The document provides guidance on effective verbal and non-verbal communication techniques for public speaking. It recommends using familiar terminology, concrete examples to clarify abstract terms, and vivid descriptive language. It also stresses maintaining eye contact with the audience, standing up straight without leaning, and limiting hand gestures to emphasize key points. Additionally, the document advises structuring speeches around 2-3 main arguments, previewing them in the introduction, developing each in the body, and reviewing in the conclusion, while smoothly transitioning between ideas.

1. VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
•
Choose
terms
that
are
familiar
to
the
audience.
•
Clarify
abstract
terms
with
concrete
examples.
•
Use
vivid
and
interesAng
language.
Use
comparisons,
visual
and
sensory
images,
descrip9ons,
etc.
Bonomo,
Hernán,
Juan
M.
Mamber9,
and
Jackson
B.
Miller.
Tolerancia
Crí-ca
Y
Ciudadanía
Ac-va:
Una
Introducción
Prác-ca
Al
Debate
Educa-vo.
Nueva
York:
Interna9onal
Debate
Educa9on
Associa9on,
2010.
Web.

2. NON-­‐VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Voice:
•
Be
enthusias9c
about
your
mo9on.
•
Use
a
conversa9onal
tone.
•
Use
moderate
volume
and
speed.
• Use
different
tones
of
voice
to
accentuate
important
parts
of
the
speech.
Bonomo,
Hernán,
Juan
M.
Mamber9,
and
Jackson
B.
Miller.
Tolerancia
Crí-ca
Y
Ciudadanía
Ac-va:
Una
Introducción
Prác-ca
Al
Debate
Educa-vo.
Nueva
York:
Interna9onal
Debate
Educa9on
Associa9on,
2010.
Web.

3. NON-­‐VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Visual
contact:
•
Look
at
the
audience
and
the
adjudicators.
•
Don’t
look
at
the
floor,
the
ceiling
or
the
papers
in
your
hand.
Posture:
•
Stand
straight.
Don’t
lean
forward
or
stoop.
•
Don’t
lean
on
the
lectern.
Bonomo,
Hernán,
Juan
M.
Mamber9,
and
Jackson
B.
Miller.
Tolerancia
Crí-ca
Y
Ciudadanía
Ac-va:
Una
Introducción
Prác-ca
Al
Debate
Educa-vo.
Nueva
York:
Interna9onal
Debate
Educa9on
Associa9on,
2010.
Web.

4. NON-­‐VERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Hands
and
arms:
•
Before
you
start,
decide
where
you
will
put
your
hands
when
you
are
not
using
them
to
stress
the
speech.
•
Gesture
only
to
stress
parts
of
your
speech.
•
Don’t
play
with
your
hair
or
objects
in
your
hands;
don’t
touch
your
face,
glasses,
watch,
etc.
•
Crossed
arms
make
it
more
difficult
to
use
your
hands
to
stress
ideas.
Bonomo,
Hernán,
Juan
M.
Mamber9,
and
Jackson
B.
Miller.
Tolerancia
Crí-ca
Y
Ciudadanía
Ac-va:
Una
Introducción
Prác-ca
Al
Debate
Educa-vo.
Nueva
York:
Interna9onal
Debate
Educa9on
Associa9on,
2010.
Web.

5. STRUCTURE
OF
A
SPEECH
Speeches
must
be
clearly
structured:
•
Limit
the
main
arguments
(2
or
3
best).
•
Repeat
the
main
points
along
the
speech:
• an9cipate
main
points
in
the
INTRODUCTION;
• develop
each
main
point
in
the
BODY
of
the
speech;
• review
the
main
aspects
in
the
CONCLUSION.
• Use
a
parallel
structure:
• “Adop9ng
universal
health
insurance
would
reac-vate
the
economy
in
our
country.”
• “Adop9ng
universal
health
insurance
would
improve
the
welfare
of
ci-zen’s
in
our
country.
”
• “Adop9ng
universal
health
insurance
would
improve
the
situa-on
of
doctors
and
health
workers
in
our
country.”
Bonomo,
Hernán,
Juan
M.
Mamber9,
and
Jackson
B.
Miller.
Tolerancia
Crí-ca
Y
Ciudadanía
Ac-va:
Una
Introducción
Prác-ca
Al
Debate
Educa-vo.
Nueva
York:
Interna9onal
Debate
Educa9on
Associa9on,
2010.
Web.

6. STRUCTURE
OF
A
SPEECH
Speeches
must
be
clearly
structured:
•
Use
a
variety
of
transi9ons
to
join
different
parts
of
the
speech:
•
Reviewing:
e.g.
Now
that
we
have
seen
how
universal
health
insurance
would
reac-vate
the
economy
in
our
country,
let’s
move
on
to
the
next
argument,
which
is
that
universal
health
insurance
would
improve
the
welfare
of
ci-zens
in
our
country.
• AnAcipaAng:
e.g.
Next
we
will
see
how
universal
health
insurance
would
improve
the
situa-on
of
doctors
and
health
workers
in
our
country.
• Temporal
markers:
e.g.
“Our
first
argument
is
that…”
“The
second
argument
is…”
“Finally,
our
third
argument
is
that…”
• Pauses:
to
replace
“ah…”
“emmm…”
Bonomo,
Hernán,
Juan
M.
Mamber9,
and
Jackson
B.
Miller.
Tolerancia
Crí-ca
Y
Ciudadanía
Ac-va:
Una
Introducción
Prác-ca
Al
Debate
Educa-vo.
Nueva
York:
Interna9onal
Debate
Educa9on
Associa9on,
2010.
Web.