1. Scattering of Solid Wastes-
Plastic bags in town and cities:
26th JUNE 2015 @ UNIVERSITY OF ARUSHA,TANZANIA
Mr. Henry Kazula
MSc. student, Environmental Science & Engineering at NM-AIST
Founder and Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Jielimishe Kwanza! Social Enterprise,
Managing director of “Enviro-Forum” project
Who is responsible?
What is the way forward?

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Photo: Arusha municipal dumpsite at Murriet 12Km South of the City.(February 2014)

3. Outlines:
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SECTION 1:
1. Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Tanzania-
General understanding
2. Challenges to SWM-Plastic bags
3. Government Initiative to SWM-Plastic bags
4. Opportunities to SWM-Plastic bags
5. Way forward and recommendations to SWM
SECTION 2: Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Practice-SWM

4. 1.1 Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Tanzania-
General understanding
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¨ Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is
associated with the control of waste generation, its
storage, collection, segregation & processing
&transformation, transfer and transport, and
disposal in a manner that is in accordance with the
best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservation, aesthetics, public attitude
and other environmental considerations.
(Ramachandra. T.V., et.al., 2014)

5. Figure 1.0 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System
Waste generation
Waste handling, separation,
storage and processing at the source
Collection
Disposal
Transfer and transport
Segregation & processing &
transformation of solid
waste

6. Figure 2.0 Functional Elements of Solid Waste Management System
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Source:wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in

7. 1.1 Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Tanzania-
General understanding
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NATIONAL POLICY:
¨ ''solid waste management'' means an essential service that
is provided to protect the environment and public health,
promote hygiene, recover materials, avoid waste, reduce
waste quantities, decrease emission and residuals and
prevent the spread of diseases (EMA,2004 Act No. 20,
2004, Tanzania).
¨ Solid waste management (collection, transportation and
disposal) is one of the key duties of all urban authorities in
Tanzania. (Ntakamulenga, 2012).
¨ This is a legal obligation in accordance with the Local
Government Act 1982 section 55 (g) and the Environmental
Management Act of 2004.

8. Shopping…
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(Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images)

9. Managing Plastic bags:
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¨ Managing plastic bags means knowing how to use and
store them properly so that they can be reused many
times, and knowing how they can be recycled when their
useful life has come to an end. (Casanova,2012).
¨ The 3Rs — Reduce, Reuse and Recycle — of Solid
Waste Management (SWM) also apply to plastic bags.

10. 1.2 Challenges to SWM-Plastic bags
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¨ Recycling: Plastic bags rarely recycled!
Why?
-More cost is incurred on recycling than making a new plastic bag…
-Easily to use and durable (disposable)
-Accessible for low price (TZS 100-500) in the market
-Sometimes freely offered
¨ The storage and disposing place/site of waste at the source of
generation, especially at the household level in salvaged
drums/tins, paper bags, plastic paper bags, jute bags, sacks,
or even just being thrown on the bear ground. Making it
difficult for its collection, and hence its accumulation in
household vicinity
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11. 1.3 Government Initiative to SWM-Plastic bags
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¨ In late 2011 Tanzania imposed a blanket ban on
plastic bags between 30 and 65 microns thick in a
bid to protect the environment. The East African
Newspaper: Saturday, September 29th, 2012 at
17:57 by ADAM IHUCHA Special Correspondent.
www.jielimishekwanza.wordpress.com

12. ??????
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www.jielimishekwanza.wordpress.com
Shopping bags in the market!
Effective Environmental
Management policy?
© www.jielimishekwanza.blogspot.com (4th May 2014)
A total ban on plastic bags will
only gloss over the lack of an
effective Environmental
Management policy.

13. 1.3 Government Initiative to SWM-Plastic bags
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Another Initiatives:
¨ Industry owners and investors are encouraged to
promote the production of alternative bags in place of
plastic bags, such as paper manufactured bags.
¨ The government has engaged the private sector, Non
Governmental Organizations and community Based
Organizations to be involved in solid waste
management (SWM) services.
¨ Private sector and investors are encouraged to establish
solid waste recycling systems in order to minimize the
amount of the non-degradable waste materials.

14. 1.4 Opportunities to SWM-Plastic bags
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¨ Waste from plastic bags are huge: Appropriate
recycling plan to make valuable materials can open
doors to employment.
¨ Alternatives bags which are biodegradable can be
manufactured to create small industry

15. 1.5 Way forward and recommendations to SWM
¨ Reduce application of plastic bags, have your
own bag you will use for several time
¨ Reuse your plastic bags, don’t throw them away
¨ Recycle??? Modern Technology-
Nanotechnology?
Practice! Practice! Practice!
Leave a Place Cleaner than Before!
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What about practice?

16. 1.5 Way forward and recommendations to SWM…continue
¨ Adopting a new
approach-
“Industrial Ecology”
¨ In ecological systems
there are no wastes
-Solid waste from one
system being a raw
material (food) to
another system.
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Cyclic approach
Image: Prof.Karoli Njau
Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and technology(NM-AIST)

17. # MTAZAMO WAKO NI UPI? www.jielimishekwanza.blogspot.comJuly 4, 2015
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SECTION 2:
Attitude,
Practice,
Awareness and
Knowledge,
Towards SWM
WHAT IS YOUR ATTITUDE?

18. 2.2 Attitude and Practice
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¨ The perceptions and attitudes are learned response
and can therefore be modified or changed through
education (George 2004). Formal education from
different levels can help in understanding good
Waste Management Practices.
¨ How do people perceive SWM?
-putting the environment clean, it is the duty of the
Municipal Council.

19. 2.2 Attitude and Practice…continue
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¨ Practices:
-Some households threw their solid wastes in the
waterways (canals and drains) especially during rainy
season. Resulting Problem?
This in turn blocked the waterways causing overflow of
water (floods) and even damaging the road infrastructures
and bringing problems to many people. Also, is a threat to
marine organisms and water quality.
-“Throwing away mentality” : Throwing away of plastic
bottles, plastic bags and other solid wastes to the
environment Resulting Problem?....

20. 2.1 Awareness and Knowledge
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“To know and not to do, is really not to know.
To learn and not to do is not to learn.”
Stephen R.Covey-The 8th Habit: From Effectiveness to Greatness

21. 2.1 Awareness and Knowledge…continue
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¨ Knowledge on SWM
¨ Most people i.e. educated; have knowledge
concerning SWM, but it is not consistent with their
attitude.
¨ There is negative attitude towards SWM!
¨ We need to apply that Knowledge (Practice) to
change the attitude and way of thinking about
SWM.
Having knowledge from education is one thing,
applying that knowledge is another thing.

22. 2.1 Awareness and Knowledge…continue
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¨ Creating Awareness about SWM : It is a critical component of
effective waste management. It is important for key stakeholders to
be aware of a town’s or city’s waste management activities and
have a strong understanding of the benefits of proper solid waste
management.
How?
-Joint efforts of stakeholders; workshop and seminar
-Through campaigns to change attitudes, education and information
about waste management-should be “community driven”,
-Environmental education,
-Being the first one to act i.e. transforming people with action as
“action speak louder than words” e.g. VOICE GIVING, NIPE FAGIO

23. References:
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¨ Environmental Management Act 2004, Act No. 20, 2004, Tanzania.
¨ George F (2004) Problems of Solid Waste Management in Nima, Accra.
Undergrad Res J Hum Sci 2. Available at: http://www.kon.org/urc/v6/
george.html. Accessed on 7th February, 2015.
¨ Ramachandra. T.V., Shwetmala and Dania M. Thomas, 2014. Carbon Footprint
of Solid Waste Sector in Greater Bangalore., Assessment of Carbon Footprint in
Different Industrial Sectors, Volume 1,, EcoProduction, Pages 265–292. DOI:
10.1007/978-981-4560-41-2_11
¨ Robert Ntakamulenga, (2012). The Status Of Solid Waste Management In
Tanzania: Director for ECE, National Environment Management Council(NEMC).
¨ Lilia Casanova,(2012). Plastic bags should be managed, not banned. Executive
director of the Center for Advanced Philippine Studies, and a board member
of the Solid Waste Management Association of the Philippines. http://
www.scidev.net/asia-pacific/pollution/opinion/plastic-bags-should-be-
managed-not-banned.html

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…I do appreciate your attention!
“Be The Change You Want To See In Your World”-
Mahtma Gandhi.
© Jielimishe Kwanza! Social Enterprise, (2014)

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Enviro-Forum
“Make It for Positive Change”
Online forum
www.enviroforum.co.tz
(Under construction)