-IV with incarcerated male youths: prevalence of disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(3), 314-321.
The scholars intended to assess the rate of psychiatric disorder amongst the incarcerated youths. Also, they had the objective of examining the feasibility of applying a self administered and comprehensive structured psychiatric evaluation of the incarcerated juveniles. The youths, parents, and staff tolerated well the assessments with 92% of the approached juveniles agreeing. Above the expectable higher levels of substance use and disruptive disorders, the juveniles indicated high levels of mood and anxiety disorders, with above 3% of th ...
This document discusses research on using nature as a treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children. It first defines ADHD and the typical treatments, which include medication. Several studies are summarized that found spending time outdoors in nature improved symptoms and executive functioning for children with ADHD. Further research is suggested on topics like stimulant medications in preschoolers and the role of exercise in treating ADHD.
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3)47-55 47 The obesity epidem.docxdaniahendric
Am J Health Behav.™ 2018;42(3):47-55 47
The obesity epidemic has a dominant glob-al and national presence. Research shows that 35% of American men and 40.4% of
women over the age of 19 years are obese.1 These
statistics demonstrate that a high proportion of the
population in the United States (US) is impacted
directly by the obesity epidemic, which has been
proven to be both economically and physiologi-
cally taxing. Obesity is defined as the excess accu-
mulation of body fat to the point that it can have a
negative impact on health. Numerous factors have
been identified as obesogenic (those contributing
to the development of obesity), including decreased
energy expenditure, increased energy intake, and
decreased levels of physical activity.2 Concerted ef-
forts are being made to understand this epidemic
from all possible viewpoints.
Insufficient and poor sleep have emerged as obe-
sogenic risk factors. Sleep pattern disturbances are
associated with impaired cognitive abilities, poor
memory, confusion, reduced intellectual capacity,
and altered motor function.3 Impaired sleep also
can decrease academic performance,4 and increase
the incidence of vehicular accidents.5 Furthermore,
poor sleep quality and reduced sleep duration may
be associated with weight gain.6 College students
often report chronic reduced sleep quality and
sleep duration.7
The specific causes of poor sleep quality and du-
ration are diverse, but the presence of media de-
vices within the bedroom, such as smart phones
and tablets, is a novel point of discussion in terms
of their effect on sleep quality and duration. The
effect of cell phone presence in the bedroom on
sleep has been described in adolescents and adults
and implicated as a potential obesogenic factor,8,9
Jonathon Whipps, Doctoral Student, Translational Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH. Mark Byra, Professor, Division of Kinesiology
and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. Kenneth G Gerow, Professor, Department of Statistics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
Emily Hill Guseman, Assistant Professor, Diabetes Institute and Department of Family Medicine, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic
Medicine, Athens, OH.
Correspondence Dr Guseman; [email protected]
Evaluation of Nighttime Media Use and Sleep
Patterns in First-semester College Students
Jonathon Whipps, MS
Mark Byra, PhD
Kenneth G. Gerow, PhD
Emily Hill Guseman, PhD
Objective: We evaluated how nighttime media use is associated with sleep behaviors in first-
semester college students, and variation by weight status. Methods: In September 2016, first-se-
mester college students (N = 114) completed surveys evaluating nighttime media usage (NMU)
and sleep behaviors. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured, and weight status
was determined by body mass index. Results: Students reported a mean sleep duration of 7.26 ±
0.93 hours. Only 33% (N = 38) reported sleeping at least 8 ...
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Factors influencing the physical activity levels of youths with physical and sensory disabilities
1. ADAPTED PHYSICALACTIVITY QUARTERLY, 2000,17,40-53
O2000 Human KineticsPublishers, Inc.
Factors Influencingthe Physical
Activity Levels of Youths With Physical
and Sensory Disabilities
Patricia E. Longrnuir
PELConsulting
Oded Bar-Or
Children's Exercise and Nutrition Centre
This study examined gender, disability type, age, and specific diagnostic cat-
egory in relation to habitual physical activity levels (HPA), perceived fitness
(PF), and perceived participation limitations (PPL) of youths, ages 6 to 20
years, in Ontario, Canada. Data collected through a mailed survey (Longmuir
& Bar-Or, 1994) were reanalyzed using ANOVA and chi square statistics to
provide new information. The 458 girls and 499 boys were classified by dis-
ability type: physical, chronic medical, visual, and hearing. Significantdiffer-
ences ( p<.01) were between (a) HPA and disability type, specific diagnostic
category, and age; (b) PF and disability type; and (c) PPL and disability type.
Gender did not influence the results. Youths with cerebral palsy, muscular
dystrophy, and visual impairment had the most sedentary lifestyles.
Physical Activity Levels of Youths
with Physical and Sensory Disabilities
Researchindicateslow fitness and physical activitylevels among youths with dis-
abilities(CanadaFitnessSurvey, 1986;Longmuir& Bar-Or, 1994;Suzuki,Saitoh,
Tasaki,Shimomura,Makishima,& Hosoy, 1991;Watkinson &Bentz, 1986).How-
ever, specific measures of habitual activity level are needed in order to identify
thosedisabilitygroupsthat have the greatestrisk of a sedentarylifestyleand there-
fore should be the highest priority for the development of intervention programs
(Sallis & Hovel], 1990).Only two studies in the 1990sexaminedthe habitual ac-
tivity levels of a large sample of youths with disabilities.
Longmuirand Bar-Or (1994)investigatedthe habitual activityof 987youths
with disabilities who completed a mailed survey that was a modification of the
Patricia Longmuir is with PEL Consulting in Don Mills, Ontario, Canada M3A 1K1.
Oded Bar-Or is with Children's' Exercise and Nutrition Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
L8N 325.
2. PhysicalActivity and Disability 41
Canada Fitness Survey (1983a). Results indicated that (a) 39% of youths with
disabilities were active while29% were sedentary, (b) lifestylesbecame more sed-
entary with increasing age, and (c) data were similar for boys and girls. Partici-
pants included youths with physical disabilities, chronic illnesses, and visual and
hearing impairments.
A study to examinethe nutritionalstatusof youthswith disabilitiesincluded
measures of daily pedometer counts (Suzukiet al., 1991).Pedometerswere worn
for one 24-hr period (weekday) by 473 boys and 329 girls with hearing, visual,
physical, and cognitive disabilities. Results indicated that the mean pedometer
counts of those with hearing impairments were higher (more active) than those
with visual or cognitive disabilities.Youths with physical disabilitieshad signifi-
cantly lower pedometer counts than all other groups 0,< .05). Suzukiet al. noted
that the activity data varied considerablyby age and gender, but these data were
not reported.
The studies of Longmuir and Bar-Or (1994) and Suzuki et al. (1991) indi-
cate that youths with impairmentshave a sedentary lifestyle. Further analyses of
the large database of informationabout physical activity and youths with disabili-
ties createdthroughpreviousresearch (Longmuir&Bar-Or, 1994)presenta unique
opportunity to identify factors that may be associated with the development of
sedentary lifestyles within a sample of youths with disabilities that is representa-
tive of a large Canadianprovince.
The purpose of this study, therefore, was to reanalyze the data previously
collected in order to determine the influenceof (a) gender; (b) disability type; (c)
age; and (d) specificdiagnosticcategory on measuresof habitual physical activity
levels, perceivedfitness, and perceived participationlimitations.Four hypotheses
were examined for each dependentvariable:
1. There is no significant difference between genders.
2. There is no significant differencebetween disability types.
3. There is no significant difference by age.
4. There is no significantdifferencebetween specific diagnosticcategories.
Method
Participants
This paper presents a reanalysisof data on 987 youths (458 girls and 499 boys) in
Ontario, Canada, ages 6 to 20 years (M = 12.89, SD= 3.61) (Longmuir& Bar-Or,
1994).This database was establishedthrough (a) the help of 18provincial service
agenciesthat mailed surveysto the childrenfor whom they provided services(n =
1560)and (b) the responses of volunteersto public requests for participants (n =
135).The samplingdesign was purposive, with all participants meeting three cri-
teria: (a) existence of a permanent disability, (b) 6 to 20 years of age, and (c)
capability to understand and respond to the survey.
The number of participants within selected age groups (6-10 years, 11-14
years, 15-20 years), gender, and disability strata was proportional to the Ontario
population of youths with disabilities.A minimumof 10participantswere assigned
to each cell. The disability strata,based on agency or parental reports, were:
3. Longmuir and Bar-Or
I. Physical Disability (PD): muscular and neurological impairments affecting
gross motor skill or mobility (e.g., cerebral palsy, spina bifida, muscular
dystrophy,head injury), n = 342
2. Chronic MedicalConditions(CM): impairmentsrequiringcontinuousmoni-
toring by medical professionals(e.g., cystic fibrosis,kidneydisease,cardiac
defects, arthritis),n = 372
3. Hearing Impairments (HI): impairments that reduce the volume or type of
sounds detected (e.g., deaf, hard of hearing), n = 164
4. Visual Impairments(VI): impairmentsthat reduce visualacuityor the visual
field (e.g., partial or total loss of sight), n = 77
Instrument
Data for this study came from a modified version of the Canada Fitness Survey
instrument (1983a), which was validated to enable mail distribution (McLean &
Longmuir, 1990).Test-retest reliability ranged from 0.66 to 1.00.The instrument
included familial activity levels, school physical education, activitiesof daily liv-
ing (e.g. chores), activity at work, and leisure time physical activity. Perceived
limitations to physical activity and activity interests, such as current activities,
future interests, and desired activity settings (e.g., coparticipants, location, time)
were also included.
Procedure
Data were collected through a mail survey, as previously reported (Longmuir &
Bar-Or, 1994).Telephonefollow-up,viaresearcheror agency staff,was completed
to encourage participation.Surveys were available in English, French, or Braille,
and sign language interpreters were used by some respondents. Survey materials
were sent to the participants' parent or guardian along with a letter explainingthe
purposeof the study.If the survey was returned,it was assumedthat the parent had
given consent for participation.
Habitual activity scores were calculated for each participant as a weighted
sum of scores for (a) involvementin activities done all year (50 points); (b) sum-
mer activities (25 points); (c) winter activities (25 points); (d) perceived fitness
relative to peers (6 points); (e) household chores, transport to school, activity at
schooland work, leisuretimeactivity,and physicaleducationparticipation(5points
each); (f) competitive sport participation (4 points); (g) intensity of activity with
friends (3 points); and active clubs or lessons (2 points). Scores for each factor
were based on the reported frequency, duration, and intensity of participation
(Longmuir & Bar-Or, 1994).Activity levels were assigned based on the total ha-
bitual activity score: active = > 24 points; moderately active = 16 to 24 points;
sedentary = < 16points.
Perceived fitness relative to peers was determined by the question: "Think
about yourself and your friends who are the same age as you. Would you say that
you can: do more, do less, or do the same amount of exercise?'Contribution of
perceived fitness to the habitual activity score was determinedvia points awarded
based on the level of fitness indicatedby the response (Do more = 6 points; Same
= 3 points; Do less = 0 points).
4. PhysicalActivity and Disability 43
Perceived limitations were determined by asking "Are you limited in the
type or amount of physical activityyou can do?' Responses were coded asYes or
Sometimes = limited; No =not limited.
Data previously collected (Longmuir & Bar-Or, 1994)were reanalyzed by
ANOVA and chi-square, using the Statgraphics statisticalprogram (Statgraphics
4.0, 1989) to provide new information.An alpha level of p < .O1 was used for all
statistical tests. Effect size (ES) (omega squared or w index) was calculated and
reported when findings were significant (Sutlive & Ulrich, 1998).
Results
Activity levels, perceived fitness, and perceived participation limitations varied
by disability type and specificdiagnostic category (Table 1).The influenceof age
and gender was similar to the findingspreviously reported (Longmuir& Bar- Or,
1994)for allparticipants (n =987). Youths with VI and PD had significantlylower
activity levels, F(3, 953) = 29.86, p = .001; ES = 0.08. Among those with PD,
youths with cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy had the highest incidence of
sedentarylifestyles, F(3, 327) = 16.55,~= .001; ES =0.12.
Habitual PhysicalActivity Levels
Gender. The hypothesis that there was no significantdifference between
gendersforthehabitualactivitylevelwas supportedfortheparticipantsas a whole,
X2(2, 957) = .65,p = .72, and for each disability type. Therefore, the results for
boys and girls were combined for subsequent analyses.
Disability Type. Levels of habitual activity differed markedly by disability
type (Table2). Thepercentageof youths with CM and HI who were active(47% and
53%, respectively) was significantlyhigher than for youths with PD (26%) or VI
(27%),X2(6,957) =59.73,p =.001;ES =0.25.Thepercentage of moderately active
youth (29% to 35%) was similar for all disability types.The percentage of seden-
tary youth variedby disability:39% for PD and VI, 24% for CM, and 17%for HI.
Age. The mean ages of active, moderately active, and sedentary partici-
pants within each disabilitytype and specific diagnosticcategorywere compared.
For the total group,there was a significantdifferenceby age on activitylevel,F(2,
954) = 9.75,p = .001;ES = 0.02. Active and moderately active participants were
younger than those who were sedentary. There was no significant difference be-
tween three activitylevels on age for all subgroupsexcept chronic medical condi-
tions and congenitalheart disease.
Sedentaryparticipants with chronic medical conditions (CM) were signifi-
cantly older than more active youths with CM, F(2,371) = 8.90, p = .001; ES =
0.04. Active and moderately active youths with congenital cardiac defects were
significantlyyounger than sedentaryyouths with congenitalcardiac defects, F(2,
264) = 6.08,p = .003; ES = .04.
Spec$c Diagnostic Category. Activity levels were significantly influenced
by the specificdiagnosticcategoryforPD (Table2). Youths withhead injuries (49%)
and spinabifida (40%) reported significantly more activity than those with cerebral
palsy (18%) or muscular dystrophy (13%), X2(6,331) =43.77, p = .001;ES = .26.
Diagnostic categorydid not significantly influence activitylevel for those with CM.
6. PhysicalActivity and Disability 45
Table 1 (continued)
Disability X Habitual Perceived fitness Perceived
gender activity relative to peers limitation
Age N M SD More Same Less Yes No
Cystic fibrosis
Female
6-10
11-14
15-20
Male
6-10
11-14
15-20
Arthritis
Female
6-10
11-14
15-20
Male
6-10
11-14
15-20
Kidney disease
Female
6-10
11-14
15-20
Male
6-10
11-14
15-20
Hearing impairment
Female
6-10
11-14
15-20
Male
6-10
11-14
15-20
Visual impairment
Female
6-10
11-14
15-20
Male
6-10
11-14
15-20
7. 46 Longmuirand Bar-Or
Table 2 Number of Participants with Each Habitual Activity Rating
Disability N Active Moderate Sedentary
All participants
Physical disability
Cerebral palsy
Head injury
Spina bifida
Muscular dystrophy
Chronic medical condition
Cong. cardiac defect
Cystic fibrosis
Arthritis
Kidney disease
Hearing impairment
Visual impairment
Perceived Fitness Level
Gender. Gender did not significantly influenceperceived fitness relative
to peers, either for the study sample as a whole, X2(2,916) = 1.12,p = .57, or by
disability type. Therefore, the data on perceived fitness level were analyzed for
boys and girls combined.
Disability Type. Perception of fitness relative to peers was significantly
influenced by disability type, X2(6, 916) = 35.77, p = .001; ES = 0.20. A small
percentage (14%to 17%)of participantsconsideredthemselves to be morefit than
theirpeers, regardless of disability type (Table 1).Participants with CM (72%)and
HI (78%) considered themselves to be more fit or as fit as their peers (16% and
56%, 17%and 61%,respectively). Participants with PD (85%) and VI (86%)con-
sidered themselves to be either as fit or less fit than their peers (40% and 45%,
49% and 37%, respectively).
Age. Perceivedfitnessrelativetopeers was not significantlyrelated to age,
F(2,913) =0 . 8 9 , ~= .41.Participantswho statedthat they were more fit than their
peers were the sameage (M= 13.20,SD = 3.44, n = 141)as those who stated they
were less fit (M= 12.86,SD =3.68, n =311) or the same(M= 12.74,SD =3.60, n
=464).
Spec@c Diagnostic Category. Among participants with PD, those with
spinabifida (53%)or ahead injury(51%)reported being asfit as theirpeers (Table
1).Asignificantly higher proportion of those with cerebralpalsy (54%) or muscu-
lar dystrophy (67%) reported being lessfit than their peers, X2(6, 315)= 31.70,
p = .001;ES =0.32. Perceived fitnessrelativeto peers was not related to specific
diagnosticcategory for youths with CM.
Perceived Participation Limitations
Gendel: Perceived limitationsfor physical activity were not influencedby
gender either for disabilitytype, X2(1,939) =0.33,p = .56, or specificdiagnostic
category. Thereforethe data were analyzed for girls and boys combined.
8. PhysicalActivity and Disability 47
Disability Type. MostyouthswithPD andVI (78% and 84%,respectively)
reported being limited in physical activity participation (Table 1).Among those
with CM (62%) or HI (SO%), a significantly larger proportion reported that they
were not limited,X (3,939) = 215.98,~= .001; ES = 0.48.
Age. Age was not significantly related to perceived participation limita-
tions, either for the study sampIe as a whoIe, F(1, 937) = 1.07, p = .30, or by
disabilitytype. Participantswho said they werelimited (n =496, M= 13.01,SD=
3.68) were the same age as those who said they were not limited (n = 443, M =
12.77, SD= 3.54).
Specijic Diagnostic Category. Perceived activity limitation was signifi-
cantly influenced by the specific diagnostic category for youths with PD or CM
(Table 1).Youths with head injuries (48%) were less likely, X2(3, 325) = 30.91,
p = .001; ES = .31, to state that they were limited than participants with other
physical disabilities (cerebral palsy 82%, spina bifida 85%, muscular dystrophy
87%).Youths with cystic fibrosis(30%) or cardiac defects (33%)were less likely,
X2(3, 336) = 24.37, p = .001; ES = 0.27, to state that they were limited in their
ability to participate in physical activity than those with arthritis (54%) or kidney
disease (88%).
Discussion
Data werepresentedon the habitual activity levels of 957 youths with disabilities,
6 to 20years of age.The sampleused in this study is unique in its size, scope,and
the distribution of disability types that were representative of a large Canadian
province. The hypotheses that habitual activity level, perceived fitness, and per-
ceived activitylimitation would not differby disabilitytype or specificdiagnostic
category were not supported by the data obtained. Youths with HI or CM had
higher levelsof habitual activity,perceivedthemselvesto be asfit or more fit than
theirpeers,and were less likely to be limitedin physical activity participationthan
youths with PD or VI (Table 1). Specific diagnostic category also significantly
influenced the three physical activity variables evaluated. These results indicate
that some youths with impairments have an increased incidence of sedentary
lifestylesrelative to youths with other disabilities or medical conditions.
The main findings of this study were that youths with visual impairmentor
physical disabilities,specificallycerebralpalsy and muscular dystrophy,have sig-
nificantly lower levels of habitual physical activity, consider themselves less fit
relative to their peers, and report more limitations for physical activity participa-
tion. Genderand age effectswere not observed among theseparticipants,presum-
ably because of their initially low levels of activity.Since physical disability was
defined as neurological and musculoskeletal conditions that affect gross motor
skill or mobility, it is not surprisingthat these participants reported significantly
lower levels of activity.
The results for youthswith visualimpairmentor cerebralpalsy are also sup-
ported by the published literature. Other researchers have reported that activity
levels and mobility are limited, and energy requirements for ambulation are in-
creasedforthosewith visualimpairments(Hopkins,Gaeta,Thomas, &Hill, 1987;
Longmuir, 1998; Shindo, Kumagai, & Tanaka, 1987; Skaggs & Hopper, 1996).
Similar results were obtained by van den berg-Emons, Saris, de Barbanson,
Westerterp,Huson & van Baak (1995)who used doubly-labeledwater to evaluate
9. 48 Longmuir and Bar-Or
total energyexpenditureamong childrenwith and withoutcerebralpalsy (N=20).
Their results indicated that youths with cerebral palsy were significantlyless ac-
tive (p<.05) than a controlgroup of youthswithout disabilities.Researchhas also
indicatedthat childrenwithneuromuscuIardisabilitiesand chronicmedicalcondi-
tions often have a higher rating of perceived exertion (RPE) for a given workload
than theirpeers without disabilities(Bar- Or & Reed, 1987;Ward, Blirnkie, &Bar-
Or, 1986).Further research is required to determine whether increased ratings of
perceived exertionare acauseof the low levels of habitualactivity observed. Given
the low activity levels observed (Table 2), youths with cerebral palsy, muscular
dystrophy, and visual impairment are at particular risk of sedentary lifestyles
throughout their lifespan. Further research is required to identify the cause(s) of
the sedentary behavior in order that physical activity professionals can develop
effectiveintervention strategiesto promote physically active lifestyles.It was not
within the scope of this research to determine whether the physical disability or
visualimpairmentwas solelyresponsibleforthereduced levelof activity,or whether
additional limitations were imposed by the participants' perceptions of their
ability to participate. Since the less active participants (PD and VI) also per-
ceived themselves to be less fit than their peers, it is possible that a lack of
fitness (either real or perceived) was contributing to the lower levels of physical
activity.
Gender
Thehypothesesthat habitualactivity,perceived fitness,and perceived activitylirni-
tation would not differ by gender were supported by this research. The lack of
genderinfluenceon activity levels was surprisingand consistentfor all participant
groups.These results contrast with published data for youths without disabilities
(Canada Fitness Survey, 1983b; Sallis, Simons-Morton, Stone, Corbin, Epstein,
Faucette, Iannotti, Killen, Klesges,Petray, Rowland, &Taylor, 1992)that indicate
that girls are less active than boys are. In contrast, van den berg-Emons et al.
(1995) found no gender differencesamong children with cerebral palsy. It is pos-
sible that the presence of a disability limits the participants' physical activity to a
lowerlevel, one that is more commonlyassociatedwith "female" levels of partici-
pation. Further investigationis required to determine why anticipated gender dif-
ferenceswere not identified within the sampleof youths with disabilitiessincethe
type of intervention strategies required will be influenced by whether the girls'
activitylevels are higher, or the boys' aremore sedentarythan amongyouths with-
out disabilities.
The studyhypothesisthat age would not be significantlydifferentwas rejectedfor
habitual activity level but was accepted for perceived fitness and perceived par-
ticipation limitation. The influence of age on activity level was similar to that
reportedfor youths without disabilities (CanadaFitness Survey, 1983b).Adecline
in activity occurred with age for participants with physical disabilities or chronic
medical conditions. The lack of age effect for participants with a hearing impair-
ment was probably influenced by the strong physical activity component at the
residential schools from which most participants were recruited. In fact, physical
education was man&toryxineall grades for these students, in cantraseto public
10. PhysicalActivity and Disability 49
schoolsthatrequirephysicaleducation onlyduringtheelementaryyears.Thereason
for the lack of age effect for participants with visual impairments is unknown,
although the low levels of activity among the youngest participants,and the rela-
tively small sample size (n = 77) may have limited our ability to detect a decline
with age. The lack of age effect among participants with cerebral palsy may also
have been influencedby the low activity levels among the youngerparticipants.
Type of Disabilityand Specific Diagnostic Category
Physical activity levels, perceived fitness relative to peers, and perceived activity
limitations were all influenced by the type of disability and specific diagnostic
category (Table 1).Therefore, these hypotheses were rejected. Participants with
hearing impairments were recruited primarily through schools for Deaf youths,
most of which were residential and provided extensivein-school and after-school
activity programs. Therefore, it is not surprising that these participants had the
highest levels of physical activity participation (Table 2). These results are con-
gruentwith previousresearchindicatingthat the psychomotor behaviorsof youths
withhearingimpairmentsaremore similarto, than differentfrom,theirpeerswithout
a hearing impairment (Goodman & Hopper, 1992).Among youths with cardiac
defects, cystic fibrosis,arthritis,or kidney disease,medical statusvaried consider-
ably (e.g., preoperative, palliative repair, full repair for cardiac defects) and no
doubt influencedphysical activity.
For most participants, reported activity levels and perceived participation
limitations followed the expected pattern. However, youths with arthritis, kidney
disease, and spinabifida have active lifestyles despitereporting significantlylim-
ited opportunities for participation (Table 1).Activity levels among youths with
arthritis or kidney disease were similar to the active lifestyles reported by other
youths with chronic medical conditions. The relatively higher activity levels of
participants with spina bifida (40% active, 47% moderately active; Table 2) also
require further investigation given that 85% of these participants said that they
were limited in their ability to participate in physical activity. Other researchers
(Coutts, McKenzie, Loock, Beauchamp, & Armstrong, 1993) have found "nor-
mal" fitness levels among youths with spina bifida. This supportsthe suggestion
that low levels of fitness in this group result from a sedentary lifestyle and are not
an inevitable consequence of the disability.The growth in, and increased aware-
ness of, wheelchair sports may also have contributed to the active lifestyles ob-
servedsince 65%of youths with spinabifidaused amanualwheelchairformobility.
Connor-Kuntz, Dummer, and Paciorek (1995) also found that youths with spina
bifida who used a manual wheelchair were more likely to be active in physical
educationand after-school sportsthan those who walked without assistivedevices.
Youths with cerebral palsy may have had fewer opportunitiesto participate
in wheelchair sports since a much smaller percentage of these individuals (28%)
utilized a wheelchair for activities of daily living. In addition,physical therapists
may not encourage wheelchair sports for youths without or with minimal move-
ment limitationssinceinterestin gait trainingdeclinesonce a child can effectively
propel a wheelchair (Garber, 1991). Individuals with cerebral palsy are often al-
lowed access only to cerebral palsy sports programs, which are governedby dif-
ferent organizations than wheelchair sports. While CP sport organizations offer
training and competitionin both wheelchair and ambulatory sports, opportunities
for local participation are often limited.Therefore, the low activity levels among
11. 50 Longmuirand Bar-Or
participants with cerebral palsy may relate to their receiving little encouragement
or opportunity to participatein physical activity or cerebral palsy sport programs.
Clearly,creatingmorephysicalactivity opportunitiesforyouths withcerebralpalsy
shouldbe given a high priority.
It is enticing to attribute the low levels of physical activity among partici-
pants with muscular dystrophy to the rapid deterioration of voluntary movement
that accompaniesthe Duchenne type. However, additionalfactors require investi-
gation since 42% of the participants were girls and therefore probably had forms
of muscular dystrophyor muscular atrophythat were not the Duchennetype.Also
of interest is the finding that 63%of the participants (50% of boys, 80% of girls)
did not require a wheelchair for activities of daily living. Physical activity pro-
grams designed for youths with muscular dystrophy often focus on swimming or
games that utilize a wheelchair (e.g., power wheelchair hockey, archery, bowling,
fishing; Sherrill, 1998).Additional opportunities for physical activity should be
developed for youths with muscular dystrophywho may have reduced movement
ability but do not utilize a wheelchair.
Although activity levels were higher among youths with chronic medical
conditions or hearing impairments,the percentage of active youth was only about
50% (Table 2). This is well below desired health promotion targets that suggest
that 90%of youths should be regu1,arlyinvolved in physical activity (U.S. Public
Health Service, 1991).That half of the most active subgroupswith disabilitiesrate
themselvesas moderately activeor sedentaryis a serious concern in terms of long
term health implications (Sallis et al., 1992). Given that activity levels in adult-
hood are usually lower than during childhood (Godin & Shephard, 1986;Kemper
& van Mechelen, 1995; Sallis et al., 1992), and prior exercise experience is a
significant determinant of adult exercise behavior (Bar-Or, 1994; Godin, Valois,
Shephard, & Desharnais, 1987;Sallis et al., 1992),additional efforts are required
to enhance the physical activity levels of all youths with disabilities.
Samplingbias is alwaysa concern in surveyresearch,but every attempt was
made to assure that participantsin this study were representative of the Canadian
population. All of the participants were living in the community with their own
familiesexcept for most of the childrenwith hearingimpairments.These individu-
als attended residential schools but usually returned home on weekends. Other
participants were recruited through 18organizationsproviding services to youths
with special needs. These included medical clinics, family support groups, and
special education facilities believed to be representative of all such service agen-
cies in Ontario. Public announcements requesting volunteers also assured
representation.
A precise medical diagnosisdescribing the severity of the impairmentwas
availablethrough only one agency.If it is assumedthat youths with mild disabili-
ties do not access agency services, then there might be concern about sampling
bias. However,our review of individual and agency records indicated that youths
with diverse severitylevelsdo accessagency services.It seemsprudent, neverthe-
less,to generalizeourfindingsonlyto youths who use orhaveused agency services.
Since this researchexcludedyouths who did not have the cognitivecapacity
to respond to the survey, additional research is required to determine the activity
behaviors of youths who have intellectual disabilities in addition to a physical
disability.
12. PhysicalActivity and Disability 51
Conclusions
Disability significantly influences habitual physical activity levels, perceived par-
ticipation limitations, and perceived fitness relative to peers. Gender and age in-
fluences on activity level are not consistent and may be limitedby the influence of
the specificcondition. YoutNs with hearing impairments and chronicmedical con-
ditions are more active than those with physical disabilitiesor visual impairments.
Participants with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, and visual impairments are
the most limited.
Our findings suggest that new initiatives are required to develop effective
intervention strategies for youths with disabilities. Of particular importance are
strategies that address the needs of youths with disabilities that limit mobility but
do not require the use of a wheelchair for daily living activities. This is particularly
important for youths with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, orvisual impairment.
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14. PhysicalActivity and Disability
Acknowledgments
This project was made possible through the financial supportof The
Hospital for Sick ChildrenFoundation(Grant #XG-89-057), the Ontario
Ministry of Culture,Tourism, and Recreation (#89-80-0417), and the Canadian
Fitness and LifestyleResearch Institute (#0064-8103-3047).We also wish to
acknowledgethe support of the agenciesthat provide servicesto youths with a
disability;their cooperationenabled the distributionof the questionnaires
throughoutOntario.