This document discusses soil properties and index properties of soil. It defines key terms related to soil texture, structure, drainage and composition. Soil texture refers to the relative percentages of sand, silt and clay in a soil. Structure describes how soil particles are grouped. Drainage is influenced by soil color, with greyer soils being poorer drained. The document also examines physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, including the microorganisms and processes involved.
Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water and air. It supports plant growth by providing nutrients and anchoring plants. Soil formation involves weathering of bedrock and develops distinct layers over time. Soil properties like texture, structure, porosity and permeability impact water and nutrient retention. Erosion by water and wind degrades soils and impacts agriculture. Conservation techniques like contour plowing, cover cropping and reduced tillage help mitigate erosion.
This document discusses the key components and formation of soil. It describes the six major components of soil as eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil forms through the weathering of bedrock and is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The document also outlines the horizons and properties of soil, such as texture and permeability, and explains their importance for supporting plant life. Various human impacts on and management of soil are also covered, such as erosion, conservation practices, and relevant legislation.
This document provides an overview of soil, including its 6 major components, importance, formation processes, properties, and conservation. Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and decay of organic matter. It consists of minerals, water, air, and living organisms. Soil is important as it provides nutrients for plants, recycles water, and stores water and carbon. Soil type is determined by texture, permeability, porosity, and other factors. Proper soil management through practices like contour plowing and crop rotation can reduce erosion and maintain soil quality.
Civil Engineering Scope and Uses for societykeshavmech2008
Driving on a highway or while walking on a bridge ever wondered what it takes to be a designer behind these massive constructions? Civil engineers discuss real-world challenges and work on dynamic technical developments. Are you someone who has an interest in planning and constructing new buildings? Get involved and make an impact through your designs, constructions and engineering technology. It is important to assess the scope of a field before pursuing a career in that direction, here is all the information you need on the scope of civil engineering.
THIS BLOG INCLUDES:
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Salary in Civil Engineering
List of Civil Engineering Jobs
Skills Required
Popular Job Areas
Scope of Civil Engineering PPT
Is Civil Engineering a Good Career Choice?
Courses & Top Universities
Civil Engineering Courses After 12th: Bachelors Level
Diploma Courses in Civil Engineering
Certificate Courses in Civil Engineering
Top Colleges & Universities
FAQs
Top Civil Engineering Colleges
Types of Civil Engineering
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
There is a massive career scope in Civil Engineering as BE/BTech Civil Engineering graduates can explore promising opportunities in both the private sector and public sectors. Most importantly, there is an immense scope of Civil Engineering in the government sector where you can work in the following government jobs in Civil Engineering:
ONGC
PWD
Electricity boards
Armed Forces
NHAI
Indian Railways
IOC
Town Planning
BHEL
At these public-sector organisations, there are numerous vacancies available at Indian Railways, ONGC, PWD and BHEL and offer the most scope of Civil Engineering in India!
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Here are the most popular job profiles and careers in Civil Engineering in India:
Project Manager
Planning and Design Officer
Site Engineer
Construction Managers
Civil Engineering Technicians
Architects
Assistant Engineer
Senior Engineer
Chief Engineer
City Engineer
Division Leader and Head
Deputy Engineer
Surveyors
Director of Public Work
Urban and Regional Planners
Environmental Engineers
Professor and Teachers
Researcher
Consultants
Entrepreneurs
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Looking for the best private companies for Civil Engineering jobs? Here are the top private companies in India that hire Civil Engineering graduates:
Punj Lloyd, Maharashtra
Akme Projects Ltd, New Delhi
Bridge & Roof Co (India) Limited, Kolkata
DLF Limited, Haryana
Coastal Projects Pvt Ltd (CPPL), Hyderabad
CQRA, Mumbai
Gammon Infrastructure Projects Limited (GIPL), Mumbai
Stewarts & Lloyds of India Ltd, Kolkata
Arun Excello Group of Companies, Tamil Nadu
Conart Engineers Ltd, Mumbai
Essar Group, Maharashtra
Salary in Civil Engineering
The average salary differs as per the public and private sector as government jobs. The average salary in Civil Engine
The document provides an overview of soil components and properties. It discusses the four main components of soil - minerals, water, air, and organic matter. It describes the different soil horizons from O to R, and explains their characteristics. Key points include that it takes 550 years to make 1 inch of soil, texture affects water holding capacity and infiltration rates, and organic matter improves soil properties. Soil formation is influenced over time by parent material, climate, biology, topography, and human activities like tillage can impact soil organic matter levels.
Soil formation is a long process influenced by climate, rock type, vegetation, and time. Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, air, and water. It has distinct layers called horizons that differ in composition and depth of organic matter and minerals. Soil type depends on climate, parent rock material, vegetation, and time for development, with some soils taking thousands of years to form.
This document discusses soil properties and index properties of soil. It defines key terms related to soil texture, structure, drainage and composition. Soil texture refers to the relative percentages of sand, silt and clay in a soil. Structure describes how soil particles are grouped. Drainage is influenced by soil color, with greyer soils being poorer drained. The document also examines physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, including the microorganisms and processes involved.
Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water and air. It supports plant growth by providing nutrients and anchoring plants. Soil formation involves weathering of bedrock and develops distinct layers over time. Soil properties like texture, structure, porosity and permeability impact water and nutrient retention. Erosion by water and wind degrades soils and impacts agriculture. Conservation techniques like contour plowing, cover cropping and reduced tillage help mitigate erosion.
This document discusses the key components and formation of soil. It describes the six major components of soil as eroded rock, mineral nutrients, decaying organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil forms through the weathering of bedrock and is influenced by physical, chemical, and biological factors. The document also outlines the horizons and properties of soil, such as texture and permeability, and explains their importance for supporting plant life. Various human impacts on and management of soil are also covered, such as erosion, conservation practices, and relevant legislation.
This document provides an overview of soil, including its 6 major components, importance, formation processes, properties, and conservation. Soil is formed through the weathering of rock and decay of organic matter. It consists of minerals, water, air, and living organisms. Soil is important as it provides nutrients for plants, recycles water, and stores water and carbon. Soil type is determined by texture, permeability, porosity, and other factors. Proper soil management through practices like contour plowing and crop rotation can reduce erosion and maintain soil quality.
Civil Engineering Scope and Uses for societykeshavmech2008
Driving on a highway or while walking on a bridge ever wondered what it takes to be a designer behind these massive constructions? Civil engineers discuss real-world challenges and work on dynamic technical developments. Are you someone who has an interest in planning and constructing new buildings? Get involved and make an impact through your designs, constructions and engineering technology. It is important to assess the scope of a field before pursuing a career in that direction, here is all the information you need on the scope of civil engineering.
THIS BLOG INCLUDES:
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Salary in Civil Engineering
List of Civil Engineering Jobs
Skills Required
Popular Job Areas
Scope of Civil Engineering PPT
Is Civil Engineering a Good Career Choice?
Courses & Top Universities
Civil Engineering Courses After 12th: Bachelors Level
Diploma Courses in Civil Engineering
Certificate Courses in Civil Engineering
Top Colleges & Universities
FAQs
Top Civil Engineering Colleges
Types of Civil Engineering
Scope of Civil Engineering in Government Sector
There is a massive career scope in Civil Engineering as BE/BTech Civil Engineering graduates can explore promising opportunities in both the private sector and public sectors. Most importantly, there is an immense scope of Civil Engineering in the government sector where you can work in the following government jobs in Civil Engineering:
ONGC
PWD
Electricity boards
Armed Forces
NHAI
Indian Railways
IOC
Town Planning
BHEL
At these public-sector organisations, there are numerous vacancies available at Indian Railways, ONGC, PWD and BHEL and offer the most scope of Civil Engineering in India!
Scope of Civil Engineering in the Private Sector
Here are the most popular job profiles and careers in Civil Engineering in India:
Project Manager
Planning and Design Officer
Site Engineer
Construction Managers
Civil Engineering Technicians
Architects
Assistant Engineer
Senior Engineer
Chief Engineer
City Engineer
Division Leader and Head
Deputy Engineer
Surveyors
Director of Public Work
Urban and Regional Planners
Environmental Engineers
Professor and Teachers
Researcher
Consultants
Entrepreneurs
Popular Private Companies for Civil Engineers
Looking for the best private companies for Civil Engineering jobs? Here are the top private companies in India that hire Civil Engineering graduates:
Punj Lloyd, Maharashtra
Akme Projects Ltd, New Delhi
Bridge & Roof Co (India) Limited, Kolkata
DLF Limited, Haryana
Coastal Projects Pvt Ltd (CPPL), Hyderabad
CQRA, Mumbai
Gammon Infrastructure Projects Limited (GIPL), Mumbai
Stewarts & Lloyds of India Ltd, Kolkata
Arun Excello Group of Companies, Tamil Nadu
Conart Engineers Ltd, Mumbai
Essar Group, Maharashtra
Salary in Civil Engineering
The average salary differs as per the public and private sector as government jobs. The average salary in Civil Engine
The document provides an overview of soil components and properties. It discusses the four main components of soil - minerals, water, air, and organic matter. It describes the different soil horizons from O to R, and explains their characteristics. Key points include that it takes 550 years to make 1 inch of soil, texture affects water holding capacity and infiltration rates, and organic matter improves soil properties. Soil formation is influenced over time by parent material, climate, biology, topography, and human activities like tillage can impact soil organic matter levels.
Soil formation is a long process influenced by climate, rock type, vegetation, and time. Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, air, and water. It has distinct layers called horizons that differ in composition and depth of organic matter and minerals. Soil type depends on climate, parent rock material, vegetation, and time for development, with some soils taking thousands of years to form.
Soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering of rock by living organisms and environmental factors. It consists of layers, with topsoil at the surface where plants grow. Soil properties like texture and water retention depend on the sizes of particles like sand, silt and clay. Different soil types suit different plants, for example loam soil supports many vegetables due to good nutrient and moisture levels, while sandy soil is suitable for cacti and aloe vera. Soil provides anchoring and nutrients essential for plant growth and development.
Soil is a complex natural body that forms at the interface between the earth's atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. It is composed of weathered rocks and decaying organic matter and provides a medium for plant growth. Soil formation involves physical, chemical and biological weathering processes over long periods of time. Soils perform key ecosystem functions like supporting plant growth, regulating water supply, recycling nutrients, and serving as a habitat. Understanding soil properties and managing soils sustainably is important for agriculture, the environment and human well-being.
Inorganic and organic components of soil (soil composition)abdulhaqmehran1
This document discusses the components of soil, including both organic and inorganic components. It notes that soil is composed of organic matter, minerals, water, and air. The organic component includes plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition into humus. The inorganic component consists of minerals like sand, silt, and clay that provide structure and retain nutrients. Water and air occupy space in the soil and are essential for plant and microbial life. Overall, the document provides a detailed overview of the key components that make up soil and their functions.
This document discusses soil profiles, horizons, and properties. It describes organic (O) horizons at the soil surface with >20% organic matter. Below are A horizons or topsoil with mixed organic matter and minerals. Lighter E horizons may underlie O or A horizons due to leaching. B horizons are subsoil zones of accumulation. C horizons are underlying parent material little affected by soil formation. R horizons are hard rock. Soil texture depends on proportions of sand, silt, and clay. Microbes in soil aid plants by providing nutrients, preventing pathogens, and improving soil structure. Plants secrete compounds to feed beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere.
Chemistry of Soil. Layer composition factors etcmiraronald16
Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, air and water that forms from the weathering of rock and decay of organic material. Soil chemistry focuses on chemical reactions in soil and the fate of contaminants and nutrients, allowing scientists to monitor pollution effects. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, the underlying parent material, and time. These factors work together over long periods to break down parent material and produce distinct soil layers with varying compositions.
Soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks through weathering processes like wind, water, and climate. It is composed of mineral and organic constituents in solid, liquid, and gas states. Soil contains particles of various sizes like sand, silt, and clay which give it different textures and properties that determine what types of plants can grow in each soil. Factors like temperature, precipitation, and biological activity influence soil formation and characteristics in different climate zones.
Soil is formed by the weathering of parent rocks. It consists of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. The vertical layers of a soil are called a soil profile, which typically consists of six horizons - O, A, B, C, D, and R. Soil texture refers to the proportions of particles like sand, silt, and clay. Other important soil properties include density, porosity, permeability, temperature, water, chemical composition, and organisms. Soil organisms play an important role in processes like nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and soil mixing.
The document summarizes key information about soil resources. It defines soil and discusses soil-forming factors such as parent material, climate, topography and organisms. It also describes soil composition, nutrients, horizons, texture, characteristics, types of fertilizers and their pros and cons. Methods to prevent soil erosion, salinization, desertification and reclaim degraded land are also summarized.
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminologyMichael Newbold
The document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil formation factors such as parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. It also examines soil processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation. Key terms are explained, like soil horizons, soil texture, and different types of humus. Soil features including color, structure, and drainage properties are also covered.
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that supports plant growth. It performs key functions like nutrient provision, water storage and purification, atmospheric modification, and habitat for decomposers. Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. Different types of soils exist based on their composition, including clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk, and peat soils, each with defining characteristics and suitable crops.
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support plant growth. It performs important functions like supporting plant growth, storing water, and providing habitat for decomposer organisms.
Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary in composition from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. The horizons include the O horizon of leaf litter and humus, the topsoil A horizon where plants root and seeds germinate, the clay-rich subsoil B horizon, the partially weathered bedrock C horizon, and the unweathered bedrock R horizon.
Different types of soils like clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk
Soil is a complex layer that provides resources for plant and animal growth. It is composed of mineral matter, organic matter, air pores, and water pores. A variety of organisms live in soil and help break down organic matter, improving the soil structure. Plants rely on soil to provide anchorage, water, oxygen, and nutrients. Soil quality and productivity can be degraded through processes like erosion from construction, contamination from chemicals, and loss of topsoil from accelerated erosion caused by human activities like plowing. Proper soil management is important to sustainably produce food and conserve this fragile resource.
This document provides information about different types of soils. It begins with introducing the topic of soil geography and defining what soil is. It then discusses several key components that make up soil, such as mineral particles, air, water, organic matter, and texture. The document also examines different types of soils like black soil, red soil, laterite soil, desert soil, mountain soil, and saline/alkaline soils. It provides details on the composition, characteristics, and geographical distribution of each soil type. Finally, the document concludes with introducing the branches of soil sciences including pedology, edaphology, and soil geography.
The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It describes how soil is formed through the weathering of rock and addition of organic matter from plants and animals over thousands of years. Soil has a profile of different layers called horizons, including the top organic-rich A horizon, the leached B horizon below it, and the unweathered C horizon of parent material. The type and quality of soil depends on factors like climate, vegetation, parent rock material, slope, and time for development.
The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It describes how soil is formed through the weathering of rock and addition of organic matter from plants and animals over thousands of years. Soil has a profile of different layers called horizons, including the top organic-rich A horizon, the leached B horizon below, and the bottom C horizon composed of partially weathered rock. The type and quality of soil depends on factors like climate, parent material, vegetation, slope, and time for development.
The document discusses the components and properties of soil. It describes the origins of soil parent material as being residual, transported, or cumulose. Soil develops layers over time from weathering of parent materials. Soil consists of solids, liquids, and gases, with mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air making up its volume. Key properties of soil discussed include color, texture, structure, consistence, and fertility/productivity. Texture refers to particle size and affects water holding and workability. Structure and consistence influence aeration and drainage.
The uppermost layer of soil consists of humus, sand, mud and rock particles. Humus consists of decayed plants and animal remains. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes. Factors like climate, parent rock type and land slope determine the type of soil formed. The major soil layers are topsoil, subsoil and bedrock.
This document provides an overview of soil composition and formation. It states that soil is composed of 5% water, 25% air, 45% mineral matter, and 25% organic material. Soils are formed through weathering of bedrock and incorporation of organic material via plant and animal remains. Soil profiles consist of horizontal layers (horizons) that indicate soil type and development. Key soil characteristics include color, structure, texture, organic content, pH, and water content, which influence a soil's ability to support plant growth.
Soil is a complex, slowly renewed resource that provides nutrients for plant growth. It is formed through weathering of bedrock and develops distinct horizontal layers over time. Soil properties like texture, structure, color and nutrient content are influenced by the parent material, climate, vegetation and other factors. Texture, determined by the proportion of sand, silt and clay particles, affects characteristics such as water retention, aeration and erosion potential. A variety of soil nutrients derived from organic matter and minerals cycles are essential for plant nutrition.
Soil is formed over long periods of time through the weathering of rock by living organisms and environmental factors. It consists of layers, with topsoil at the surface where plants grow. Soil properties like texture and water retention depend on the sizes of particles like sand, silt and clay. Different soil types suit different plants, for example loam soil supports many vegetables due to good nutrient and moisture levels, while sandy soil is suitable for cacti and aloe vera. Soil provides anchoring and nutrients essential for plant growth and development.
Soil is a complex natural body that forms at the interface between the earth's atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. It is composed of weathered rocks and decaying organic matter and provides a medium for plant growth. Soil formation involves physical, chemical and biological weathering processes over long periods of time. Soils perform key ecosystem functions like supporting plant growth, regulating water supply, recycling nutrients, and serving as a habitat. Understanding soil properties and managing soils sustainably is important for agriculture, the environment and human well-being.
Inorganic and organic components of soil (soil composition)abdulhaqmehran1
This document discusses the components of soil, including both organic and inorganic components. It notes that soil is composed of organic matter, minerals, water, and air. The organic component includes plant and animal residues at various stages of decomposition into humus. The inorganic component consists of minerals like sand, silt, and clay that provide structure and retain nutrients. Water and air occupy space in the soil and are essential for plant and microbial life. Overall, the document provides a detailed overview of the key components that make up soil and their functions.
This document discusses soil profiles, horizons, and properties. It describes organic (O) horizons at the soil surface with >20% organic matter. Below are A horizons or topsoil with mixed organic matter and minerals. Lighter E horizons may underlie O or A horizons due to leaching. B horizons are subsoil zones of accumulation. C horizons are underlying parent material little affected by soil formation. R horizons are hard rock. Soil texture depends on proportions of sand, silt, and clay. Microbes in soil aid plants by providing nutrients, preventing pathogens, and improving soil structure. Plants secrete compounds to feed beneficial microbes in the rhizosphere.
Chemistry of Soil. Layer composition factors etcmiraronald16
Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, air and water that forms from the weathering of rock and decay of organic material. Soil chemistry focuses on chemical reactions in soil and the fate of contaminants and nutrients, allowing scientists to monitor pollution effects. Soil formation is influenced by climate, organisms, topography, the underlying parent material, and time. These factors work together over long periods to break down parent material and produce distinct soil layers with varying compositions.
Soil is formed by the breakdown of rocks through weathering processes like wind, water, and climate. It is composed of mineral and organic constituents in solid, liquid, and gas states. Soil contains particles of various sizes like sand, silt, and clay which give it different textures and properties that determine what types of plants can grow in each soil. Factors like temperature, precipitation, and biological activity influence soil formation and characteristics in different climate zones.
Soil is formed by the weathering of parent rocks. It consists of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. The vertical layers of a soil are called a soil profile, which typically consists of six horizons - O, A, B, C, D, and R. Soil texture refers to the proportions of particles like sand, silt, and clay. Other important soil properties include density, porosity, permeability, temperature, water, chemical composition, and organisms. Soil organisms play an important role in processes like nitrogen fixation, decomposition, and soil mixing.
The document summarizes key information about soil resources. It defines soil and discusses soil-forming factors such as parent material, climate, topography and organisms. It also describes soil composition, nutrients, horizons, texture, characteristics, types of fertilizers and their pros and cons. Methods to prevent soil erosion, salinization, desertification and reclaim degraded land are also summarized.
An introduction to soils, soil formation and terminologyMichael Newbold
The document provides an introduction to soils and soil terminology. It defines soil and discusses soil formation factors such as parent material, climate, organisms, relief, and time. It also examines soil processes like weathering, decomposition, humification, capillary action, leaching, and translocation. Key terms are explained, like soil horizons, soil texture, and different types of humus. Soil features including color, structure, and drainage properties are also covered.
The factors which relate to structure and composition of soil are called edaphic factors.
Soil is a very complex medium. A good fertile soil contains mineral matter (40%), organic matter (10%), water (15%) and air (25%).
Mineral matter in the soil occurs in the form of particles. Soil can be studied under Physical and chemical properties.
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that supports plant growth. It performs key functions like nutrient provision, water storage and purification, atmospheric modification, and habitat for decomposers. Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. Different types of soils exist based on their composition, including clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk, and peat soils, each with defining characteristics and suitable crops.
Soil is a natural medium composed of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support plant growth. It performs important functions like supporting plant growth, storing water, and providing habitat for decomposer organisms.
Soil consists of distinct horizontal layers called horizons that vary in composition from rich organic layers on top to underlying rocky layers. The horizons include the O horizon of leaf litter and humus, the topsoil A horizon where plants root and seeds germinate, the clay-rich subsoil B horizon, the partially weathered bedrock C horizon, and the unweathered bedrock R horizon.
Different types of soils like clay, silt, sand, loam, chalk
Soil is a complex layer that provides resources for plant and animal growth. It is composed of mineral matter, organic matter, air pores, and water pores. A variety of organisms live in soil and help break down organic matter, improving the soil structure. Plants rely on soil to provide anchorage, water, oxygen, and nutrients. Soil quality and productivity can be degraded through processes like erosion from construction, contamination from chemicals, and loss of topsoil from accelerated erosion caused by human activities like plowing. Proper soil management is important to sustainably produce food and conserve this fragile resource.
This document provides information about different types of soils. It begins with introducing the topic of soil geography and defining what soil is. It then discusses several key components that make up soil, such as mineral particles, air, water, organic matter, and texture. The document also examines different types of soils like black soil, red soil, laterite soil, desert soil, mountain soil, and saline/alkaline soils. It provides details on the composition, characteristics, and geographical distribution of each soil type. Finally, the document concludes with introducing the branches of soil sciences including pedology, edaphology, and soil geography.
The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It describes how soil is formed through the weathering of rock and addition of organic matter from plants and animals over thousands of years. Soil has a profile of different layers called horizons, including the top organic-rich A horizon, the leached B horizon below it, and the unweathered C horizon of parent material. The type and quality of soil depends on factors like climate, vegetation, parent rock material, slope, and time for development.
The document discusses the formation and composition of soil. It describes how soil is formed through the weathering of rock and addition of organic matter from plants and animals over thousands of years. Soil has a profile of different layers called horizons, including the top organic-rich A horizon, the leached B horizon below, and the bottom C horizon composed of partially weathered rock. The type and quality of soil depends on factors like climate, parent material, vegetation, slope, and time for development.
The document discusses the components and properties of soil. It describes the origins of soil parent material as being residual, transported, or cumulose. Soil develops layers over time from weathering of parent materials. Soil consists of solids, liquids, and gases, with mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air making up its volume. Key properties of soil discussed include color, texture, structure, consistence, and fertility/productivity. Texture refers to particle size and affects water holding and workability. Structure and consistence influence aeration and drainage.
The uppermost layer of soil consists of humus, sand, mud and rock particles. Humus consists of decayed plants and animal remains. Weathering is the breaking down of rocks into smaller pieces through physical or chemical processes. Factors like climate, parent rock type and land slope determine the type of soil formed. The major soil layers are topsoil, subsoil and bedrock.
This document provides an overview of soil composition and formation. It states that soil is composed of 5% water, 25% air, 45% mineral matter, and 25% organic material. Soils are formed through weathering of bedrock and incorporation of organic material via plant and animal remains. Soil profiles consist of horizontal layers (horizons) that indicate soil type and development. Key soil characteristics include color, structure, texture, organic content, pH, and water content, which influence a soil's ability to support plant growth.
Soil is a complex, slowly renewed resource that provides nutrients for plant growth. It is formed through weathering of bedrock and develops distinct horizontal layers over time. Soil properties like texture, structure, color and nutrient content are influenced by the parent material, climate, vegetation and other factors. Texture, determined by the proportion of sand, silt and clay particles, affects characteristics such as water retention, aeration and erosion potential. A variety of soil nutrients derived from organic matter and minerals cycles are essential for plant nutrition.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
2. OBJECTIVES
Describe soil by physical, chemical, and
biological properties of the soil.
Distinguish among physical, chemical,
and biological properties of the soil.
Distinguish between homogenous and
heterogeneous mixtures in soil.
3. Objective 1: TERMS TO KNOW:
Clay- The smallest soil particle
Sand - The largest soil particle
Silt - An intermediate sized soil particle
Structure - The way individual soil
particles are grouped together
Texture - A physical property of the soil
referring to the relative percentages of
sand, silt, and clay
4. Objective 1: TERMS TO KNOW: (Cont’d)
Topsoil - The upper part of the soil profile that is
normally cultivated
Subsoil - the area in the soil profile below the
topsoil which accumulates clay
Subsoiling - A method of breaking up the compacted
layers of the soil that restrict air and water movement
and root growth using farm machinery
Tillage pan - areas of compacted soil in the plant root
zone created by repeated plowing of heavy soils
especially when wet; also called a plow pan
Mottling - Spots of color in the soil that indicates
internal drainage and aeration
5. Texture
physical property of soil considered rather
permanent
refers to the relative percentages of the
three types of soil particles
Sand
Silt
Clay
6. Determining Soil Texture
Sensing the feel
It is the varying amount of each soil particle
type that gives soil its texture or feel.
Mechanical analysis
7. Textural Triangle
used to obtain a soil
textural name for a
sample after it has
been mechanically
analyzed
8. Light Soils vs Heavy Soils
Light Soils - sandy or coarse texture
Heavy Soils - clay or fine texture
Loamy Soils - medium textured
more desirable characteristics usually
associated with highly productive soils that are
easier to manage
9. Light Soils vs Heavy Soils
When comparing light soils to heavy soils,
the light soil will:
require less energy to cultivate
heat and cool faster
usually lighter in color
wet and dry faster
usually subject to greater erosion
usually lower in fertility
10. Four Main Types of Soil Structure
Platy - thin horizontal sheets overlapping
each other
Prismatic - long vertical columns without
rounded tops
Block-like - irregular shaped cubes
Spheroidal - rounded and often referred
to as granular or crumb; usually found in
the topsoil
11. Two Types of Structureless Soils
Single grained soils like sand
Solid massive condition with no noticeable
peds
12. Internal Soil Drainage
important for proper plant growth
Permeability can be determined by the color of
the subsoil.
Grey with some red or yellow streaks -
poorly drained soils
Yellowish-brown or reddish brown with
some grey mottling - as internal drainage
improves
Uniform bright color with few or no grey
streaks or mottling – good internal drainage
and aeration
13. Objective 2: TERMS TO KNOW:
Infiltration - The movement of water
into the soil
Percolation - The movement of water
through the soil
No-till planting - The planting of a crop
into the previous crop stubble or a
cover crop, disturbing only the
immediate seed zone
14. Objective 2: TERMS TO KNOW: (Cont’d)
Reduced-tillage - The elimination of one
or more operational procedures from a
conventional system of working the
soil
Permeability - the characteristics of a
soil which permits variations in the
speed of air and water movement
15. Soil Types Influence Crop Selection
Light textured soil
Oats
peanuts
beets
Loamy textured soil
majority of Louisiana crops grow best in a loamy
textured soil.
Heavy textured soil
Flooded rice
requires a heavy fine textured soil to prevent loss of
surface water
Sugarcane
16. Determination of Soil Structure
determined by the way the particles of
sand, silt, and clay are grouped together
in aggregates
Peds - naturally formed groups of soil
particles
Clods - are artificially formed groups of
soil particles
17. Structured Soil
more desirable because it:
is easier to cultivate
allows more water intake
does not restrict root growth
encourages better drainage within pore
spaces
allows entry of oxygen into the pore
spaces after the water has drained
facilitates organic matter decomposition
and the release of plant nutrients
18. Destruction of Soil Structure
Soil structure can be destroyed by:
working the soil when it is wet
repeated movement of equipment or livestock
repeated use of equipment at the same depth in
the soil
continual flooding of the soil
19. Improving Soil Structure
Leaving it alone, in time it will repair itself
Planting a green manure crop
Incorporating plant residue into the soil
20. Infiltration and Percolation Rates
Rapid - spheroidal structure and single
grained structure less soils
Moderate - blocky and prismatic
structure
Slow - platy structure or massive
structure less soil
21. Tillage Pans and Traffic Pans
Tillage pans - areas of compacted soil in
the plant root zone caused by repeated
plowing at the same depth.
Tillage and traffic pans are serious
problems in many parts of the country
because the area of root restriction is
generally in the topsoil.
reduces the movement of air, water, and roots
and therefore limits crop yields.
22. Fragipans
Fragipans (silt pans) and clay pans can
occur naturally in or near the subsoil. A
fragipan is the result of too much silt in or
near the B horizon, and is not the result of
mans actions.
23. Alleviating Traffic or Tillage Pans
Subsoiling breaks up or shatters
compacted layers using deep plowing
equipment.
Reduced or minimum tillage means less
movement over the soil which results in
less compaction of the soil. Deep
Subsoiling should precede reduced or
minimum till operations.
No till reduces the formation of traffic
pans because planting is done directly in
the stubble of the previous crop.
24. Biological Properties of Soil
refers to the living organisms found in
the soil
includes both the micro and macro plants
and animals.
Plants
Micro
Bacteria
Fungi
Actinomycetes
Macro – roots of higher plants
27. Chemical Properties of Soil
The ability of soil to provide the essential
elements needed for plant growth
includes:
the availability of these elements
other chemical properties
clay minerals present
humus content
cation exchange
soil reaction (pH).
28. Objective 3: TERMS TO KNOW:
Homogenous mixtures – soil mixtures that
contain the same type of soil particles
Heterogeneous mixtures – soil mixtures that
contain different types of soil particles
Aerobic – occurring only in the presence of free
oxygen
Algae – soil plant microorganisms capable of
photosynthesis
Anaerobic – growing or occurring in the
absence of free oxygen
29. Objective 3: TERMS TO KNOW: (cont’d)
Bacteria – single-celled soil plant
microorganisms, some of which are responsible
for organic matter decomposition, while others
are responsible for nitrogen fixation
Fungi – soil plant microorganisms responsible for
organic matter decomposition, especially the
cellulose, lignin and gum
Microorganisms – life forms too small to be
seen with the unaided eye or barely visible
Nematodes - soil animal microorganisms that
are responsible for the decomposition of organic
mater, consumption of other animal
microorganisms and parasitism on the roots of
certain higher plants
30. Objective 3: TERMS TO KNOW: (cont’d)
Nitrogen cycle – the biochemical changes undergone by
this atmospheric gas from its use by living organisms to
decomposition and conversion back to the atmosphere
Organic matter – soil materials including plant and animal
residues at various stages of decomposition
Rodents – small gnawing animals such as rats and mice
Acid soil – one having a pH below 7.0 on a scale from 0 to
14
Alkaline soil – one having a pH below 7.0 on a scale from
0 to 14
Ion – charged atoms or groups of charged atoms
pH – a numerical measure of the degree of acidity or
alkalinity of the soil solution