This study investigated sex ratios of children born to Indian and Pakistani immigrants in Norway. The researchers found:
1) A significant low female-to-male sex ratio among 3rd and 4th birth order children born to Indian mothers after 1987.
2) Sex ratios did not deviate from expected levels for Indian mothers from 1969-1986 and remained stable for Pakistani mothers over the full study period.
3) The skewed sex ratio among higher birth orders for Indian mothers after 1987 likely reflects an increase in sex-selective abortion following the availability of ultrasound technology for determining fetal sex.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and some of the factors contributing to it. It notes that the census of 2001 revealed a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 3.5 crore women. The widespread use of sex-selective abortions has led to 60 lakh missing girls. While some states like Kerala have a favorable ratio, others like Haryana and Punjab have seen their child sex ratios decline sharply due to such practices. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 to regulate sex determination tests but has not been effectively implemented.
Approximately 50 million women are missing from the populations of India and China due to practices like female infanticide, preferential treatment of boys, and sex-selective abortion. Advances in technology now allow for prenatal determination of sex, leading millions of female fetuses to be aborted each year in these countries. While laws have been implemented to ban sex determination and selective abortion, underground markets have emerged and skewed the sex ratios to as high as 130 boys for every 100 girls. The review discusses the history of attempts to select sex through natural and medical means, as well as more recent developments in gender selection methods prior to conception.
This document defines various fertility indicators and measurements used to assess fertility rates. It discusses crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and other indicators. These indicators use live births, population sizes, and age groups in their calculations to measure fertility while accounting for factors like age, marital status, and mortality rates. The document aims to explain how demographers measure and analyze fertility levels in populations.
1) The sex ratio at birth (number of male live births per 100 female births) varies geographically and ethnically, ranging from 102-104 for African populations to 106 and above for some Asian populations.
2) Several countries in Asia have seen a pronounced increase in sex ratios above 107 males per 100 females since the 1980s, which is attributed to sex-selective abortion.
3) Using UK birth registration data from 1969-2005, the authors analyze sex ratios of births by mother's country of birth and find variation, with some Asian groups having higher ratios than others or the UK average.
This document discusses the issue of sex-selective abortions in the United States and argues that legislation should be passed to ban this practice. It provides evidence from multiple studies that sex-selective abortions resulting in skewed gender ratios have occurred among some immigrant communities in the US. While not a widespread problem, the document estimates that tens of thousands of female fetuses have been aborted based on their gender among high-risk communities. It also discusses the more severe issues with sex-selective abortion in other countries like India and China in order to further argue that banning such practices is ethically justified.
The document reports on numerous incidents in India from January to July 2012 of female fetuses being aborted or abandoned, baby girls being abandoned or killed, and women being abused or killed for giving birth to girls rather than boys. It notes the widespread problem of gender-based crimes against young girls and female fetuses in India and suggests authorities have failed to adequately address the issue.
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and some of the factors contributing to it. It notes that the census of 2001 revealed a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 3.5 crore women. The widespread use of sex-selective abortions has led to 60 lakh missing girls. While some states like Kerala have a favorable ratio, others like Haryana and Punjab have seen their child sex ratios decline sharply due to such practices. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 to regulate sex determination tests but has not been effectively implemented.
Approximately 50 million women are missing from the populations of India and China due to practices like female infanticide, preferential treatment of boys, and sex-selective abortion. Advances in technology now allow for prenatal determination of sex, leading millions of female fetuses to be aborted each year in these countries. While laws have been implemented to ban sex determination and selective abortion, underground markets have emerged and skewed the sex ratios to as high as 130 boys for every 100 girls. The review discusses the history of attempts to select sex through natural and medical means, as well as more recent developments in gender selection methods prior to conception.
This document defines various fertility indicators and measurements used to assess fertility rates. It discusses crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and other indicators. These indicators use live births, population sizes, and age groups in their calculations to measure fertility while accounting for factors like age, marital status, and mortality rates. The document aims to explain how demographers measure and analyze fertility levels in populations.
1) The sex ratio at birth (number of male live births per 100 female births) varies geographically and ethnically, ranging from 102-104 for African populations to 106 and above for some Asian populations.
2) Several countries in Asia have seen a pronounced increase in sex ratios above 107 males per 100 females since the 1980s, which is attributed to sex-selective abortion.
3) Using UK birth registration data from 1969-2005, the authors analyze sex ratios of births by mother's country of birth and find variation, with some Asian groups having higher ratios than others or the UK average.
This document discusses the issue of sex-selective abortions in the United States and argues that legislation should be passed to ban this practice. It provides evidence from multiple studies that sex-selective abortions resulting in skewed gender ratios have occurred among some immigrant communities in the US. While not a widespread problem, the document estimates that tens of thousands of female fetuses have been aborted based on their gender among high-risk communities. It also discusses the more severe issues with sex-selective abortion in other countries like India and China in order to further argue that banning such practices is ethically justified.
The document reports on numerous incidents in India from January to July 2012 of female fetuses being aborted or abandoned, baby girls being abandoned or killed, and women being abused or killed for giving birth to girls rather than boys. It notes the widespread problem of gender-based crimes against young girls and female fetuses in India and suggests authorities have failed to adequately address the issue.
1) The study analyzed US birth certificate data from 1975-2002 to examine sex ratios by race and birth order, finding distortions from expected biological norms.
2) Sex ratios were higher than expected for Chinese, Filipinos, Asian Indians and Koreans, exceeding 1.07. Ratios increased further for these groups with higher birth orders, suggesting prenatal sex selection.
3) The highest sex ratios were found for third or higher order births to Chinese (1.111), Asian Indians (1.126), and Koreans (1.109), strongly implying prenatal sex selection in these populations.
India has experienced steady population growth since 1921. It is currently the second most populous country in the world with over 1.2 billion people. The population is young, with more than 30% under 15 years old. This is reflected in India's demographic pyramid which shows a broad base tapering at the top. Sex ratios are improving but remain unbalanced due to cultural preferences for sons. Most states have ratios below national average of 940 females per 1000 males. Literacy and education levels are increasing but large proportions still lack basic education. Life expectancy is also rising but remains lower than developed nations. The population is projected to surpass China's by 2027 and reach 1.53 billion by 2050.
This study examined trends in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in England and Wales from 1966 to 1996 using official hospitalization statistics. The results showed that the recorded incidence of ectopic pregnancy increased approximately 4.5 times over this period, from 3.45 to 15.5 per 1000 maternities. The rate of increase was not uniform, approximately doubling between 1966-1985, then again nearly doubling by 1989. The incidence has remained stable in recent years. The trends were similar across different age groups. The increasing incidence is likely due to both improved diagnostic tests and an actual increase possibly related to a sexually transmitted infection.
The document discusses son preference in India and its implications. It summarizes a study by Rohini Pande of the International Center for Research on Women that addressed three questions: 1) What does a culture of son preference mean for the health and care of girls? 2) How strong is the ideology of son preference in India? 3) What factors exacerbate or diminish its strength? The study used National Family Health Survey data to find that son preference has negative implications for the treatment and well-being of girls, exhibiting the strength of son preference ideology in India. Certain social and economic factors were found to strengthen son preference.
This document summarizes research on sex-selective abortion in Rajasthan, India. The qualitative study found that respondents were aware of sex determination techniques and places providing those services. Strong son preference existed regarding family size and composition. Couples with two or more daughters or desiring a small family sometimes opted for sex-selective abortion. The community survey found awareness and use of sex-selective abortion as well, confirming its practice in the region.
This book review summarizes a book titled "Applied Demography: Applications to Business, Government, Law and Public Policy" by Jacob S. Siegel. The review provides the following key points:
1. The book focuses on practical applications of demography to different sectors such as business, government, and non-profits. It aims to equip readers with skills for real-world demographic work.
2. Examples and case studies in the book primarily relate to the US context. Educators using this text in other countries will need to highlight differences from their own demographic trends and systems.
3. Chapters cover demographic data sources and limitations, spatial analysis of demographic data, and specific applications of demography to
A comparative analysis of fertility differentials in cross river stateAlexander Decker
This document analyzes fertility differentials between rural and urban residents in Cross River State, Nigeria. It compares two settlements - Anantigha, an urban area in Calabar, and Bendi, a rural area in Obanliku. The study found no difference in age of marriage between the settlements, but a significant difference in fertility levels. Family size and composition did not influence fertility differences. The document reviews literature on proximate determinants of fertility, including factors affecting marriage, contraception, abortion, and breastfeeding. Studies have shown higher contraceptive use and lower fertility in urban versus rural areas in Nigeria and other developing countries.
A comparative analysis of fertility differentials in cross river stateAlexander Decker
This document analyzes fertility differentials between rural and urban residents in Cross River State, Nigeria. It compares fertility in the urban settlement of Anantigha to the rural settlement of Bendi. The study found no difference in age of marriage between the settlements, but a significant difference in fertility levels. Family size and composition did not influence fertility differences. The document provides background on proximate determinants of fertility according to previous studies, including factors of marriage, contraception, abortion, and breastfeeding that directly impact fertility rates.
The document summarizes recent developments in human embryo morphology and genetic testing. It describes the historical discoveries of human oocyte and embryo development from the ancient Egyptians to modern IVF techniques. It also discusses current methods to select the best embryos through morphology assessment, preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy and genetic defects, analysis of mitochondrial content, and potential biomarkers in embryo culture media. The future of IVF is moving towards single euploid embryo transfers with comprehensive genetic and mitochondrial analysis to achieve the highest implantation rates.
Opportunity for Natural Selection among Bhuiyans: A Tribal Population of Keon...Binoy Kuiti
This study investigated the opportunity for natural selection among the Bhuiyan tribal population in Haldipani village, Keonjhar District, Odisha, India. Demographic data was collected from 83 households, including reproductive histories of 71 mothers aged 40+. The indices of mortality, fertility, and overall natural selection were calculated. Mortality was higher than fertility, possibly due to poor sanitation and healthcare access. The natural selection index of 0.7804 indicated a moderate level of selection pressure. This pressure could be reduced by improving socioeconomic conditions, health awareness, and education for this population.
Low birth beight and associated maternal factors in ghanaAlexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) in Ghana and its association with maternal factors using data from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. The estimated LBW prevalence was 9.2%, higher than other parts of the world. Factors found to be highly significantly associated with LBW included antenatal care, mother's educational level, location, and economic status. Maternal age under 24 or over 35, giving birth in the Central region, and having more than four children were also found to increase LBW risk. However, factors like malaria in pregnancy, ethnicity, and marital status were not significantly associated with LBW.
This document provides information on measures of fertility. It defines terms related to fertility such as fertility, fertility rate, crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross and net reproduction rates. It explains how to calculate various fertility indicators and describes the importance and uses of fertility data as well as common sources of this type of demographic information.
The document discusses various gender issues in health that negatively impact women in India. It summarizes key reports and initiatives on women's health status, critiques population policies, and outlines the alarming declining sex ratio and increasing use of sex-selective abortions. It also summarizes women's rights movements and legal activism aimed at promoting women's health, empowerment, and ending discrimination.
Fertility refers to the ability to reproduce and have children. It is measured through indicators like crude birth rate, general fertility rate, and total fertility rate. Fertility is influenced by various social, economic, cultural and demographic factors. Education, age at marriage, contraceptive use, income levels and women's empowerment play a key role in determining fertility rates. Developing countries generally have higher fertility compared to developed countries due to factors like poverty, lack of education and family planning programs.
Adolescent pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes including premature delivery, low birth weight, increased neonatal and maternal mortality, and long term problems for offspring. While socio-demographic factors like low socioeconomic status increase risks, recent studies show biological immaturity is also a causal factor. Younger teenage mothers have significantly higher risks of adverse outcomes even after controlling for confounding variables like marital status and prenatal care. Their developing bodies may not be fully equipped for pregnancy and childbirth.
Increasing rates of prenatal testing among Jewish and Arab women in Israel ov...Jenny Ostrovsky
This study compared rates of prenatal testing among Jewish and Arab women in Israel over a decade from 2001 to 2010 using data from national surveys. The key findings were:
1) Rates of nuchal translucency screening and early ultrasound increased significantly for both groups but remained higher for Jewish women.
2) Rates of biochemical triple marker tests and amniocentesis did not change significantly for either group. Amniocentesis uptake among older women was higher for Jewish women.
3) Carrier screening rates increased more for Jewish women. Factors associated with higher uptake included income, education, insurance, and receiving information.
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document analyzes how China's One Child Policy led to unintended consequences by exacerbating the country's sex ratio imbalance. It finds that stricter enforcement of the policy discouraged fertility but was associated with higher ratios of males to females, as parents engaged in sex selection to comply with the policy while having at least one son. The sex ratio rose most sharply for first births during the 1990s. By exploiting variations in policy enforcement across regions and time periods, the study provides compelling evidence that the policy caused the increase in sex selection and "missing girls" phenomenon in China.
social and ethical literature aspects of sex selectionreviewMitu Khosla
This document provides a literature review and annotated bibliography on social and ethical aspects of sex selection. It summarizes the objective, search methods, key findings from attitudinal studies of the general population and medical/ancillary staff on views toward sex selection. Several general population surveys from the 1970s-1980s in the US and UK found a preference for gender balance over a single sex. Studies of couples seeking sex selection found preferences varied by culture/region.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between birth order and various traits and outcomes. It discusses classic studies that found firstborns scored higher on tests and were overrepresented among eminent individuals. It also reviews several hypotheses for birth order effects and discusses findings from cross-cultural studies and research on traits like perfectionism, intelligence, lateral preferences, sexual orientation, and various conditions. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of the long-standing debate and current research on links between birth order and human development.
The document discusses Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which protects married women from cruelty by their husbands or in-laws. It notes the increasing number of cases filed under this section but also very low conviction rates and high pendency of cases. Reasons proposed for this include lack of proper investigation, delays in investigations, and biases within the justice system. While some argue the section is misused, most experts argue this is a myth and the section is in fact "hardly used" given domestic violence rates. Most experts argue against making the section compoundable or bailable, as this could undermine the purpose of deterring domestic violence and pressure women to withdraw complaints. The gender-specific nature of the section is also
Dr. Mitu Khurana: The Defender of Baby GirlsMitu Khosla
One of the most remarkable stories shared in the new documentary “It’s a Girl” is that of Dr. Mitu Khurana and her daughters. Their story is shocking and distressing, exposing how the prejudice against female children permeates all levels of Indian society, while also being a testimony to the great love that a mother has for her children and how she can rise above her own fears to protect them.
More Related Content
Similar to Different sex ratios of children born to Indian and Pakistani immigrants in Norway
1) The study analyzed US birth certificate data from 1975-2002 to examine sex ratios by race and birth order, finding distortions from expected biological norms.
2) Sex ratios were higher than expected for Chinese, Filipinos, Asian Indians and Koreans, exceeding 1.07. Ratios increased further for these groups with higher birth orders, suggesting prenatal sex selection.
3) The highest sex ratios were found for third or higher order births to Chinese (1.111), Asian Indians (1.126), and Koreans (1.109), strongly implying prenatal sex selection in these populations.
India has experienced steady population growth since 1921. It is currently the second most populous country in the world with over 1.2 billion people. The population is young, with more than 30% under 15 years old. This is reflected in India's demographic pyramid which shows a broad base tapering at the top. Sex ratios are improving but remain unbalanced due to cultural preferences for sons. Most states have ratios below national average of 940 females per 1000 males. Literacy and education levels are increasing but large proportions still lack basic education. Life expectancy is also rising but remains lower than developed nations. The population is projected to surpass China's by 2027 and reach 1.53 billion by 2050.
This study examined trends in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in England and Wales from 1966 to 1996 using official hospitalization statistics. The results showed that the recorded incidence of ectopic pregnancy increased approximately 4.5 times over this period, from 3.45 to 15.5 per 1000 maternities. The rate of increase was not uniform, approximately doubling between 1966-1985, then again nearly doubling by 1989. The incidence has remained stable in recent years. The trends were similar across different age groups. The increasing incidence is likely due to both improved diagnostic tests and an actual increase possibly related to a sexually transmitted infection.
The document discusses son preference in India and its implications. It summarizes a study by Rohini Pande of the International Center for Research on Women that addressed three questions: 1) What does a culture of son preference mean for the health and care of girls? 2) How strong is the ideology of son preference in India? 3) What factors exacerbate or diminish its strength? The study used National Family Health Survey data to find that son preference has negative implications for the treatment and well-being of girls, exhibiting the strength of son preference ideology in India. Certain social and economic factors were found to strengthen son preference.
This document summarizes research on sex-selective abortion in Rajasthan, India. The qualitative study found that respondents were aware of sex determination techniques and places providing those services. Strong son preference existed regarding family size and composition. Couples with two or more daughters or desiring a small family sometimes opted for sex-selective abortion. The community survey found awareness and use of sex-selective abortion as well, confirming its practice in the region.
This book review summarizes a book titled "Applied Demography: Applications to Business, Government, Law and Public Policy" by Jacob S. Siegel. The review provides the following key points:
1. The book focuses on practical applications of demography to different sectors such as business, government, and non-profits. It aims to equip readers with skills for real-world demographic work.
2. Examples and case studies in the book primarily relate to the US context. Educators using this text in other countries will need to highlight differences from their own demographic trends and systems.
3. Chapters cover demographic data sources and limitations, spatial analysis of demographic data, and specific applications of demography to
A comparative analysis of fertility differentials in cross river stateAlexander Decker
This document analyzes fertility differentials between rural and urban residents in Cross River State, Nigeria. It compares two settlements - Anantigha, an urban area in Calabar, and Bendi, a rural area in Obanliku. The study found no difference in age of marriage between the settlements, but a significant difference in fertility levels. Family size and composition did not influence fertility differences. The document reviews literature on proximate determinants of fertility, including factors affecting marriage, contraception, abortion, and breastfeeding. Studies have shown higher contraceptive use and lower fertility in urban versus rural areas in Nigeria and other developing countries.
A comparative analysis of fertility differentials in cross river stateAlexander Decker
This document analyzes fertility differentials between rural and urban residents in Cross River State, Nigeria. It compares fertility in the urban settlement of Anantigha to the rural settlement of Bendi. The study found no difference in age of marriage between the settlements, but a significant difference in fertility levels. Family size and composition did not influence fertility differences. The document provides background on proximate determinants of fertility according to previous studies, including factors of marriage, contraception, abortion, and breastfeeding that directly impact fertility rates.
The document summarizes recent developments in human embryo morphology and genetic testing. It describes the historical discoveries of human oocyte and embryo development from the ancient Egyptians to modern IVF techniques. It also discusses current methods to select the best embryos through morphology assessment, preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy and genetic defects, analysis of mitochondrial content, and potential biomarkers in embryo culture media. The future of IVF is moving towards single euploid embryo transfers with comprehensive genetic and mitochondrial analysis to achieve the highest implantation rates.
Opportunity for Natural Selection among Bhuiyans: A Tribal Population of Keon...Binoy Kuiti
This study investigated the opportunity for natural selection among the Bhuiyan tribal population in Haldipani village, Keonjhar District, Odisha, India. Demographic data was collected from 83 households, including reproductive histories of 71 mothers aged 40+. The indices of mortality, fertility, and overall natural selection were calculated. Mortality was higher than fertility, possibly due to poor sanitation and healthcare access. The natural selection index of 0.7804 indicated a moderate level of selection pressure. This pressure could be reduced by improving socioeconomic conditions, health awareness, and education for this population.
Low birth beight and associated maternal factors in ghanaAlexander Decker
This study examined the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) in Ghana and its association with maternal factors using data from the 2011 Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. The estimated LBW prevalence was 9.2%, higher than other parts of the world. Factors found to be highly significantly associated with LBW included antenatal care, mother's educational level, location, and economic status. Maternal age under 24 or over 35, giving birth in the Central region, and having more than four children were also found to increase LBW risk. However, factors like malaria in pregnancy, ethnicity, and marital status were not significantly associated with LBW.
This document provides information on measures of fertility. It defines terms related to fertility such as fertility, fertility rate, crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross and net reproduction rates. It explains how to calculate various fertility indicators and describes the importance and uses of fertility data as well as common sources of this type of demographic information.
The document discusses various gender issues in health that negatively impact women in India. It summarizes key reports and initiatives on women's health status, critiques population policies, and outlines the alarming declining sex ratio and increasing use of sex-selective abortions. It also summarizes women's rights movements and legal activism aimed at promoting women's health, empowerment, and ending discrimination.
Fertility refers to the ability to reproduce and have children. It is measured through indicators like crude birth rate, general fertility rate, and total fertility rate. Fertility is influenced by various social, economic, cultural and demographic factors. Education, age at marriage, contraceptive use, income levels and women's empowerment play a key role in determining fertility rates. Developing countries generally have higher fertility compared to developed countries due to factors like poverty, lack of education and family planning programs.
Adolescent pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes including premature delivery, low birth weight, increased neonatal and maternal mortality, and long term problems for offspring. While socio-demographic factors like low socioeconomic status increase risks, recent studies show biological immaturity is also a causal factor. Younger teenage mothers have significantly higher risks of adverse outcomes even after controlling for confounding variables like marital status and prenatal care. Their developing bodies may not be fully equipped for pregnancy and childbirth.
Increasing rates of prenatal testing among Jewish and Arab women in Israel ov...Jenny Ostrovsky
This study compared rates of prenatal testing among Jewish and Arab women in Israel over a decade from 2001 to 2010 using data from national surveys. The key findings were:
1) Rates of nuchal translucency screening and early ultrasound increased significantly for both groups but remained higher for Jewish women.
2) Rates of biochemical triple marker tests and amniocentesis did not change significantly for either group. Amniocentesis uptake among older women was higher for Jewish women.
3) Carrier screening rates increased more for Jewish women. Factors associated with higher uptake included income, education, insurance, and receiving information.
Twin studies seminar1 /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in
continuing dental education , training dentists
in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide
range of dental certified courses in different
formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown &
Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This document analyzes how China's One Child Policy led to unintended consequences by exacerbating the country's sex ratio imbalance. It finds that stricter enforcement of the policy discouraged fertility but was associated with higher ratios of males to females, as parents engaged in sex selection to comply with the policy while having at least one son. The sex ratio rose most sharply for first births during the 1990s. By exploiting variations in policy enforcement across regions and time periods, the study provides compelling evidence that the policy caused the increase in sex selection and "missing girls" phenomenon in China.
social and ethical literature aspects of sex selectionreviewMitu Khosla
This document provides a literature review and annotated bibliography on social and ethical aspects of sex selection. It summarizes the objective, search methods, key findings from attitudinal studies of the general population and medical/ancillary staff on views toward sex selection. Several general population surveys from the 1970s-1980s in the US and UK found a preference for gender balance over a single sex. Studies of couples seeking sex selection found preferences varied by culture/region.
The document summarizes research on the relationship between birth order and various traits and outcomes. It discusses classic studies that found firstborns scored higher on tests and were overrepresented among eminent individuals. It also reviews several hypotheses for birth order effects and discusses findings from cross-cultural studies and research on traits like perfectionism, intelligence, lateral preferences, sexual orientation, and various conditions. Overall, the document provides a broad overview of the long-standing debate and current research on links between birth order and human development.
Similar to Different sex ratios of children born to Indian and Pakistani immigrants in Norway (20)
The document discusses Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which protects married women from cruelty by their husbands or in-laws. It notes the increasing number of cases filed under this section but also very low conviction rates and high pendency of cases. Reasons proposed for this include lack of proper investigation, delays in investigations, and biases within the justice system. While some argue the section is misused, most experts argue this is a myth and the section is in fact "hardly used" given domestic violence rates. Most experts argue against making the section compoundable or bailable, as this could undermine the purpose of deterring domestic violence and pressure women to withdraw complaints. The gender-specific nature of the section is also
Dr. Mitu Khurana: The Defender of Baby GirlsMitu Khosla
One of the most remarkable stories shared in the new documentary “It’s a Girl” is that of Dr. Mitu Khurana and her daughters. Their story is shocking and distressing, exposing how the prejudice against female children permeates all levels of Indian society, while also being a testimony to the great love that a mother has for her children and how she can rise above her own fears to protect them.
Highlights of the Report ‘Children in India 2012- A Statistical Appraisal’ * Mitu Khosla
The document summarizes key statistics about children in India from Census and survey data. It finds that while India's total population grew from 2001-2011, the number of children aged 0-6 declined. Several states have alarmingly low child sex ratios below 900. Malnutrition is a major issue, with nearly half of children under-5 stunted and over 40% underweight. Immunization coverage is around 60% nationally but varies significantly between states and demographics. School enrollment has increased but many children still do not complete primary or upper primary levels. Around 13 million children work, many in hazardous occupations like construction or factories.
The document provides statistics on the status of children in India based on Census 2011 and other surveys. Some key highlights:
1. The population of children aged 0-6 declined by 5.05 million from 2001-2011, with a larger decline in female children. The share of children aged 0-6 also declined significantly.
2. The child sex ratio declined from 945 to 914 from 1991-2011 while the overall sex ratio improved. Several states have alarmingly low child sex ratios below 900.
3. Infant and under-5 mortality rates have declined but remain higher in rural areas. Full immunization coverage of children aged 12-23 months was 61% nationally in 2009.
This document discusses the implementation of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act in India, including perspectives and challenges. It was supported by organizations like the National Human Rights Commission and UNFPA. The study examined implementation across multiple states in India through interviews with Appropriate Authorities, public prosecutors, and others. It found issues like lack of awareness about the law, poor record maintenance, and low conviction rates. Recommendations included strengthening monitoring mechanisms, improving training for officials, and ensuring strict action against violations.
This document provides an introduction and overview of the Handbook on Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act and Rules in India. It discusses the historical context of female infanticide and its replacement by female foeticide in India. It notes that medical practitioners have enabled sex-selective abortions by providing sex determination tests. As a result, the sex ratio has declined dramatically, especially in the 0-6 age group. The document emphasizes that female foeticide threatens social status of women and gains made over years, and must be addressed urgently through legal and social measures.
This document provides statistics on women in India from 2010. It includes demographic data, information on health, nutrition, education, work participation, and support services for women. Some key findings are that the female literacy rate rose from 8.86% in 1951 to 54.16% in 2001, and women's work participation increased from 19.7% in 1981 to 25.7% in 2001. However, the sex ratio declined from 945 girls per 1000 boys in 1991 to 927 in 2001, and over 50% of women get married before age 18. Maternal and infant mortality rates also remain high. The document aims to be a reference for assessing progress and identifying areas needing more development efforts.
This document summarizes crime statistics related to crimes against women in India in 2010. It finds that reported crimes against women increased 4.8% from 2009 to a total of 2,13,585 cases. The most common crimes were cruelty by husband/relatives (44% of cases), molestation (19%), and kidnapping/abduction (13.9%). States with the highest reported crime rates against women were Tripura, Mizoram, and Bihar. The document analyzes trends and provides details on specific crimes like rape, dowry deaths, torture, and others.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It states that regular exercise can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help alleviate symptoms of mental illness.
The document defines genocide and outlines 5 acts that constitute genocide according to the UN Convention. It then lists some historical examples of leaders and regimes responsible for genocides and the estimated death tolls, including Mao Zedong in China which resulted in 49-78 million deaths. It also discusses the issue of missing girls in India due to practices like female foeticide and sex-selective abortion. The Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act was implemented in India to prohibit sex determination and selection before or after conception along with mandatory registration and regulations for clinics providing related services and technologies.
Son-biased sex ratios in the 2000 United States CensusMitu Khosla
The document summarizes a study that found evidence of sex selection among Chinese, Korean, and Asian Indian families in the 2000 U.S. Census. The study found male-biased sex ratios for third children, with sons outnumbering daughters 1.51 to 1 if the first two children were girls. This pattern mirrored son preference trends in China and India. However, sex ratios among white families did not vary significantly with birth order or existing child gender. The authors interpret these findings as evidence of prenatal sex selection among these Asian ethnic groups in the U.S.
Court cases under pndt act in Delhi and their statusMitu Khosla
Worth noting is-
the cases filed by government whose status government does not know
the cases filed by government where government has withdrawn the cases
the cases filed by government BY MISTAKE
The document discusses the implementation of the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act (PCPNDT Act) in India. It outlines the major prohibitions of the act, including prohibiting sex selection and advertising sex determination techniques. It notes penalties for violations and discusses various court cases related to enforcement of the act. It observes that many clinics found to be violating the act have only received warnings or small penalties rather than prosecution. Recommendations include making authorities more accountable, increasing public awareness, and improving training for authorities and the judiciary.
Implementation of P.C-P.N.D.T act in state of Delhi between 2008-2010Mitu Khosla
This is a study of actions initiated by the Government in last 2 years under the P.C-P.N.D.T act in state of Delhi. The study is very relevant considering the continously declining sex ratios in Delhi .
The document is about the author's dreams for her daughters and for the world. Her dreams are for a world with no hatred where daughters are treasured, loved, and cared for. She dreams of a world with equality between women and men where women are safe, healthy, and empowered. She faces challenges in making these dreams a reality like patriarchal mindsets and lack of government motivation or implementation. She plans to overcome these challenges through networking, fighting for change, and training the youth.
1. The document outlines regulations for registering genetic counseling centers, genetic laboratories, and genetic clinics in India, including requirements for maintaining records and reporting procedures.
2. Any center conducting pre-natal sex determination tests must be properly registered under this Act. Unregistered centers engaging in sex selection will be penalized.
3. All centers are required to preserve patient records for 2 years and make them available for inspection by the Appropriate Authority. Failure to comply with recording keeping standards is considered a major offense.
The document discusses issues related to sex-selective practices in India and non-compliance with laws regulating pre-natal diagnostic techniques. It summarizes a complaint filed regarding an ultrasound procedure where key requirements under the law were not followed. The complainant questions why no legal action was taken despite deficiencies in maintaining procedure records and evidence that the ultrasound was not medically required. Authorities responded that without a properly filled consent form, there was no direct proof of sex determination, which the complainant disputes given the irregularities in the procedure.
The document discusses various social and legal issues related to female feticide and gender discrimination in India. It summarizes laws aimed at protecting women's rights, such as those against dowry harassment, child marriage, domestic violence, and sex determination tests. However, it notes that implementation of these laws faces challenges at multiple levels including pregnant women facing family pressure, doctors' financial incentives, and lack of convictions. Overall, the document examines the complex social and legal factors contributing to the practice of female feticide in India.
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rather than daughters. However, sex-selective induced Pakistani cohorts. We performed a regression analysis of
abortion is strongly opposed in Western culture and is the trend in the annual sex ratio at birth between 1969
illegal except for medical reasons. The skewed sex ratios and 2005. Linear and quadratic regression models were
among immigrant groups in UK have raised concerns fitted to the data, and the model with best fit based on
about disclosing the sex of the fetus during an ultra- adjusted R2 values was selected. All statistical analyses
sound examination. The abortions of female fetuses were performed using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc.,
raise doubts about the adherence of Asian immigrants Chicago, IL).).
to the norms of Western society [1].
In the 1970 s, immigrants began traveling to Norway Results
from India and Pakistan. Norway is currently home to Indian immigrants
4.8 million people, including about 7,000 immigrants From 1969 to 2005, a total of 1,597 mothers of Indian
from India and about 68,000 immigrants from Pakistan, origin gave birth in Norway to 3,525 children, and 19%
according to 2005 estimates. Most immigrants are from of these children were in the third birth order or higher.
the province of Punjab [14], which was divided between From 1969 to 1986, the sex ratios were 108 (95% CI 75-
India and Pakistan during the partition in 1947. The 141) and 93 (95% CI 43-142) in the third and fourth
two groups shared a geographical space in northwest birth orders, respectively (Table 1). These results are
India until the creation of India and Pakistan, and are consistent with the expected biological sex ratio (i.e., 95
fairly similar in terms of language and culture. However, females per 100 males). During the period from 1987 to
Indians from Punjab are predominantly Sikh and Hindu, 1996, sex ratios of 62 and 36 were estimated for the
whereas most Pakistani immigrants are Muslim. These third and fourth birth orders, respectively. During the
immigrants belong to societies with a high degree of final study period from 1997 to 2005, relatively low sex
boy preference and there is anecdotal evidence of sex- ratios of 69 and 47 were estimated for the third and
selective abortion or prenatal male selection within the fourth birth orders, respectively.
Indian community in Norway. However, no studies, to
our knowledge, have addressed the prevalence of these Pakistani immigrants
practices among members of these groups in During the period from 1969 to 2005, 5,617 mothers of
Scandinavia. Pakistani origin gave birth in Norway to 17,800 children,
Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine and 42% of the children were in the third birth order or
whether the low female-to-male ratio common in higher. From 1969 to 1986, the sex ratios were 89 (95%
North-West Indian cultures also exists among families CI 79-99) and 96 (95% CI 82-111) in the third and
from the Indian subcontinent who live in Norway. fourth birth orders, respectively (Table 1). In the period
1987-1996, sex ratios of 103 and 100 were estimated for
Methods third and fourth birth orders, respectively. During the
Data collection final study period from 1997 to 2005, sex ratios of 101
We performed a retrospective cohort study using data and 89 were estimated for the third and higher birth
from mothers of Indian (n = 1,597) or Pakistani (n = orders, respectively.
5,617) origin who were registered as immigrants in Nor-
way. Annual data were obtained from ‘Statistics Norway’ Regression analysis of the annual trend
for 21,325 live births between 1969 and 2005. The data- Linear and quadratic regression models were used to
set included the infants’ sex, the mothers’ nationality, evaluate the annual trends in sex ratios for the first and
and the infants’ birth order. The study was approved by last birth order in the Indian and Pakistani cohort (Fig-
the Data Inspectorate at Rikshospitalet, Oslo University ure 1). Our results show that for the first birth order,
Hospital, Norway. the female-to-male sex ratio increased in the Indian
cohort and decreased in the Pakistani cohort. The sex
Statistical analysis ratio increased steadily in the Pakistani cohort for the
Sex ratios and 95% confidence intervals were defined as last birth order. Conversely, the ratio of female births
described previously by Jha et al. [8] as the number of decreased in the Indian cohort from the 1970 s to the
female births per 100 male births [Pf/(1 - Pf) * 100], early 1990 s but has since increased.
where Pf is the proportion of female to total births (N).
Confidence intervals (95%) were derived based on an Discussion
asymptotic normal distribution with a variance of Pf/ Our findings reveal that the female-to-male ratio of chil-
[N * (1 - Pf) 3]. Plots of sex ratio for the first and last (if dren born to Indian immigrants who reside in Norway is
the mother had more than one birth) birth order against skewed among the higher birth orders, and has become
the birth year were constructed for the Indian and increasingly distorted since the mid-1980 s. This trend
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Table 1 Female and male births and sex ratios among Indian and Pakistani populations living in Norway
Time period (year) Birth order of child Indian Pakistani
Female Male Sex ratio (95% CI) Female Male Sex ratio (95% CI)
1969 - 1986 1 259 297 87 (73 - 102) 992 1025 97 (88 - 105)
2 197 207 95 (77 - 114) 845 904 93 (85 - 102)
3 85 79 108 (75 - 141) 598 671 89 (79 - 99)
4 26 28 93 (43 - 142) 357 370 96 (82 - 111)
1987 - 1996 1 283 250 113 (94 - 132) 726 780 93 (84 - 102)
2 208 204 102 (82 - 122) 644 642 100 (89 - 111)
3 64 103 62 (43 - 82) 565 546 103 (91 - 116)
4 12 33 36 (12 - 60) 425 427 100 (86 - 113)
1997 - 2005 1 273 235 116 (96 - 136) 1002 1092 92 (84 - 100)
2 202 237 85 (69 - 101) 836 818 102 (92 - 112)
3 68 99 69 (47 - 90) 578 575 101 (89 - 112)
4 8 17 47 (8 - 87) 289 324 89 (75 - 103)
Female and male births and respective sex ratios (i.e., female/male) with 95% confidence intervals for the study periods between 1969 and 1986, between 1987
and 1996 and between 1997 and 2005 among the Indian and Pakistani populations living in Norway.
Figure 1 Estimated female-to-male sex ratios from 1970 to 2005 for children born to women of Indian and Pakistani origin in the first
and last (i.e., among mothers with two or more children) birth orders.
4. Singh et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2010, 10:40 Page 4 of 5
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corresponds to the availability of ultrasound techniques reflect subconscious cultural practices rather than reli-
capable of determining the sex of the fetus during the gion. Furthermore, India and Pakistan have different laws
prenatal period [15]. Thus, the distorted ratio observed regarding abortion. Pakistan has much stricter abortion
during the two periods may reflect increases in sex-selec- legislation, and abortions are prohibited before the fetal
tive abortion of higher birth order fetuses. More girls organs have developed, except when performed to save
than boys compose the first birth order in the Indian the life of the woman or to provide necessary treatment.
immigrant group, and fewer girls than boys compose the Termination of pregnancy after the organs have formed
higher birth order. These data indicate that most families is prohibited regardless of the circumstances. Conversely,
secure at least one male child. Although the number of India and China have more liberal abortion laws and sex-
births among the Indian population in Norway is too low selective abortion is widely documented [21]. The cul-
to provide robust statistical evidence for a skewed sex tural and legislative factors of their native region might
ratio, the decrease in female births at higher birth orders influence the prevalence of sex-selective abortion among
shows a tendency towards sex selection. immigrants to Western countries.
Studies have indicated that educated mothers in India Sex-selective abortion remains a large problem due to
have the lowest female-to-male ratio [10]. The odds of the low status of women and the preference for male
producing a male offspring in India increase with the offspring among South-Asian individuals [21]. Previous
mother’s income and education [16]. Previous studies studies have suggested that the methods of sexual selec-
have shown that the female-to-male ratio in Pakistan is tion are changing. Nowadays, technologies enable the
not as skewed as it is in India, and that sex-selective implantation of embryos of a specific sex, and prenatal
abortion may not be as prevalent in Pakistan as in India selection of male embryos has become more common
[17]. In Norway, the two immigrant groups differ signifi- [22]. Sex-selective abortion to secure a male offspring
cantly in terms of integration into the Norwegian society, conflicts with Norwegian ethics and social norms, and
educational status and employment status. Indian immi- the negative consequences have been discussed in lead-
grants belong to one of the most resourceful immigrant ing national medical journals [23]. As shown by a study
groups in Norway [18]. Economically sound and edu- conducted in England and Wales, Indian-born immi-
cated Indian women often produce a smaller family, both grant mothers have a low female-to-male ratio in higher
in their native country and in Western countries. The birth orders, but that pattern is not observed in mothers
number of children born to Indian-born women in Eng- of Indian descent who are born in England and Wales
land and Wales declined from 4.3 in 1971 to 2.3 in 2001 [1]. Given the small number of Indian women in Nor-
[1]. Our data also indicate that families are smaller way, we were unable to assess the sex ratios of infants
among Indian populations than among Pakistani popula- born to Norwegian-born mothers of Indian origin.
tions living in Norway. The differences in family size and In summary, our findings reveal a low female-to-male
socio-economic variables among Indian and Pakistani ratio among higher birth orders among the Indian Dia-
populations in Norway suggest that Indian mothers opt spora in Norway. A similar trend has been reported
for sex-selective abortion of higher birth orders, although among Indian and Asian populations in the UK and
further studies are needed to confirm this practice. Canada [1,2]. Strengthening the social, economical and
Cultural practices may influence a family’s decision to educational rights of women may eventually reduce sex-
undergo sex-selective abortion. Although male prefer- selective behavior in Asian regions and among immi-
ence, and subsequent discrimination against female chil- grant families in Western countries.
dren, is widely documented in India and Pakistan owing
to factors such as kinship, dowry, employment, education Conclusion
and religion [19], unbiased sex ratios and the use of sex- Our findings indicate that the female-to-male ratio of
selective abortion differs between Indians and Pakistanis. higher birth order children seems to have declined
A review of abortion practice in Islamic countries con- among Indian immigrants, but not among Pakistani
cluded that there is no single Islamic or Muslim position immigrants, after the introduction of ultrasound scan-
on abortion. There are considerable differences in state ning technology in Norway in 1987. Lower proportions
policies and decisions about the termination of preg- of female births than expected were not found in the
nancy. Therefore, there is no absolute link between state pre-ultrasound era. This imbalance could reflect the
religion and abortion prevalence [20]. No significant dif- selective abortion of female fetuses due to prenatal sex
ferences in adjusted sex ratios (e.g., male birth following determination by ultrasound. Further research is needed
female birth) were found among different religious to reveal how religious, ethnic and socioeconomic
groups in India [10]. It is likely that the selective sex factors contribute to the occurrence and norms of
practices of the two populations in our study might sex-selective abortion.
5. Singh et al. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2010, 10:40 Page 5 of 5
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Acknowledgements techniques (PNDT) Act. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
This study was partially supported by a grant from Culcom (i.e., Cultural 2009, 63:245-252.
complexity in the new Norway) of the University of Oslo in Norway. This 17. Klasen S, Wink C: “Missing women": Revisiting the debate. Feminist
study uses data provided by Statistics Norway. The authors are grateful for Economics 2003, 9:263-299.
the dialogue and cooperation of Kåre Vassenden and Anders Grøndahl. 18. Henriksen K: Fakta om 18 innvandrergrupper i Norge [Facts about
18 immigrants groups in Norway]. Oslo: SSB Report 2007, 29.
Author details 19. Gill A, Mitra-Kahn T: Explaining Daughter Devaluation and the Issue of
1
Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Missing Women in South Asia and the UK. Current Sociology 2009,
Oslo, Norway. 2Department of Research Services, Rikshospitalet University 57:684-703.
Hospital, Oslo, Norway. 3Section of Culture and Oriental studies, University of 20. Hessini L: Islam and Abortion: The Diversity of Discourses and Practices.
Oslo, Oslo, Norway. 4Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies 2008, 39:18-27.
21. Abrejo FG, Shaikh BT, Rizvi N: ’And they kill me, only because I am a girl’...
Authors’ contributions review of sex-selective abortions in South Asia. European Journal of
The study was initiated by NS, who helped collect data, design and Contraception and Reproductive Health Care 2009, 14:10-16.
coordinate the study, and draft the manuscript. The statistical analyses were 22. George SM, Dahiya RS: Female foeticide in rural Haryana. Economic and
performed by AHP. TB participated in data collection. BSP contributed to the Political Weekly 1998, 33:2191-2198.
study design and helped plan, draft and finalize the manuscript. All authors 23. Sundby J: Reproductive health policy in Norway. Reproductive Health
read and approved the final amnauscript. Matters 2005, 13:153-154.
Competing interests Pre-publication history
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2393/10/40/prepub
Received: 1 December 2009 Accepted: 3 August 2010
Published: 3 August 2010 doi:10.1186/1471-2393-10-40
Cite this article as: Singh et al.: Different sex ratios of children born to
Indian and Pakistani immigrants in Norway. BMC Pregnancy and
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