pharma

1. The nomenclature of drugs. Solid
forms in the prescription. Soft drug
forms in the prescription. Liquid
drug forms in the prescription.

2. Translate into Latin:
a) 1. Divide into five equal parts. 2. It should be repeated three times. 3.
Coccygeal bone consists of four vertebras. 4. The eleventh and twelfth ribs
are called fluctuating. 5. A dental series consists of sixteen teeth.
b) 1. trigeminal nerve. 2. triceps muscle of the arm. 3. biventer muscle. 4. a
semilunar line. 5. a double root. 6. hemisphere of the cerebrum. 7.
quadrangular (tetragonal) cartilage.
c) Take: 0,5:200 ml of foxglove flowers infusion
3 drops of peppermint oil
Mix. Give. Label:
Take: 200 ml of 3% carbonic acid
Give. Label:

3. Test
1. What Greek numeral is used in “hexamethylentetraminum”: A) 6; B) 4; C) 6,4; D) 7,4.
2. Translate anatomical term “three bones”:
A) tres osses; B) tria ossa; C) tres ossa; D) tres os.
3. Translate anatomical term “ten teeth”:
A) decem dens; B) decium dentes; C) decem dentis; D) decem dentes.
4. Translate anatomical term “the second vertebra”:
A) secunda vertebra; B) vertebra dua; C) vertebra altera; D) vertebra secunda.
5. Translate anatomical term “seven real ribs”:
A) septem verarum costarum; B) septem veris costis;
C) septem costae verae; D) septem costas veras.
6. What Greek numeral is used in “Pentalginum”:
A) 1; B) 5; C) 7; D) 10.
7. Translate anatomical term “three teeth”:
tres dentes; B) tres dens; C) trium dentes; D) tria dentes.
8. Translate anatomical term “one millilitre”:
A) millilitra una; B) millilitri uni; C) millilitrum unum; D) millilitras unas.

4. The Latin Nomenclature of Drug Forms. Additional Information Given In the Prescription.
Preparations made at pharmaceutic enterprises according to special standards are called officinal (from Lat.
officina – drugstore). Medicines which are not made according to general standards but according to the
doctor’s prescription are called magistral (from Lat. magister – teacher).
Final products administered to the patient are called dosage forms of medications. According to the
consistence of ingredients all the medications are divided into:
solid (powders, tablets, dragee, species, pills, granules)
semisolid (ointments, pastes, suppositories, plasters, liniments)
liquid (solutions, suspensions, tinctures, mixtures, infusions, decoctions, emulsions, extracts, mucilages,
A separate group is formed by aerosols (aërosola). Medications used for injections, for eye diseases, for
infants and children under 3 years old also form a separate group.
All dosage forms are prescribed in a full or short form. While prescribing medicines in a short form the
dosage form, the name and total amount of the medicine is indicated. A full form includes the names of all
the ingredients of the medicine, their amount, dosage form and doses to be given.
Dosage routes, i. e. means of access to the site of action or systemic circulation, are divided into two groups:
enteral (enterales – through the alimentary canal)
parenteral (parenterales – not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route
such as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous etc.)

5. Ex. 1. Translate Latin prescriptions into English:
1. Recĭpe: Amidopyrini
Analgini ana 0,25
Da tales doses numĕro 12 in tabulettis
Signa.:
2. Recĭpe: Xeroformii 1,0
Zinci oxydi 5,0
Lanolini
Vaselini ana 10,0
Misce, fiat unguentum
Da. Signa.:
3. Recĭpe: Suppositoria vaginalia cum Syntomycino 0,25 numĕro 10
Detur. Signetur.:
4. Recĭpe: Aetheris pro narcosi 100 ml
Da in vitro nigro
Signa.:
5. Recĭpe: Solutionis Aminazini 2,5% 2 ml
Solutionis Glucosi 5% 20 ml
Misceatur. Sterilisetur!
Detur. Signetur.:

6. 6. Recĭpe: Olei Vaselini 100 ml
Olei Menthae guttas II
Misce. Da. Signa.:
7. Recĭpe: Sirupi Rhei 30,0
Da. Signa.:
8. Recĭpe: Emulsi olei Ricini 180,0
Sirupi Sacchari ad 200,0
Misce. Da. Signa.:
Ex. 2. Translate prescriptions into Latin:
1. Take: Boric acid 0,4 ml
Menthol 0,05 ml
Yellow Vaseline up to 10,0
Mix to get some ointment
Give. Label.:
2. Take: 2,0 of Pepsin
5 ml of diluted hydrochloric acid
200 ml of purified water
Mix. Give. Label.:

7. 3. Take: 0,2 of reduced iron
Give 20 coated tablets
Label.:
4. Take: Precipitated Sulfur 10,0
Zinc sulfate 4,0
Potassium sulfate 10,0
Purified water 100 ml
Mix. Give. Label.:
5. Take: Magnesium oxide 0,3
Sodium hydrocarbonate 0,3
Extract of Belladonna 0,015
Mix, let there be made some powder
Give 10 such doses
Label.:
6. Take: Diluted hydrochloric acid 5 ml
Pepsin 2 ml
Purified water 180 ml
Cherry syrup up to 200 ml
Mix. Give. Label:

8. Solid Dosage Forms of Medications
Solid forms of medications include:
pulveres (pulvis, eris m) – powders;
tabulettae (tabuletta, ae f) – tablet;
dragee (dragee, n) – dragee;
granula (granulum, i n) – granules;
capsulae (capsula, ae f) – capsules;
species (species, ei f) – species, tea.
Powders – pulveres
Powder is a substance made up of aggregation of small particles, obtained by grinding or triturating
of a solid drug. Depending on the number of ingredients powders may be simple (consisting of one
medical substance) and compound (consisting of 2 or more ingredients). You must write «Misce, ut
fiat pulvis» in prescription when you prescribe compound powders. They may be also divisible
(divided into separate doses) and indivisible (not divided into doses). When divided powder is
prescribed, the amount of medical substances and the number of doses should be indicated: «Da
tales doses numero …»

9. Examples:
Recĭpe: Amidopyrini 0,3 Recĭpe: Analgini
Da tales doses numĕro 10 Amidopyrini ana 0,25
Signa. One dose tree times a day Misce, ut fiat pulvis
Da tales doses numĕro 10
Signa. One dose tree times a day
Powders having unpleasant taste or smell or which affect the mucous membranes and tissues of teeth are
prescribed in gelatinous capsules (in capsulis gelatinosis).
Tablets – tabulettae
Tablet is a solid dosage form of various weight, size and shape which may be molded or compressed and
which contains a medical substance in pure and diluted form. A variety of tablets are coated tablets –
tabulettae obductae. They are coated with sugar, cocoa, etc. for elimination of unpleasant taste or
localization of the place of action.
Tablets are prescribed in two ways:
1. When tablets do not have a code name, the names of their ingredients and doses are indicated, e. g.:
Recipe: Acidi acetylsalicylici
Phenacetini ana 0,25
Da tales doses numero 12 in tabulettis
Signa: One tablet 3 times a day

10. 2. The ingredients are not indicated when tablets having a code name
(tablets known as trade drug names) are prescribed, e. g.:
Recipe: Tabulettas Analgini 0,5 numero 10
Da. Signa:
The weight of a tablet is not indicated only if the weight of an ingredient is fixed (standard), e. g.:
Recipe: Tabulettas «Pentalginum» № 10
Da. Signa: One tablet 2-3 times a day.
Dragee – dragee
Dragee is a sugar coated pill or medical confection. Vitamins are usually prescribed in the form of
dragee. Dragees are prescribed in two ways, e. g.:
Recipe: Aminazini 0,025 Recipe: Dragee Aminazini 0,025№ 12
Da tales doses numero 12 in dragee Da. Signa: 1 dragee twice a day
Signa: 1 dragee twice a day

11. Species – species
Species – is the mixture of some dried medicinal herbs or their parts (flowers, leaves, berries, roots,
rootstock, etc.) which is used to prepare drug preparations. There are different kinds of species:
Species gastricae – gastric species
Species diureticae – diuretic species
Species cholagogae – bile expelling species
Species sedativae – sedative species
Species laxantes – laxative species
Species pectorales – pectoral species
The officinal species (prepared at the pharmaceutical factories) are prescribed in a short form whereas the
magistral species (prepared by the pharmacist according to the physician’s prescription) are prescribed in a
more detailed form, e. g.:
Short form
Recipe: Specierum pectoralium 100,0
Da. Signa: Put 1 tablespoon of species into a cup
of boiled water and leave it for a while.
Take 2-3 tablespoons of tincture three times a day

12. Full form
Recipe: Foliorum Eucalipti 20,0
Foliorum Salviae
Florum Chamomillae ana 40,0
Misce fiant species
Da. Signa: Put 1 tablespoon of species into a cup
of boiled water and leave it for a while.
Take 2-3 tablespoons of tincture three times a day
Capsules – capsulae
Capsule – is a structure in which something is enclosed such as hard or soft soluble container of a suitable substance for
enclosing a dose of medication which has bad taste, smell or can affect mucous membrane of the oral cavity and teeth. It
dissolves quickly in stomach or small intestine. Varieties of capsules are: capsulae gelatinosae (gelatinous capsules), capsulae
amylaceae seu oblatae (starchy or coated capsules).
Capsulae gelatinosae are divided into:
• Capsulae durae (solid capsules)
• Capsulae molles seu elasticae (elastic capsules)
• Capsulae operculatae (capsules with lids)
When prescribing drugs in gelatinous capsules it is necessary to indicate the kind of capsules, e. g.:
Recipe: Olei Ricini 1,0
Da tales doses numero 15 in capsulis gelatinosis
Signa:

13. Ex. 1. Translate prescriptions into English:
1. Recĭpe: Tabulettas Ephedrini hydrochloridi 0,025 numĕro 10
Da. Signa: 1 tablet once or twice a day.
2. Recĭpe: Tabulettas Dimecolini 0,025 obductas numĕro 50
Da. Signa: 1 tablet twice a day.
3. Recĭpe: Amidopyrini 0,25
Coffeini-natrii benzoatis 0,1
Da tales doses numĕro 10 in tabulettis
Signa: 1 tablet 3 times a day.
4. Recĭpe: Ephedrini hydrochloride
Dimedroli ana 0, 025
Misce, fiat pulvis
Da tales doses numĕro 10
Signa: one dose of powder three times a day.
5. Recĭpe: Pulvĕris Xeroformii subtilissimi 10,0
Misce. Da. Signa: aspersion.
6. Recĭpe: Ferri reducti 1,0
Dentur tales doses numĕro 15 in capsulis gelatinosis
Signetur: 1 capsule 3 times a day after meal.

14. 7. Recĭpe: Corticis Frangulae
Foliorum Menthae piperitae
Rhizomatis cum radicibus Valerianae ana 15,0
Misce, fiant species
Da in sacculo chartaceo
Signa: pour one tablespoon of species by a glass of boiled water, infuse 20
minutes, strain. Take half of the glass two times a day
8. Recĭpe: Specierum antiasthmaticarum 100,0
Da. Signa: smoke as a sigar during onsets of bronchial asthma.
9. Recĭpe: Granulorum Orazi 100,0
Da. Signa: 1 teaspoon of granules 3 times a day during
the meal.
10. Recĭpe: Dragee Aminazini 0,025 numĕro 12
Da. Signa: 1 dragee 2 times a day.

15. Liquid Drug Forms
Solutions – solutiones
Solution is a mixture of medical substances and a dissolvent (distilled water, glycerin, oils, etc.). Depending on the dissolvent
solutions may be:
Solutio aquosa – water solution
Solutio spirituosa – alcoholic solution
Solutio glycerinosa – glycerin solution.
According to the purpose of use solutions are divided into:
Solutiones pro injectionibus – solutions for injections
Solutiones ad usum externum – solutions for external use
Solutiones ad usum internum – solutions for internal use.
There are also solutiones pro anaesthesia (solutions for anaesthesia), solutiones plasmosubstituentes (solutions for the
the substitution of plasma).
Solutions are given in: ampullis (ampullis), rectiolis (rectal pipettes, which contain 3-5 ml of solution for microenemas).

16. In a full form the word Recĭpe is followed by the name of the medicinal substance, its amount and the name of the solvent,
e. g.:
Recĭpe: Mentholi 0,1
Olei Vaselini 10 ml
Signa:
Drops – guttae
Drop is a tiny sphere of liquid as it hangs or falls. There are following kinds of drops:
Oculoguttae – eye drops
Nasoguttae – nose drops
Otoguttae – ear drops
Guttae «Denta» – dental drops.
Like solutions drops may be prescribed in a short form (when the concentration of the solution in per cents and the
amount are indicated) or in the full form (when the names of a medicinal substance and of the solvent as well as their
amount are indicated).
Tinctures – tincturae
Tincture is an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic extract out of the plant raw material. Tinctures usually have some colour. They
officinal drug forms. When some tincture is prescribed, the word Recĭpe is followed by the name of the dosage form, e. i.
tincturae, and then by the name of a plant and total amount in ml. When alcoholic tincture is prescribed the word
«spirituosae» is not written, but when the ether tincture is prescribed the word «aethereae» is necessary, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Tincurae Valerianae aethereae
Tincturae Convallariae ana 10 ml
Misce. Da. Signa: 15-20 drops 3 times a day.

17. Extracts – extracta
Extract is a concentrated preparation obtained by removing the active constituents out of a
raw material. According to the extractor all extracts are divided into:
extracta aquosa - waterextract
extracta oleosa – oil extract
extracta spirituosa – alcoholic extract
extracta aetherea – etherous extract (only one etherous extract is used extractum Filicis maris
aethereum).
According to their consistency extracts are divided into:
extracta fluida – fluid extracts
extracta spissa – thickened extracts
extracta sicca – dry extracts.
Fluid extracts are prescribed in drops, thickened and dry extracts are prescribed in the form of
powders, suppositories, pills and other forms. Extracts are prescribed in the same way as
tinctures, but their consistency should be indicated.

18. Infusions and decoctions – infusa et decocta
Infusions and decoctions are water extracts out of plant raw materials. Infusion is a product of steeping the parts of plants
which are easily extracted (e. g. leaves, flowers, herbs, etc.) in water for the extraction of their medicinal constituents.
Decoctions are prepared by boiling the roots, rhizomes, cortices and solid leaves.
When infusions or decoctions are prescribed the word Recĭpe is followed by the name of the drug dosage form (Infusi or
Decocti), the part of the plant which they are made of and the name of the plant itself. After that the total dose and amount
are indicated, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Infusi foliorum Digitalis ex 0,6-180 ml
Da. Signa: 1 tablespoon 6 times a day
Recĭpe: Decocti foliorum et corticis Sambucci ex 8,0-180 ml
Da. Signa: 1 tablespoon 3 times a day.
Liniments – liniment
Liniment is an oily liquid preparation to be used on the skin. Olea vegetabilia – vegetable oil (oleum Helianthi – sunflower
oil), oleum Amygdalarum (almond oil), oleum Ricini (castor oil) are used as a basis (remedium costituents) for liniments.
Syrups – syrupi
Syrupus – is a concentrated solution of sugar, such as sucrose, in water or other aqueous liquid, sometimes with some
medicine added. The officinal preparation is a solution of sucrose in purified water and is used as a flavoured vehicle in
pharmaceutical preparations, e. g.: syrupus Rhei – syrup of rhubarb
syrupus Altheae – syrup of marsh mallow
syrupus Glycyrrhizae – syrup of licorice
syrupus simplex – simple syrup
syrupus Rubi idaei – syrup of raspberry

19. Ex. 1. Translate prescriptions into English:
1. Recĭpe: Seminum Amygdalarum dulcium 10,0
Aquae destillatae ad 100ml
Misce, fiat umulsum
Da. Signa:
2. Recĭpe: Olei Ricini 20,0
Gummi arabici 10,0
Aquae destillatae ad 200ml
Misce, fiat emulsum
Da. Signa:
3. Recĭpe: Solutionis Proserini 0,05% - 1ml
Denture tales doses numĕro 6 in ampullis
Signa:
4. Recĭpe: Extracti Polygoni hydropiperis fluidi
Extracti Viburni fluidi ana 20ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
5. Recĭpe: Infusi florum Arnicae ex 10,0 – 200ml
Da. Signa:
6. Recĭpe: Iodi 0,03
Kalii iodidi 0,3
Glycerini 30,0
Olei Menthae piperitae guttas III
Misce. Da. Signa:

20. Recĭpe: Solutionis Pilocarpini hydrochloridi 0,1
Solutionis Adrenalini hydrochloridi 0,1 – 10ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
Recĭpe: Mentholi 0,1
Olei Vaselini 10ml
Misce. Da. Signa:
Recĭpe: Infusi Althaeae
Infusi Adonidis vernalis ana ex 6,0 – 150ml
Liquoris Ammonii anisati 3ml
Natrii hydrocarbonatis 3,0
Misce. Da. Signa:
Recĭpe: Mucilaginis seminum Lini 300ml
Da. Signa:

21. Soft Dosage Forms of Medications
Ointments – unguenta
Ointment is a semisolid preparation for external application to the body usually containing a medicinal substance and a
special base. Common bases for ointments are:
Vaselinum – Vaseline, Oleum Vaselini – Vaseline oil, Lanolinum – lanolin, adeps suillus depuratus (axungia porcina) –
depurated pork lard.
As the basis for liquid ointments (liniments – oily liquid preparations to be used on the skin) various oils are used: oleum
Helianthi – sunflower oil, oleum Amygdalarum – almond oil, oleum Ricini – castor oil.
Eye ointments are called oculenta or unguenta ophthalmica.
Ointments are divided into simple and composite. If the ointment consists of one prepararion it is called simple, ointments
with two or more preparations are called composite.
Ointments are prescribed in a short or full form.
Officinal and simple ointments are usually prescribed in a short form. In this case the prescription begins with the name of
the drug form which is followed by the name of the preparation, indication of the concentration of the ointment and its
amount, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Unguenti Anaesthesini 10% - 20,0
Da. Signa: lubricate the effected skin regions
When ointments are prescribed in a full form all ingredients and their amount must be indicated. After that in Subscriptio
you should write Misce, ut fiat unguentum, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Anaesthesini 2,0
Vaselini 20,0
Misce, ut fiat unguentum
Da. Signa: lubricate the effected skin regions

22. Suppositories – suppositoria
Suppository is a medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal or urethral orifice of the
body. Suppositories are solid at room temperature but melt at body temperature. Common bases for
suppositories are: oleum (butyrum) Cacao – cocoa butter, olea vegetabilia – vegetable oils, mixture cum
cera – cerated mixture, Lanolinum – lanolin.
Suppositories which are inserted through the rectum are called suppositoria rectalia, those which are inserted
through vagina are called suppositoria vaginalia, and those which are inserted through urethral canal are
called bacilli.
Supposditories are prescribed in a short or full form. In the full form all the ingredients should be indicated
and in Subscriptio you should write Misce, ut fiant suppositoria, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Synthomicini 0,2
Olei Cacao 3,0
Misce, fiat suppositorium rectale
Da tales doses numĕro 10
Signa: insert one suppository into the rectum at bedtime
If suppositories nave a code name the word Recĭpe is followed by the word Suppositoria and the name, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Suppositoria «Anaesthesolum» numĕro 20
Da. Signa: insert one suppository into the rectum at bedtime

23. Pastes – pastae
Paste is a semisolid preparation for external use which consists of different powders (talc, starch or zinc
and a base. It is a preparation similar to ointment but thicker and stiffer that penetrates the skin less than an
ointment. Pastes are prescribed in the same way as ointments, e. g.:
Recĭpe: Pastae Lassari 25,0
Da. Signa: lubricate the effected regions (a short form)
Recĭpe: Ichthyoli 4,0
Zinci oxydi
Amyli ana 10,0
Lanolini 80,0
Misce, fiat pasta
Da. Signa: lubricate the effected regions (a full form)
Stomatological paste is one of the varieties of pastes. It is usually prepared in small amounts at patient’s
presence. It’s the mixture of medicinal preparation in the form of powder and Glicerine or vaselin or oils. Such
pastes are always prescribed in a full form indicating all the ingredients.
A separate group form toothpastes. They can be divided into into two groups:
hygienic toothpastes
therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes
Toothpastes are sold without prescriptions.

24. Pills – pilulae
Pill is a small globular or oval medicated mass to swallowed. Pills with a mass over 0,5 are called bolus
(bolus, bole).
When pills are prescribed, the names of all their constituents, their amount and the amount of a pill are
indicated. Pills contain, inaddition to the active drug, a diluent (or filler) and an excipient to give the
mass adhesiveness, firmness, and plasticity, so that the pill can be worked by hand or machine to the
desired pillular form. If the kind of diluent is not important, Massae pilularum quantum satis is
written in a prescription.
When prescribing pills you should indicate: «Misce, fiant pilulae numero…» (Mix to form…pills) in
Subscriptio.

25. Translate prescriptions into Latin:
Take: 1.0 of precipitated sulfur
1.0 of Glycerin
60 ml of purified water
Mix. Give. Label:
Take: 0.015 of Morphine hydrochloride
0.05 of diluted hydrochloric acid
200 ml of purified water
20 ml of raspberry syrup
Mix. Give. Label:
Take: 100 ml of Aloe syrup with iron
Give. Label:
Take: 1,0 of Camphor
2,0 of Menthol
10,0 of Ethyl salicylate
15,0 of Turpentine oil
Let it be mixed, given and labeled.
Take: 0,5 of salicylic acid
0,6 of Zinc oxide
9,5 of Vaseline
Mix to get some ointment
Give. Label: