This document identifies three problems with using laboratory experiments to study the effects of mass media on audiences:
1) It is difficult to measure long-term effects as experiments only last a short period and only measure immediate impacts.
2) It is challenging to distinguish the effects of other possible causes from those in the experiment, as behaviors may be influenced by broader social factors rather than just media content.
3) There is an experimenter effect, where participants alter their behavior because they are aware they are in an experiment.
When you come to the Wednesday Pitch Day event, this presentation may help you in preparing and killing the first event.
Remember - this is a FIVE MINUTE pitch - but this presentation is actually much, MUCH longer.
When you come to the Wednesday Pitch Day event, this presentation may help you in preparing and killing the first event.
Remember - this is a FIVE MINUTE pitch - but this presentation is actually much, MUCH longer.
The author argues that people do not care about red meat and fatty cheese that people buy nowadays. The author compares a new store and a restaurant to support his/her idea. In addition, the author compares a modest living and being millionaires. However, the argument can be weakened by two main points.
I hope this will help whoever is preparing for MBA. I wrote this report for my Integrated Business Skills class at Studies in American Language at San Jose State University. I would like to thank Sarah Dreger Fattarsi for being a great teacher. You can also find the presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hz_zvxnqnY. It was my first presentation in English. There is also PowerPoint Slides here.
Coworking isn’t just the latest buzz term or a flash-in-the-pan trend. In Australia alone there are an estimated 140 creative coworking spaces offering freelancers, virtual employees, bloggers, contractors and solopreneurs worldwide an antithesis to corporate culture and solution to (unproductively) working from home.
Calcul de CLV en assurance : exemple simplifié de modèlisationInsurance_Marketing
Ilaria Dalla Pozza et Lionel Texier présentent les grands principes de la CLV, son application en assurance et proposent des modèles simples pour commencer à calculer la CLV chez les assureurs
MA Thesis Communication Sciences - Why Enjoyment May Be More than the Pursuit...Rianne Wijmenga
My Master of Science Thesis for Communication Sciences.
Why Enjoyment May Be More than the Pursuit of Pleasure
On the Role of Prior Experience and Emotions in Media Enjoyment
Wk. 3 DiscussionFor this week’s discussion we have been tasked w.docxlefrancoishazlett
Wk. 3 Discussion
For this week’s discussion we have been tasked with comparing the characteristics of appropriate research designs and recommend a qualitative research design that would facilitate answering the instructor’s additional questions: : (a) How do their students actually feel about the intervention? and (b) How do students view the influence of the intervention on their learning inside and outside of the classroom (if applicable)?
When it comes to qualitative research methods there are several, however the three most common are participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Participant observation in a social setting tends to aim to gain a means of better understanding within a given group of individuals, their experiences and observations and collects data. In-depth interviews are utilized for collecting data on individual’s personal history, perspectives, and experiences. This is used particularly with sensitive information. Focus groups allow for data collection through group interview processes and tend to related to specific topics. (Frost, 2011)
In addition to our week two scenario the instructors would like to answer additional questions of how the students actually feel about the intervention as well as how the students view the influence of the intervention on their learning in the classroom as well as outside of the classroom. This relates to the phenomenology research design. Phenomenology focuses on individual thoughts and feelings and its purpose is to dive in and determine what feelings or experiences the students have in relation to the intervention. This method has several different characteristics:
· It seeks to understand how people experience a particular situation or phenomenon.
· It is conducted primarily through in-depth conversations and interviews; however, some studies may collect data from diaries, drawings, or observation.
· Small samples sizes, often 10 or less participants, are common in phenomenological studies.
· Interview questions are open-ended to allow the participants to fully describe the experience from their own view point.
· Phenomenology is centered on the participants’ experiences with no regard to social or cultural norms, traditions, or preconceived ideas about the experience.
· It focuses on these four aspects of a lived experience: lived spaced, lived body, lived time, and lived human relations.
· Data collected is qualitative and analysis includes an attempt to identify themes or make generalizations regarding how a particular phenomenon is actually perceived or experienced. (CIRT, 2019)
Phenomenological research studies tend to be interested in the life experiences of human and would relate directly to answering the instructors additional research questions. (CIRT, 2019) According to CIRT 2019, “A phenomenological study attempts to set aside biases and preconceived assumptions about human experiences, feelings, and responses to a particular situation. It allows th.
Chapter TwoStudying Social Life Sociological Resea.docxmccormicknadine86
\
Chapter Two
Studying Social Life:
Sociological Research Methods
Quantitative & Qualitative
Quantitative Research is numerical and/or statistical in nature.
Often tries to find cause-and-effect relationships
It refines large amounts of information into rates, percentages, charts, graphs
Qualitative Research works with non-numerical data
It uses transcripts, photographs, written field notes, recordings, interviews
It often tries to understand how people make sense of their world
What are some examples of each type of data? Let’s give five examples..
In Education, Criminal Justice, Public Safety, Finances, etc..
The Scientific Approach
The Scientific Method is a procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data through observation and experiment.
1. Identify a problem or ask a question
2. Conduct a literature review
3. Form a hypothesis; give operational definitions to variables
4. Choose a research design or method
5. Collect data
6. Analyze data
7. Disseminate findings
Let’s Ask A Questions…
Does Violent TV lead to Violent Behavior?
Step One: We asked a question
Step Two: We read all other research done on the topic (avoid duplicating)
Step Three: We identify variables give a hypothesis
“Watching violence on TV” is the independent variable
“Acting Violently” is the dependent variable (we must define and measure accurately)
Step Four: We design the method(s) to test the hypothesis
Experiment, survey, interview, participant observation,
Step Five: We do the experiment, conduct the survey, interviews, etc.
Step Six: We analyze the data collected and review the hypothesis
Step Seven: We present at conferences, seminars, & publish our findings, etc..
But what if we’re wrong?
Correlation vs. Causation
A correlation is a relationship between variables in which they change together, and may or may not be causal. (ice cream sales and violence)
Environmental factors, peer groups, media consumption, family, time of year?
Causation is a relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other.
Drinking and driving kills or Smoking gives people lung cancer
There could be an Intervening Variable, a third variable that explains the relationship between two other variables.
Example: Warm weather: causes people to be more violent and to eat more ice cream
When both variables are influenced by a third variable it is called Spurious Correlation.
Can you think of any other seasonal examples where there could be an intervening variable?
Choosing the Right Methodology
There are a wide range of methods that allow researchers to gather quantitative and qualitative data.
Ethnography: Participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexivity
Interviews: Target Population, Informed Consent, Question Format
Surveys: Sampling the Population, Likert Scale
Existing Sources: Comparative and Historic Methods, Content Analysis
Experiments: Control Group, Independent and Dependent Variable ...
What forty years_of_research_says_about__the_impact_of_technology_on_learning...Cathy Cavanaugh
This research study employs a second-order meta-analysis procedure to summarize
40 years of research activity addressing the question, does computer
technology use affect student achievement in formal face-to-face classrooms
as compared to classrooms that do not use technology? A study-level metaanalytic
validation was also conducted for purposes of comparison. An
extensive literature search and a systematic review process resulted in the
inclusion of 25 meta-analyses with minimal overlap in primary literature,
encompassing 1,055 primary studies. The random effects mean effect size of
0.35 was significantly different from zero. The distribution was heterogeneous
under the fixed effects model. To validate the second-order metaanalysis,
574 individual independent effect sizes were extracted from 13 out
of the 25 meta-analyses. The mean effect size was 0.33 under the random
effects model, and the distribution was heterogeneous. Insights about the
state of the field, implications for technology use, and prospects for future
research are discussed.
When to Ask Participants to Think Aloud: A Comparative Study of Concurrent an...CSCJournals
This paper presents the results of a study that compared two think-aloud usability testing methods: the concurrent think-aloud and the retrospective think-aloud methods. Data from task performance, testing experience, and usability problems were collected from 30 participants equally distributed between the two think-aloud conditions. The results suggest that while the thinking aloud method had no impact on task performance and testing experience, participants using the concurrent think-aloud method reported a larger number of problems with the test interface than participants using the retrospective think-aloud method. These findings suggest a reason for preferring the concurrent think-aloud method to the retrospective one.
A list of possible essay questions 1. Over the last 30 years n.docxsleeperharwell
A list of possible essay questions
1. Over the last 30 years numerous theoretical integrations of two or more theories of crime have been proposed. First, explain how theoretical falsification, theoretical competition, and theoretical integration differ from each other. Second, explain how Longshore et al. (2004) combined self-control and social bond theories into a single integrated theory. Third, how you would create a new integrated theory of crime if you use two existing crime theories and discuss its potential strengths and limitations.
2. Empirical research indicates that men are more likely than women to engage in deviant and criminal behaviors. First, discuss the applicability of the dominant crime theories (focusing on low self-control and general strain theories) to explain gender gap in crime and etiology of criminal behaviors for both males and females. Second, assess empirical findings and their support regarding traditional crime theories’ applicability in explaining gender differences in crime and etiology of female deviance.
3. Conflict theory focuses on social inequality and power relations within society and argues that criminal justice decisions and discretion (from arrest to sentence) are biased against less powerful individuals. Discuss empirical findings (especially focusing on the empirical studies by Petrocelli et al. (2003) and Steffensmeier and Demuth (2001) on the exercise of discretion in applying the law against minorities.
4. Biological and psychological trait theories assume that biological and/or psychological factors influence aggressive/deviant/criminal behaviors. First, discuss how biological and psychological trait theories explain the causation of aggressive and criminal behaviors. Second, discuss empirical research and their findings on the impacts of biological and psychological factors on aggression and deviance.
5. During the last decade, a number of empirical studies have been conducted to understand the applicability of dominant crime theories in explaining the etiology of computer crime and school bullying. First, discuss empirical findings on crime theories’ generalizability in explaining computer crime and bullying. Second, which of the crime theories is most applicable to explain computer crime or school bullying and why?
6. Discuss social disorganization theory in detail, especially focusing on 1) two main issues raised by social disorganization theory, 2) key concepts and propositions of social disorganization theory, and 3) key findings of the study by Sampson and Groves (1989).
7. Since the late 1970s, developmental/life-course criminological theories have been developed to explain offending patterns of individuals in their lifetimes. Discuss 1) the age-crime relationship, 2) concepts of stability and desistance in antisocial behaviors, 3) theoretical explanation (focusing on low self-control theory) of stability of deviance, and 4) key concepts and propositi.
The author argues that people do not care about red meat and fatty cheese that people buy nowadays. The author compares a new store and a restaurant to support his/her idea. In addition, the author compares a modest living and being millionaires. However, the argument can be weakened by two main points.
I hope this will help whoever is preparing for MBA. I wrote this report for my Integrated Business Skills class at Studies in American Language at San Jose State University. I would like to thank Sarah Dreger Fattarsi for being a great teacher. You can also find the presentation at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1hz_zvxnqnY. It was my first presentation in English. There is also PowerPoint Slides here.
Coworking isn’t just the latest buzz term or a flash-in-the-pan trend. In Australia alone there are an estimated 140 creative coworking spaces offering freelancers, virtual employees, bloggers, contractors and solopreneurs worldwide an antithesis to corporate culture and solution to (unproductively) working from home.
Calcul de CLV en assurance : exemple simplifié de modèlisationInsurance_Marketing
Ilaria Dalla Pozza et Lionel Texier présentent les grands principes de la CLV, son application en assurance et proposent des modèles simples pour commencer à calculer la CLV chez les assureurs
MA Thesis Communication Sciences - Why Enjoyment May Be More than the Pursuit...Rianne Wijmenga
My Master of Science Thesis for Communication Sciences.
Why Enjoyment May Be More than the Pursuit of Pleasure
On the Role of Prior Experience and Emotions in Media Enjoyment
Wk. 3 DiscussionFor this week’s discussion we have been tasked w.docxlefrancoishazlett
Wk. 3 Discussion
For this week’s discussion we have been tasked with comparing the characteristics of appropriate research designs and recommend a qualitative research design that would facilitate answering the instructor’s additional questions: : (a) How do their students actually feel about the intervention? and (b) How do students view the influence of the intervention on their learning inside and outside of the classroom (if applicable)?
When it comes to qualitative research methods there are several, however the three most common are participant observation, in-depth interviews and focus groups. Participant observation in a social setting tends to aim to gain a means of better understanding within a given group of individuals, their experiences and observations and collects data. In-depth interviews are utilized for collecting data on individual’s personal history, perspectives, and experiences. This is used particularly with sensitive information. Focus groups allow for data collection through group interview processes and tend to related to specific topics. (Frost, 2011)
In addition to our week two scenario the instructors would like to answer additional questions of how the students actually feel about the intervention as well as how the students view the influence of the intervention on their learning in the classroom as well as outside of the classroom. This relates to the phenomenology research design. Phenomenology focuses on individual thoughts and feelings and its purpose is to dive in and determine what feelings or experiences the students have in relation to the intervention. This method has several different characteristics:
· It seeks to understand how people experience a particular situation or phenomenon.
· It is conducted primarily through in-depth conversations and interviews; however, some studies may collect data from diaries, drawings, or observation.
· Small samples sizes, often 10 or less participants, are common in phenomenological studies.
· Interview questions are open-ended to allow the participants to fully describe the experience from their own view point.
· Phenomenology is centered on the participants’ experiences with no regard to social or cultural norms, traditions, or preconceived ideas about the experience.
· It focuses on these four aspects of a lived experience: lived spaced, lived body, lived time, and lived human relations.
· Data collected is qualitative and analysis includes an attempt to identify themes or make generalizations regarding how a particular phenomenon is actually perceived or experienced. (CIRT, 2019)
Phenomenological research studies tend to be interested in the life experiences of human and would relate directly to answering the instructors additional research questions. (CIRT, 2019) According to CIRT 2019, “A phenomenological study attempts to set aside biases and preconceived assumptions about human experiences, feelings, and responses to a particular situation. It allows th.
Chapter TwoStudying Social Life Sociological Resea.docxmccormicknadine86
\
Chapter Two
Studying Social Life:
Sociological Research Methods
Quantitative & Qualitative
Quantitative Research is numerical and/or statistical in nature.
Often tries to find cause-and-effect relationships
It refines large amounts of information into rates, percentages, charts, graphs
Qualitative Research works with non-numerical data
It uses transcripts, photographs, written field notes, recordings, interviews
It often tries to understand how people make sense of their world
What are some examples of each type of data? Let’s give five examples..
In Education, Criminal Justice, Public Safety, Finances, etc..
The Scientific Approach
The Scientific Method is a procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasizes collecting concrete data through observation and experiment.
1. Identify a problem or ask a question
2. Conduct a literature review
3. Form a hypothesis; give operational definitions to variables
4. Choose a research design or method
5. Collect data
6. Analyze data
7. Disseminate findings
Let’s Ask A Questions…
Does Violent TV lead to Violent Behavior?
Step One: We asked a question
Step Two: We read all other research done on the topic (avoid duplicating)
Step Three: We identify variables give a hypothesis
“Watching violence on TV” is the independent variable
“Acting Violently” is the dependent variable (we must define and measure accurately)
Step Four: We design the method(s) to test the hypothesis
Experiment, survey, interview, participant observation,
Step Five: We do the experiment, conduct the survey, interviews, etc.
Step Six: We analyze the data collected and review the hypothesis
Step Seven: We present at conferences, seminars, & publish our findings, etc..
But what if we’re wrong?
Correlation vs. Causation
A correlation is a relationship between variables in which they change together, and may or may not be causal. (ice cream sales and violence)
Environmental factors, peer groups, media consumption, family, time of year?
Causation is a relationship between variables in which a change in one directly produces a change in the other.
Drinking and driving kills or Smoking gives people lung cancer
There could be an Intervening Variable, a third variable that explains the relationship between two other variables.
Example: Warm weather: causes people to be more violent and to eat more ice cream
When both variables are influenced by a third variable it is called Spurious Correlation.
Can you think of any other seasonal examples where there could be an intervening variable?
Choosing the Right Methodology
There are a wide range of methods that allow researchers to gather quantitative and qualitative data.
Ethnography: Participant Observation, Field Notes, Reflexivity
Interviews: Target Population, Informed Consent, Question Format
Surveys: Sampling the Population, Likert Scale
Existing Sources: Comparative and Historic Methods, Content Analysis
Experiments: Control Group, Independent and Dependent Variable ...
What forty years_of_research_says_about__the_impact_of_technology_on_learning...Cathy Cavanaugh
This research study employs a second-order meta-analysis procedure to summarize
40 years of research activity addressing the question, does computer
technology use affect student achievement in formal face-to-face classrooms
as compared to classrooms that do not use technology? A study-level metaanalytic
validation was also conducted for purposes of comparison. An
extensive literature search and a systematic review process resulted in the
inclusion of 25 meta-analyses with minimal overlap in primary literature,
encompassing 1,055 primary studies. The random effects mean effect size of
0.35 was significantly different from zero. The distribution was heterogeneous
under the fixed effects model. To validate the second-order metaanalysis,
574 individual independent effect sizes were extracted from 13 out
of the 25 meta-analyses. The mean effect size was 0.33 under the random
effects model, and the distribution was heterogeneous. Insights about the
state of the field, implications for technology use, and prospects for future
research are discussed.
When to Ask Participants to Think Aloud: A Comparative Study of Concurrent an...CSCJournals
This paper presents the results of a study that compared two think-aloud usability testing methods: the concurrent think-aloud and the retrospective think-aloud methods. Data from task performance, testing experience, and usability problems were collected from 30 participants equally distributed between the two think-aloud conditions. The results suggest that while the thinking aloud method had no impact on task performance and testing experience, participants using the concurrent think-aloud method reported a larger number of problems with the test interface than participants using the retrospective think-aloud method. These findings suggest a reason for preferring the concurrent think-aloud method to the retrospective one.
A list of possible essay questions 1. Over the last 30 years n.docxsleeperharwell
A list of possible essay questions
1. Over the last 30 years numerous theoretical integrations of two or more theories of crime have been proposed. First, explain how theoretical falsification, theoretical competition, and theoretical integration differ from each other. Second, explain how Longshore et al. (2004) combined self-control and social bond theories into a single integrated theory. Third, how you would create a new integrated theory of crime if you use two existing crime theories and discuss its potential strengths and limitations.
2. Empirical research indicates that men are more likely than women to engage in deviant and criminal behaviors. First, discuss the applicability of the dominant crime theories (focusing on low self-control and general strain theories) to explain gender gap in crime and etiology of criminal behaviors for both males and females. Second, assess empirical findings and their support regarding traditional crime theories’ applicability in explaining gender differences in crime and etiology of female deviance.
3. Conflict theory focuses on social inequality and power relations within society and argues that criminal justice decisions and discretion (from arrest to sentence) are biased against less powerful individuals. Discuss empirical findings (especially focusing on the empirical studies by Petrocelli et al. (2003) and Steffensmeier and Demuth (2001) on the exercise of discretion in applying the law against minorities.
4. Biological and psychological trait theories assume that biological and/or psychological factors influence aggressive/deviant/criminal behaviors. First, discuss how biological and psychological trait theories explain the causation of aggressive and criminal behaviors. Second, discuss empirical research and their findings on the impacts of biological and psychological factors on aggression and deviance.
5. During the last decade, a number of empirical studies have been conducted to understand the applicability of dominant crime theories in explaining the etiology of computer crime and school bullying. First, discuss empirical findings on crime theories’ generalizability in explaining computer crime and bullying. Second, which of the crime theories is most applicable to explain computer crime or school bullying and why?
6. Discuss social disorganization theory in detail, especially focusing on 1) two main issues raised by social disorganization theory, 2) key concepts and propositions of social disorganization theory, and 3) key findings of the study by Sampson and Groves (1989).
7. Since the late 1970s, developmental/life-course criminological theories have been developed to explain offending patterns of individuals in their lifetimes. Discuss 1) the age-crime relationship, 2) concepts of stability and desistance in antisocial behaviors, 3) theoretical explanation (focusing on low self-control theory) of stability of deviance, and 4) key concepts and propositi.
Resume
Abid Zafar
PERSONAL DETAILS
DOB June 04, 1989
Email aabidzafarwarraich@gmail.com
Phone 0322 570 66 59
Address Chandni Chowk, Jalal Pur Jattan, Gujrat, Pakistan.
PROFILE
An enthusiastic individual I approach tasks with results in mind. I am well organized and I can work well as part of a team or on my own. I like completing things on time, and making sure that I keep learning how to do things well and quickly.
EDUCATION
M. Phil Media & Communication Studies Continues… (2014-2016)
International Islamic University Islamabad
MA Mass Communication & Media CGPA: 3.90/4.00 (2013)
University of Gujrat
Published Dissertation: “Comparative Analysis of Political Parties’ News and Advertisements Coverage of National Urdu Dailies Regarding Election 2013” ISBN 978-3-659-52287-1
B.ED Division 1st (2013-2014)
Alama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
BA Political Science Division: 2nd (2011)
University of Gujrat
Diploma of Associate Engineering Division: 1st (2008)
(3-Year Diploma: Mechanical), Government Institute of Technology, Gujranwala.
Matriculation (Science) Division: 1st (2005)
Government Islamia High School, Jalal Pur Jattan, Gujrat
WORK EXPERIENCE
Worked as Reporter and Sub-editor in Online International Network from July 1, 2012 to August 31, 2012 Worked as Producer, Host and Reporter at FM- 106.6 from 21th November, 2012 to 25th May, 2013 I have great approach at Online Journalism, attended many seminars I have great experience of producing audio and video documentaries, news bulletins, features, Reports in two years Masters Degree Vast experience of writing, editing News stories, Columns, Features, Investigative reports I have great experience of Social Science Research where I got A+ in Final Thesis Regular Blogger
KEY STRENGTHS & SKILLS
I have great approach of Qualitative and Qualitative Research Methods I have great skills of writing Thesis and Research Papers I have great skills of Investigative Reporting I have skills about reporting and sub-editing in English journalism where I have reported number of seminars, National and International politicians, personalities and celebrities I have great skills of script writing, News stories, Investigative Reports, Online Journalism, Feature & columns writing I have multidimensional skills in the field of Mass Communication & Media where I got 3.90 CGPA out of 4.00, which presents my passions in this field Regular Bloggers I have great leadership abilities where I represent my class in two years Masters Degree President of Readers Club, which was about to improve reading and writing habits, conducted many seminar under my presidency
I am a great communicator, host many seminars, workshops and functions at university level I have great teaching skills where my teachers suggest me to join teaching as a profession I am a g
1. What is the independent variable 2. What is the depend.docxgasciognecaren
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable?
3. Which one of the research designs below enables use to determine cause and effect?
A. correlational B. descriptive C. experimental D. A & C
4. The "scientific method" refers to
A. historical, social-cultural, and ethical contexts in which science takes place.
B. the specific procedures, measurements, and instruments used by psychologists to conduct research.
C. an abstract concept that describes the logic and methods used to answer questions.
D. the development of psychophysical methods for measuring thought processes.
5. In a study that investigates the effects of two different doses of a drug on memory performance, memory
performance represents the ____ variable and doses of the drug represent the ____variable.
A. correlational; confounding
B. experimental; control
C. dependent; independent
D. independent; dependent
6. When the three requirements for causal inference are met, an experiment is said to be
A. balanced.
B. internally valid.
C. an independent groups design.
D. held constant.
7. The extent to which findings from a study can be used to describe different populations, settings, and conditions is referred to as
A. sampling.
B. internal validity.
C. external validity.
D. the multimethod approach.
8. The statement of a research hypothesis includes
A. an explanation for why a particular behavior is under investigation.
B. a predicted outcome and an explanation for the outcome.
C. an overview of previous research findings regarding the topic.
D. all of these
9. You are investigating how sleep affects memory. You assign half of your participants to sleep for 8 hours and half to sleep for 4 hours. You then have participants complete a questionnaire asking them to recall how many times their parents brought them to the zoo as a child. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning this experiment?
A. The independent variable is recall.
B. The dependent variable is recall.
C. The independent variable is amount of sleep.
D. Sleep is expected to affect memory.
10. What does an Institutional Review Board (IRB) do?
A. Makes sure a proposed study is ethical
B. Makes sure a study was conducted according to the plan
C. Makes sure a study will employ a method that produces quality data
D. A & C
11. A researcher computes an inferential statistic to test the difference between mean scores for an experimental group and a control group. The probability of the obtained statistical value for the t-test is .025, which is less than the alpha level of significance (p < .05). The researcher should
A. reduce the alpha level of significance to .025 to form a definite conclusion.
B. accept the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control groups because the probability is so small; thus, the independent variable had no effect.
C. reject the null hypothesis of no difference between the experimental and control.
For more classes visit
www.snaptutorial.com
Set 1
Question 1. (TCO 8) Which sociological approach would emphasize that inequalities in healthcare have clear life-and-death consequences for some due to the unequal distribution of resources?
1. 7 (a) Identify and briefly explain three problems of using .laboratory-style experiments to
study the effects of the mass media on their audiences (Item C, line 4). (9 marks)
Three problems identified such as:
difficulty in measuring long-term effects
difficulty in distinguishing the effects of other possible causes from those in the
experiment
experimenter effect
artificiality of the laboratory setting
problems of defining .violence.
ethical problems.
Two further marks for each of three satisfactory explanations such as:
Model Answer
Laboratory style experiments to study media effects on audiences will raise problems. Firstly,
lab style experiments will mean there is difficulty in measuring long-term effects: the
experiment only lasts for a short period and only measures the immediate effects of exposure
to violent images.
Secondly there is difficulty in distinguishing the effects of other possible causes from those in
the experiment: for example subsequent violent behaviour may be the result of wider social
factors, eg socialisation, peer group pressures, etc., not the media content. Perhaps a more
holistic research approach which looks at primary socialisation and secondary socialisation and
not just the mass media would be more beneficial.
The third criticism of laboratory experiments when conducting sociological research is the
Experimenter effect: in laboratory conditions it is impossible to avoid some experimenter effect,
such as the Hawthorne effect, where participants in the experiment change their behaviour
because they are aware of being in an experiment.