2.
Kinship is defined as the network in which people
are related to one another through blood, marriage
and other ties
Kinship is a kind of social relationship that ties
people
Kinship can be created through three ways:-
Kinship, marriage and
family
3.
Through blood is the principle of consanguinity
A consanguine is a person who is related to another
person through blood
Consanguine include kin, not friends
Examples of consanguine are the following: a
parent's (father/mother/grand-parent) relation to a
child; relation between siblings (brothers and sisters);
an individual’s relation to his/ her uncle, aunt, niece
or nephew; etc.
1. Through blood
4.
This is the principle of affinity.
E.g. kinship ties between husband and wife; husband
and his wife's group; wife and her husband’s group,
etc
2. Through marriage
5.
This is called the principle of fictitious kinship.
Fictitious kinship is, in other words, a kind of
relationship in which two individuals create a kind
of parent-child relationship without any blood or
marriage ties
This can be formed through legal way or through
informal way
(3) Through adoption,
fostering, god-parenthood,
etc.
6.
Marriage is defined as basically a sexual union between a man
and a woman such that children born to the woman are
considered the legitimate offspring of both parents.
The main purpose of marriage is to create new social
relationships, rights and obligations between the spouses and
their kin, and to establish the rights and status of children when
they are born.
In traditional, simple societies, marriage is often more of a
relationship between groups than one between individuals.
In industrial societies, it is more of individual matter. The idea
of romantic love is less common in traditional (nonindustrial)
societies. Marriage, thus, is a group concern in such societies.
Marriage
7.
Marriage is classified into monogamy and polygamy.
Monogamy is marriage which involves usually a man and
a woman; It is a one to one marriage.
Monogamous marriage is very common in most societies
of the world.
Polygamy (also called plural marriage) is marriage which
involves one with many .
The two kinds of polygamy are polygyny (a man
marrying more than one woman at a time) and
polyandry(i.e. one woman married to more than one man
at a time).
Types of marriage
8.
The most common form of polyandrous marriage is
termed as fraternal polyandry, which involve two or
more brothers taking a single woman as their wife.
Polyandrous marriage is very rare and it occurs
mainly in South Asian societies such as Tibet,
Burma, Nepal, India, and so on
levirate marriage, which is a form of marriage
whereby a man is entitled to inherit the wife of his
deceased brother or close relative
Types of marriage
continued
9.
This practice may also be called wife inheritance.
Sororate marriage, which entitles a man to take as
wife a sister or close relative of his deceased wife
Child marriage takes place in manner where by
concerned parties agrees to arrange the marriage of a
young girl (as young as below ten years of age in
some parts of Ethiopia) to usually an older person.
Types of marriage
continued
10.
Endogamy is a marriage rule, which requires that
people marry within their own social group (e.g.
their own tribe, nationality, religion, race,
community, social class, etc)
Exogamy requires that people marry outside a group
to which they belong
It bars marriage within smaller inner circle, i.e. one's
own close relatives. One of the main concerns of
exogamous marriage rule is prohibition of incest, i.e.,
marrying or sexual contact between blood relatives
Rules of Marriage
11.
One of the functions of marriage is that it leads to the
creation of families, although families may come into
being independently of marriage.
However, marriage provides the family its legal and
social validity.
The family may be conventionally defined as “an intimate
kin based group that consists of at least a parent-child
nucleus”;
it is a minimal social unit that cooperated economically
and assumes responsibilities for rearing children.
A dominant form of family in today's modern society
consists of a husband, wife and their dependent child or
children. This is called nuclear family.
Definition and Types of the
family
12.
Family considered as any social group of people who
are united together by ties of marriage, ancestry or
adoption, having the responsibility for rearing
children.
A family in much small- scale, traditional societies
may constitute a husband, his wife/wives, his
wife’s/ wives’ children and/or the wives and
children of his sons
This form of family is called extended family.
Extended families may emerge out of polygamous
marriage forms
Types of family continued
13.
It is so important to individuals and society because it
responds to some of the fundamental human needs, both
individual and collective.
These needs include the needs for love and emotional
security, the need to regulate sexual behaviour, the need to
reproduce generations, the need to protect the young and the
disabled (the sick), and the need to socialize children.
The most important psychosocial function of the family is
socialization.
Socialization is essential to the personality, emotional, social
and intellectual development of children. Without proper
socialization, children would end up being mere biological
beings, or they would develop anti-societal attitudes and
behaviours
Functions of the Family
14.
The other important psychosocial function of the family,
particularly in traditional societies is providing social
support, psychological comfort and physical care and
protection for the young, the sick, the disabled and the
aged
The family also plays the role of providing primary health
needs and maintaining health and wellbeing for its
members
Family exert powerful authority on the behaviours of
children; this is particularly true regarding children’s
sexual behaviour
Function continued
15.
Due to various factors such as the powerful influence
of modernization, changes are taking place in the
marriage and family systems
The types and volume of problems prevailing in our
contemporary society are enormous
A simple comparison of the traditional (past) and
modern (contemporary) marriage and family
systems will show that many things have changed
Problems of Contemporary
Marriage and the Family
16.
One of the changing aspects is the issue of divorce.
Divorce is breakdown of marriage.
Today it is easier for a couple to get divorced than it
was in the past.
One other important contemporary phenomenon is
the increasing trends in female headed households
and the associated problems, as may be observed in
both rural and urban areas
“What has come to be known as “the feminization of
poverty” is also part of this on going trend.
Problems continued
18.
What are some of the sources of change in our
society?
Cultural and technological
innovations
Shifting population size
Environmental pressures
Diffusion from other cultures
Media
19.
Major source of change:
Technological advancement
Technological change may be one of
most accelerated
Computers have become
indispensable
Convenience and access to
information
Loss of privacy
Blurring of traditional lines between
work and home
20.
Major source of change:
Social Movements
social movement Continuous, large-scale, organized
collective action motivated by the desire to enact, stop, or
reverse change in some area of society
Types of movements
Reform Movement attempts to change limited aspects of a society but does
not seek to alter or replace major social institutions.
Countermovement are designed to prevent or reverse the changes
sought or accomplished by an earlier movement
Revolutionary Movement- attempt to overthrow the entire system
itself, whether it is the government or the existing social
structure, in order to replace it with another
21.
.
Rising Expectations
When conditions at their worst, many solely
focused on survival
People more likely to seek social change
when living conditions have improved
somewhat
Chance for change seems possible
social movements are actually more likely to
arise when social conditions are beginning to
improve than when they are at their worst
22.
Sociological Imagination
We re-create society not only through acts of
defiance and organized social movements
but also through our daily interactions
society is simultaneously a human creation
and a phenomenon that exists
independently of us, influencing and
controlling our private experiences
Through sociology, we can be “aware of the
chains that restrict our ‘movements,’ but we
also have the tools to break those chains”
24.
Social processes are certain repetitive, continuous
forms of patterns in the social systems that occur as
individuals, groups, societies, or countries interact
with each other.
They are interaction patterns or modes, among
members (individual) within a society or a group
involving particular repetitive features, occurring
both at micro and macro levels.
They help us interpret and understand our social
behaviour.
Social processes
25.
There are generally five modes of social processes.
These are competition, conflict, cooperation,
accommodation and assimilation.
These are universal modes; they take place at micro
and macro levels.
Modes of Social Processes
26.
Competition as a social process seems to be more pronounced
than others.
It is real in our day-to-day interpersonal encounters, as well as
in the global situations.
Competition is the process where by individuals, groups,
societies, and countries make active efforts to win towards
getting their share of the limited resources.
It is an impersonal attempt to gain scarce and valued resources
of wealth, land, health care services, etc.
As a result of competition, stratification, physical separation
and so on may happen in a given society.
Competition involves struggle, efforts, decisions, actions, etc.,
to survive. Competition is balanced by cooperation.
Competition
27.
Cooperation is a social process whereby people join
hands towards achieving common goals.
Competition is more likely to occur in advanced,
modern, industrialized societies than in traditional,
homogenous societies where cooperation appears to
be more important.
Conflict In the process of competition for power
(which could be economic, social, and political) and
resources, conflict is bound to take place.
Cooperation and conflict
28.
Conflict involves disagreement and disharmony, which
results due to differences in ideology, living standard,
and other social factors.
It is a universal phenomenon, an ever- present reality,
taking place both at micro and macro levels.
Conflict involves clash of interest between individuals in
a social group like in a family or between groups or
societies.
It results due to power imbalance, due to unfair
distribution of resources. Here, it produces social class
and stratification
Continued
29.
Accommodation is an agreement to live accepting
one another, co-exist at relative peace, avoiding overt
conflict.
Accommodation is a social process whereby people
try to accept one another, avoiding the sources of
conflict to live in peaceful coexistence.
It is a conscious adjustment and compromise among
conflicting groups so that they can live with one
another without overt conflict.
Accommodation &Assimilation
30.
Assimilation is a social process whereby a group of
individuals learns and accepts the values, norms, etc., of
another group and becomes sometimes virtually identical
with the dominant groups.
Assimilation involves the acceptance or the internalizing
of the larger or dominant group's culture, values and life
styles by the smaller or minority group. Assimilation
could imposed or voluntary.
In this age of globalization there are westernization
processes, whereby peoples of the Third World are taking
up the values, notions and practices of the Industrialized
West
Continued
31.
The term pathology is a Greek word, which is
composed of pathos and logos.
It literally means the study of diseases and disease
processes.
The term social pathology generally refers to the
pathos of society, i.e., the "social diseases" that affect
society. However, a more explanatory term is social
problems.
Social problems are those diseased conditions of
society that affect its normal functioning.
Social Pathology
32.
A problem that is limited only to the level of an
individual person or to only few groups may not be
regarded as a social problem.
A social pathology affects society, or its institutions
and organizations at large.
However, the very term social problem may mean
any problem that has social origins, affecting at least
two persons, that goes beyond mere psychological
and physiological levels
33.
Social Deviance and Crime
Deviance is behaviour that members of a group or
society see as violating their norms
an action or behaviour is considered deviant
depends on time, place and social situations
.Theories on deviance
Differential association theory maintains that
people learn deviant acts through socialization;
Lists of Some Social Pathology in
Ethiopia
34.
structural strain theory maintains that deviance
occurs when conformity to widely accepted norms of
behaviour fails to satisfy legitimate, culturally
approved desires.
control theory, every person is naturally prone to
make deviance, but most of us conform to norms
because of effective system of inner and outer
control.
labelling theory states that behaviours are deviant
when and only because people label them as such
Continued
35.
Vulnerability to Famine and the Problem of Food
Insecurity
Prostitution
Unemployment
Drug Addiction
Ecological Degradation
Urbanization, Homelessness and Begging
Lists of social pathology continued
36.
Social control is simply defined as all the
mechanisms and processes employed by a society to
ensure conformity.
In other words, social control is any cultural or
social means by which restraints are imposed upon
individual behaviour and by which people are
initiated to follow the traditions and patterns of
behaviour accepted by society.
It is, simply, a means by which conformists are
rewarded and non-conformists are punished.
The Concept of Social Control
37.
Negative Social Control: This involves punishment or regulating
behaviour of deviants.
A deviant is a person whose views and actions are different in
moral or social standards from what is considered normal or
acceptable in the context of a certain social group.
This social control may be at micro/ informal level and macro/
formal levels. Micro/ informal level social control occurs at the
level of small groups such as peer groups, family, and
interpersonal relationships.
Examples of negative social control at micro levels include: simple
gossip or backbiting, etc. The punishments can be in the
psychological, social or physical/ material forms.
Punishments at macro or formal level include: fining, firing,
demotion, imprisonment, banishment or excommunication, capital
punishment and so on.
Types of Social Control
38.
Positive Social Control: These mechanisms involve
rewarding and encouraging those who abide by the
norms.
It involves rewarding the model behaviour.
The informal psychosocial reward mechanisms include
simple smiles, saying encouraging word, shaking hands,
thanking, showing appreciation, etc.
Formal positive social control mechanism may include
giving awards, promoting to a higher level of status
Social Control
