The second part of the worlds of space, and the information it hides, and perhaps this complementary part of the first, is only a new beginning, because it is truly interesting and worth discovering, as the example says: everything hidden is greater...
https://oke.io/Kfoa08G6
The second part of the worlds of space, and the information it hides, and perhaps this complementary part of the first, is only a new beginning, because it is truly interesting and worth discovering, as the example says: everything hidden is greater...
https://oke.io/Kfoa08G6
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
• Earth, along with the other planets, is believed to have been born 4.5 billion years ago as a solidified cloud of dust and gases left over from the creation of the Sun.
• For perhaps 500 million years, the interior of Earth stayed solid and relatively cool, perhaps 2,000°F.
• The main ingredients were iron and silicates, with small amounts of other elements, some of them radioactive.
• As millions of years passed, energy released by radioactive decay—mostly of uranium, thorium, and potassium—gradually heated Earth, melting some of its constituents.
• The iron melted before the silicates, and, being heavier, sank toward the center.
• This forced up the silicates that it found there.
• After many years, the iron reached the center, almost 4,000 mi deep, and began to accumulate. No eyes were around at that time to view the turmoil that must have taken place on the face of Earth—gigantic heaves and bubblings on the surface, exploding volcanoes, and flowing lava covering everything in sight.
• Finally, the iron in the center accumulated as the core. Around it, a thin but fairly stable crust of solid rock formed as Earth cooled.
• Depressions in the crust were natural basins in which water, rising from the interior of the planet through volcanoes and fissures, collected to form the oceans. Slowly, Earth acquired its present appearance.
This is a powerpoint presentation that is about one of the Senior High School Core Subject: Earth and Life Science. It is composed of the theories that explains the Earth and its Subsystems (The Four Spheres).
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
Meteorology-a student's report( a compilation of facts from books,internet,jo...John Allen Marilla
it is a summary of the topic about t6he atmosphere..... all information written are not words of the maker but are compilations only from various book,journal,internet sources... this makes learning about the atmosphere for freshmen easier,,,
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
3. Earth is the only known place in the universe where life exists.
The biosphere is just a thin film covering the surface of our
planet. Its upper border is approximately 20-22 km. Then the
area begins, interspersed with harsh rays and ultraviolet rays
- even bacteria and fungal germs do not live here. At an
altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level, the pocket line
extends - the official boundary between space and the Earth's
atmosphere.Earth is the only known place in the universe
where life exists. The biosphere is just a thin film covering the
surface of our planet. Its upper border is approximately 20-22
km. Then the area begins, interspersed with harsh rays and
ultraviolet rays - even bacteria and fungal germs do not live
here. At an altitude of one hundred kilometers above sea level,
the pocket line extends - the official boundary between space
and the Earth's atmosphere.
4. Humanity has been studying outer space since ancient
times. At first, I simply noticed the movements of planets
and stars with the naked eye, and then came up with a
telescope, a beautiful invention suitable for these
purposes. There has been a real breakthrough in space
exploration in the last century. Making the rapid
development of rocket technology possible, the first man
was sent into orbit, accessing other celestial bodies in
our solar system, and seeing the most distant galaxies
and nebulaes. The more we learn about the universe, the
more clear it becomes that the Earth in outer space is
just a small grain of sand on the giant scale of the
universe.
https://oke.io/wTmdFV7l
5.
6. Outer space is a group of regions of the universe that are
located outside the atmosphere or solid shells of celestial
bodies. From the point of view of the average person.
Space is a huge vacuum, a great nothingness that includes
planets, stars, galaxies "floating", interplanetary probes and
other moving objects. Such an image of outer space is
incorrect: although its density outside our atmosphere is
small, it is not empty. It is full of interstellar gas, dust and
various types of radiation. There is also mysterious dark
energy and matter...
7. In fact, it's more complicated. At first, the Greek word
"Cosmos" essentially had a philosophical meaning,
indicating space around our planet. In western
European languages, based on Latin, it means
unimaginable infinity to the universe.
In addition, this definition is on many aspects. For the
astronomer, it is associated with the movement and
interaction of celestial bodies. The physicist will talk
about the amazing properties of space, the theory of
relativity and the fluctuations that generate new
primary particles. The engineer will tell you about space
exploration problems. Counsel is mainly interested in
the legal system for the use of outer space.
https://oke.io/wTmdFV7l
8. Atmosphere and near-Earth space
At sea level, the atmospheric pressure is 101,325 kPa,
which is one atmosphere. The vast majority of the
world's population - 99% - lives at an altitude of less
than 2 km. Above this mark, adaptive people can only be
found like Himalayan Sherpa, and the rest begins with
"mountain disease" caused by lack of oxygen. Most
(about 80%) atmospheric mass lies on a less dense
layer, located at an altitude of 7 km.
At an altitude of 5 km, the atmospheric pressure
decreases by half, and at about 12-passes the
troposphere and stratosphere borders, over which
clouds do not rise.
Twelve kilometers is the roof of passenger aircraft
flight, there is also short-term breathing reduction with
pure oxygen.
9. At an altitude of 35 km there is a so-called triple point of
water - due to low atmospheric pressure, it boils at a
temperature of 0°C. 37.8 km is a standard flight height for an
aircraft with a jet engine. The record is set by the Soviet MiG-
25 M. fighter and the maximum mark that the person
climbed in the flight device is 41.42 km. This achievement is
listed in the Guinness Book of Records. At an altitude of 50
km are the stratosphere borders and starts the mesosphere.
100 km is the pocket line, after which the space begins.
Almost at the same height is the Kennelly-Heaviside layer
reflecting radio waves. Above these limits, near-Earth space
begins, and the differences that from other regions of the
universe are due to the impact of our planet. It is expressed in
the presence and concentration of charged particles, their
energy, the impact of the Earth's magnetic field, etc. This
area of space is believed to be 10-12 radiuss. However, some
astronomers believe it extends into the moon's orbit.
https://oke.io/wTmdFV7l