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Deviance in sociology refers to violations of social norms. There are two main perspectives on deviance - absolutism views it as inherent to individuals, while relativism sees it as socially constructed. According to relativism, there is no universal deviance as acts are negotiated and defined differently across situations and historical contexts. For example, what constitutes murder or pornography can vary. Sociology focuses on the elements that define deviance, including social norms, expectations for compliance, perceptions of violations, and reactions to breaches of norms.
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Today's modern society has done away with the God and that ultimate designer and creator has now been subjugated by His creation.
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Today's modern society has done away with the God and that ultimate designer and creator has now been subjugated by His creation.
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As a society, we are not working together and all the social indicators and statistics that are presented in this talk show that British Society is collapsing around us.
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ROBERT D. CRUTCHFIELD GREGORY A. WEEKSThe E ffe c ts o .docx
ROBERT D. CRUTCHFIELD
GREGORY A. WEEKS
The E ffe c ts o f M a s s
In c a r c e r a tio n o n
C o m m u n it ie s o f C o lo r
In poor and
disadvantaged
communities,
there may well be
a tipping point at
which rigorous
crime policies and
practices can
do more harm
than good.
nderstandably, most of us would expect that removing criminals—those
who would victimize others—from a community would be welcomed
by the populace, and that both residents and their property would be
better off as a result. For most places, that is likely true. Removing a
person who has hurt others or who does not respect the property of
others is tantamount to removing a thorn from a tender foot. But there
is a growing body of evidence that suggest that this may not always be
the case, because of the effects that time in prison has on individuals and
their home communities. There are collateral consequences that accrue
to imprisoned people even after their sentences are completed, and some
criminologists believe that when the number of felons removed from a
community is “too high,” it may actually harm the places where they use
to live. And, since most people who are incarcerated return to the same
neighborhoods, or very similar places as those they were removed from,
their presence in large numbers, when they go home, adds a substantial
burden there, too.
Although the United States has made some progress, it remains a
substantially racially segregated nation residentially. And, the country
stays very economically segregated as well. It is not surprising that poor
people of color have been incarcerated disproportionately during the
massive increase in imprisonment that has occurred in the nation since
the early 1980s. It is from poor communities of color that a very large
number of felons are removed, and to these same neighborhoods that
they return when their sentences end. This population churning has been
called “coercive mobility” by criminologists. Although it is the intent
of legislatures, judges, police, and prosecutors to protect citizens and
communities, there is reason to believe that coercive mobility has the
unintended consequence of actually increasing crime and victimization.
Some of the changes during this period of increased incarceration
that disadvantaged people of color coming into the justice system were
implemented with the help and support of African American political
leadership, with the express purpose of protecting black and brown
communities. Perhaps the best example of this is the initial federal
sentences for crack cocaine offenses: conviction for crack selling (more
heavily sold and used by people of color) resulting in a sentence 100 times
46 ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TEC H N O LOG Y
INCARCERATION
more severe than for selling the same amount of powder
cocaine (more heavily sold and used by whites).
A long-running academic debate among criminologists
has gone on during this same p ...
Drugshow
The document discusses the issues with prohibiting drugs, including that it is very costly, causes increased crime, and has disproportionate negative impacts on minorities. Prohibition creates unsafe drug markets with quality control issues and violence since transactions cannot be resolved legally. It is argued that legalizing drugs could reduce costs and crime by establishing regulated markets where disputes are settled lawfully. The document also notes that criminalizing drugs has disenfranchised millions of citizens, especially people of color, which raises issues of fairness and racial justice.
Youth crime,- Juvenile crime
Youth Crime in America. Juveniles and youth between the age of ten and twenty-four, commit crimes in huge numbers...
Criminology essay
This document discusses theories of youth crime causation. It summarizes the Anomie Theory and Social Disorganization Theory. The Anomie Theory proposes that cultural norms can break down in societies, leading individuals to use criminal means to achieve goals. The Social Disorganization Theory suggests communities with high rates of poverty, residential mobility, and racial heterogeneity experience weaker social controls, resulting in higher crime. The document compares youth crime statistics and rates in the cities of East St. Louis and Scottsdale to illustrate how these theories may explain differences in crime levels between the two places.
10 policing the crisis
The title of this week’s session is taken from the famous study of ‘mugging’ by Stuart Hall et al. in the 1970s in which the authors note the racialised nature of the crime of mugging and the instigation of a public ‘moral panic’ in the association of young black men and violent street crime. Taking this as a starting point, we shall look at the way in which racialised people have been seen as having a natural propensity to crime and deviance that justifies the use of ‘special measures’ against them. We shall pay particularly close attention to the cases of disproportionate incarceration, the ‘prison industrial complex’ and of the suspension of law in the case of the ‘Northern Territory Intervention’.
LGBTQ Criminalization and Criminal Justice Reform
This infographic raises awareness about how LGBTQ people are disproportionately represented in the criminal justice system. It notes that biased policing and aggressive sentencing make LGBTQ people more likely to face time in prison, where they often face poor treatment and abuse. It also explores funding for LGBTQ criminalization and criminal justice reform, which, while still small, is growing.
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SUR.docx
FINDINGS FROM THE 2016 CATO INSTITUTE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SURVEY 1
Overview
Stark racial and partisan divides in favorability toward police, but no group is
“anti-cop”
While 68% of white Americans have a favorable view of the police, only 40% of
African Americans and 59% of Hispanics have a favorable view.1 Attitudes have
changed little since the 1970s when 67% of whites and 43% of blacks reported
favorable views of the police.2 Racial minorities do not have monolithic attitudes
toward the police. This report finds that Hispanics’ perceptions of police occupy
a “middle ground” between black and white Americans’ views.
Republicans (81%) are far more favorable toward the police than independents
(59%) and Democrats (59%). Nevertheless, majorities of all three groups share a
favorable view.
• Confidence gaps matter: Groups who feel less favorable toward local law
enforcement are less certain they would report a crime they witnessed.
For instance, black and Hispanic Americans are more than 20 points less
likely than white Americans to say they definitely would report a crime.
Research finds that when the police have legitimacy, the law has
legitimacy, which encourages compliance and cooperation.3
• No group is “anti-cop”: Although some groups have less positive views of
the police, survey findings weaken the assertion that these groups are
“anti-cop.” For instance, few individuals have “unfavorable” views of law
enforcement. Instead, 40% of African Americans, 28% of Hispanics, and
18% of whites are conflicted and report having “neutral” feelings toward
the police. A quarter of Democrats and independents and 13% of
Republicans share such feelings.
Emily Ekins is a research fellow and director of polling at the Cato Institute.
1 In this study the term ‘Hispanic’ is used interchangeably with ‘Latino,’ ‘Caucasian’ interchangeably with ‘white,’ and
‘African American’ interchangeably with ‘black.’
2 Louis Harris and Associates Study No. 2043, 1970, cited in Michael J. Hindelang, "Public Opinion Regarding Crime,
Criminal Justice, and Related Topics." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 11 (1974): 101-116.
3 See Linquin Cao, James Frank, and Francis T. Cullen, "Race, Community Context and Confidence in the Police,"
American Journal of Police 15 (1996): 3-22; Tom Tyler and Jeffrey Fagan, "Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People
Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities?" Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 6 (2008): 232-275; Andrew V.
Papachristos, Tracey L. Meares, and Jeffrey Fagan, "Why Do Criminals Obey the Law? The Influence of Legitimacy and
Social Networks on Active Gun Offenders," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 102 (2009): 397-440; Tom R. Tyler,
"The Role of Perceived Injustice in Defendants' Evaluations of Their Courtroom Experience," Law & Society Review 18
(1984): 51-74; Tom Tyler, Why People Obey the Law (Pri.
Chapter ten
There have been several pieces of legislation passed to deal with sex offenders in the US since 1994. This includes laws requiring sex offender registration, community notification, and the establishment of a national sex offender database. Research shows that rape is often underreported, with acquaintance rape making up a large percentage of cases. Characteristics of both rapists and victims are discussed, as well as typologies of rapists and causes of rape behavior. Treatment of sex offenders focuses on cognitive behavioral therapy and relapse prevention with high recidivism rates.
Walker, Chapter 12
The document discusses police-community relations, specifically between police and racial/ethnic minority communities. It notes that while most Americans view police positively, minorities generally view them less favorably. Attitudes vary based on factors like age, income, location, and experiences with police. Community policing programs have been shown to improve citizen attitudes by fostering trust and cooperation. Sources of tensions include disparities in police protection across neighborhoods and controversial uses of force against minorities.
Reducing Suicide Summit 2011 - Part 1
This document summarizes information presented at the Reducing Suicide Summit 2011. It provides statistics on suicide rates nationally and in the Cheshire and Merseyside region. High-risk groups for suicide are identified as men under 50, those in mental health care, offenders, and people who self-harm. Methods discussed include hanging, poisoning, and jumping from heights. Strategies to reduce suicide rates involve limiting access to lethal means, promoting mental health, and responsible media reporting.
Multiple exclusion and risk behaviour as a pathway to homelessness
Presentation given by Sarah Johnsen, University of York (U.K.) at the 2013 FEANTSA conference, "Investing in young people to prevent a lost generation: policy and practice in addressing youth homelessness"
http://feantsa.org/spip.php?article1596&lang=en
Sexual violence against women and the law in India
This document discusses sexual violence against women in India. It begins with an abstract that notes violence against women is a major public health problem in India that is underreported. It then provides epidemiological data showing that globally, about 1/3 of women experience intimate partner or non-partner sexual violence. In India, reported crimes against women include cruelty, molestation, rape, kidnapping, dowry deaths, and more. The document then examines causal factors such as sociodemographic risks, family factors, psychiatric morbidity, media/pornography influences, and multiple co-occurring risks. It outlines Indian laws related to crimes against women under the Indian Penal Code and special acts. The document concludes by acknowledging violence against women
Ethnicity (Crime and Deviance)
The document discusses statistics on ethnic representation in prisons and alternative sources of data on offending rates. Black people are overrepresented in prisons compared to their population percentage. Victim surveys and self-report studies have found mixed or similar rates of offending across ethnic groups, challenging the stereotype of higher black criminality. However, ethnic minorities experience disproportionate stops/searches and higher arrest and conviction rates, suggesting discrimination within the criminal justice system.
Internet Pornography Addictionand Priestly FormationMediu.docx
Internet Pornography Addiction
and Priestly Formation:
Medium and Content Collide with
the Human Brain
Sr. Marysia Weber, R.S.IVI., D.O.
last two decades, mental health profes-
ls have reported a growing number of people whoep
er. therapy seeking to address their increasedÍ e s e n t / ^ . therapy seeking to address their increased
urge to view Internet pornography. Accurate statistics re-
garding the use of Internet pornography are difficult to
locate; however, available research demonstrates prolific
numbers of pornographic Internet sites. According to
available data, "sex" is the number one search topic on
the Internet, with at least 4.2 million reported porno-
graphic websites currently available, signaling a fourfold
increase since 2003. Daily, there are 68 million porno-
graphic search engine requests.' An estimated 40 million
adults in the U.S. regularly view Internet pornography,
10 percent of whom admit to having an addiction to
Internet pornography. While males constitute the ma-
jority of users, one in three women view pornography.^
Researchers now predict that millions of Americans are
addicted to Internet pornography. In fact, sources assert
that the number of users of Internet pornography has
skyrocketed, making Internet pornography the foremost
addiction in the world.^
Studies also indicate that boys aged 12 to 17 are
the largest consumers of Internet pornography. This
is because of hormonal changes during puberty that
enhance sexual arousal and curiosity and contribute to
interest in sexual exploration. Recent surveys report that
90 percent of teenage boys view online pornography
while doing homework.'* Additionally, young, sexually
An estimated 40 million
adults in the U.S. regularly
view Internet pornography,
10 percent of whom admit
to having an addiction to
Internet pornography.
inexperienced persons, especially males, find it easier to
engage in sexual behavior through Internet pornography
than to risk rejection in the context of a face-to-face en-
counter with a real person.
The expansive reach of Internet pornography has
also touched a very young demographic. Notably, the
average age of children who are first exposed to Internet
pornography is 11 years old.^ Exposure to Internet por-
nography in children four to five years old is also being
reported. In his pastoral letter. Bought at a Creat Price,
Bishop Paul Loverde writes:
The [pornography] industry preys on the most
vulnerable: the poor, the abused and marginal-
ized, and even children. This exploitation of the
weak is gravely sinful. Whether need, confusion,
or alienation leads men and women to become
pornographic objects, their choice to do so cer-
107
Seminary Journal Theme: Intercultural Competence
tainly cannot be seen as free. Those who pro-
duce and distribute pornography leave a wide
path of broken and devalued men and women
in their wake.
More and more of these victims are younger,
even children. When these, the most vulnerable
and innocent of.
Youth campaign project
This document discusses the issue of sex slavery and human trafficking. It notes that over 2,880 women are trafficked every day, yet this issue often fails to receive sustained attention. The document proposes several actions that different groups can take to help reduce sex slavery, such as governments enforcing stronger laws, communities raising awareness, and providing support for trafficking survivors. It aims to make sex slavery a permanent priority until the issue can be resolved.
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Editor's Notes
- 2005/6