Culture can be summarized as follows:
1) Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors shared by a group of people. It includes both material objects and non-material elements like values and beliefs.
2) Key elements of culture include symbols, language, norms, and beliefs, which shape how people think and act and allow them to communicate and transmit their way of life.
3) There is a difference between ideal culture, which represents cultural aspirations, and real culture, which reflects the actual values, practices, and imperfections that exist within a society. Real cultures differ from ideals in areas like equality, crime, and environmental issues.
Definition of Culture Essay
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What Is My Culture Essay
My Culture, Values, And Beliefs
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Body Paragraph : What Is Culture?
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Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the thing that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one’s outlook on various
issues of life.
Cultural Rationality andthe Igbo SocietyQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Culture is complex. Each culture is clearly different. This is because of its unique historical evolution. This confers on it qualities that make it peculiar, original and an organic whole. Culture as the entire way of life of a people past and present, has dynamic interplay of factors promoting progress, adaptation and interaction. Global change constantly challenges people to maintain their identity in the face of new conditions. Notwithstanding culture is marked by stable and enduring elements as well as by changing and contingent factors. As a way of life, culture includes art, religion and religiosity, marriage and family, elders and ancestors, egalitarian societal values etc. The Igbo people have a profound religious sense in which the existence of the divine being and the invisible spirit world is natural. This study will examine some components of culture and highlights cultural erosion that affects the esteemed values vis-à-vis global changes. This leads to the trend to jettison original cultural authenticity by its sons and daughters. Hence the urgent challenge to engage the rest of the world within a composite framework situated in a purely African reality in spite of global change.
Cosmology Similar to a culture but emphasizes howwhat count.docxfaithxdunce63732
Cosmology
Similar to a culture but emphasizes how/what counts as science, religion, politics,economics,
morality, ethics, nature, and the ultimate truth of the world or universe are all connected
especially in terms of the categorical understandings of a culture.
SapirWhorf Hypothesis
Talks about the influence of language on thought and perception and categorical thinking.
what is “wrong”, “very wrong”, “bad”
"We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that
we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer
in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscope flux of impressions which
has to be organized by our minds — and this means largely by the linguistic systems of our
minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely
because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way— an agreement that holds
throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language […] all
observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless
their linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some way be calibrated.”
Ex. the idea of empty was equated with safe for these people when in fact the empty containers
were more dangerous because they contained more flammable vapors.
Franz Boas
Commitment to empiricism (emphasis on experience and evidence from observation/experiment
as opposed to basing knowledge on tradition or an innate understanding).
Field research and extended residence, learn Language, social relations with Informants
Emphasized the importance of culturally acquired norms as opposed to biological determinism
Rejected a notion of cultural evolution or stages of cultural evolution of the savage, the
barbarian, and the civilized.
Refuted biological conceptions of race
Boas made some innovations to his study:
◦He learned the local language and talked to people
◦He stayed a long time and participated in the everyday life of people
◦He learned their technologies and way of life
◦He defended Inuit way of life as logical,reasonable and deserving respect
Ethnography the study and systematic recording of human cultures and individual customs
Enlightenment philosophy defended rationality and idea of civilization against
tradition/religion/superstition
Ex. Azande and witchcraft—make rational
Kula (Malinowski shows how this practice make sense to those who could have thought it was
irrational)
In Enlightenment ideas the concept of civilization was considered to be the highest form of
human achievement. One goal of the Enlightenment was to break down tradition or religious
understandings as the ultimate source of truth.
“civilization can be defined as that which advances man's knowledge and virtue”, try to reason
everything.
Emic—from the perspective of the subject or th.
DBJ Culture Line provides customers with opportunities to experience authentic Korean culture first hand and to enjoy your stay in Korea. Our staff has had various overseas and business experiences as flight interpreters, flight crew, and experts in diplomatic protocols and international business. DBJ Culture Line offers well-distinguished programs for our customers to enjoy a memorable and unique experience in Korea. While other companies provide only a one-language service, we provide a professional French interpreting tour guide service as well. We are dedicated to give you the best possible customer-oriented care.
Definition of Culture Essay
Essay about Understanding Culture
Culture, Culture And Non Material Culture
Culture : A Cultural Perspective Essay
What Is My Culture Essay
My Culture, Values, And Beliefs
What I Have Learned About Culture
Personal Items that Defined My Culture Essay
Definition Essay: What Does Culture Means To Me?
My Culture Essay
The Culture Of Popular Culture Essay
Body Paragraph : What Is Culture?
Culture, Culture And Culture Essay
The Importance of Culture Essay
What is Culture? Essay examples
The Differences Of Culture And Culture Essay
Essay My Personal Culture
Culture And Culture: The Three Levels Of Culture
What´s Corporate Culture Essay
Culture is a way of life. The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the language you speak in and the God you worship all are aspects of culture. In very simple terms, we can say that culture is the embodiment of the way in which we think and do things. It is also the thing that we have inherited as members of society. All the achievements of human beings as members of social groups can be called culture. Art, music, literature, architecture, sculpture, philosophy, religion and science can be seen as aspects of culture. However, culture also includes the customs, traditions, festivals, ways of living and one’s outlook on various
issues of life.
Cultural Rationality andthe Igbo SocietyQUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Culture is complex. Each culture is clearly different. This is because of its unique historical evolution. This confers on it qualities that make it peculiar, original and an organic whole. Culture as the entire way of life of a people past and present, has dynamic interplay of factors promoting progress, adaptation and interaction. Global change constantly challenges people to maintain their identity in the face of new conditions. Notwithstanding culture is marked by stable and enduring elements as well as by changing and contingent factors. As a way of life, culture includes art, religion and religiosity, marriage and family, elders and ancestors, egalitarian societal values etc. The Igbo people have a profound religious sense in which the existence of the divine being and the invisible spirit world is natural. This study will examine some components of culture and highlights cultural erosion that affects the esteemed values vis-à-vis global changes. This leads to the trend to jettison original cultural authenticity by its sons and daughters. Hence the urgent challenge to engage the rest of the world within a composite framework situated in a purely African reality in spite of global change.
Cosmology Similar to a culture but emphasizes howwhat count.docxfaithxdunce63732
Cosmology
Similar to a culture but emphasizes how/what counts as science, religion, politics,economics,
morality, ethics, nature, and the ultimate truth of the world or universe are all connected
especially in terms of the categorical understandings of a culture.
SapirWhorf Hypothesis
Talks about the influence of language on thought and perception and categorical thinking.
what is “wrong”, “very wrong”, “bad”
"We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native language. The categories and types that
we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer
in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscope flux of impressions which
has to be organized by our minds — and this means largely by the linguistic systems of our
minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely
because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way— an agreement that holds
throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language […] all
observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless
their linguistic backgrounds are similar, or can in some way be calibrated.”
Ex. the idea of empty was equated with safe for these people when in fact the empty containers
were more dangerous because they contained more flammable vapors.
Franz Boas
Commitment to empiricism (emphasis on experience and evidence from observation/experiment
as opposed to basing knowledge on tradition or an innate understanding).
Field research and extended residence, learn Language, social relations with Informants
Emphasized the importance of culturally acquired norms as opposed to biological determinism
Rejected a notion of cultural evolution or stages of cultural evolution of the savage, the
barbarian, and the civilized.
Refuted biological conceptions of race
Boas made some innovations to his study:
◦He learned the local language and talked to people
◦He stayed a long time and participated in the everyday life of people
◦He learned their technologies and way of life
◦He defended Inuit way of life as logical,reasonable and deserving respect
Ethnography the study and systematic recording of human cultures and individual customs
Enlightenment philosophy defended rationality and idea of civilization against
tradition/religion/superstition
Ex. Azande and witchcraft—make rational
Kula (Malinowski shows how this practice make sense to those who could have thought it was
irrational)
In Enlightenment ideas the concept of civilization was considered to be the highest form of
human achievement. One goal of the Enlightenment was to break down tradition or religious
understandings as the ultimate source of truth.
“civilization can be defined as that which advances man's knowledge and virtue”, try to reason
everything.
Emic—from the perspective of the subject or th.
DBJ Culture Line provides customers with opportunities to experience authentic Korean culture first hand and to enjoy your stay in Korea. Our staff has had various overseas and business experiences as flight interpreters, flight crew, and experts in diplomatic protocols and international business. DBJ Culture Line offers well-distinguished programs for our customers to enjoy a memorable and unique experience in Korea. While other companies provide only a one-language service, we provide a professional French interpreting tour guide service as well. We are dedicated to give you the best possible customer-oriented care.
Many ways to support street children.pptxSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
Understanding the Challenges of Street ChildrenSERUDS INDIA
By raising awareness, providing support, advocating for change, and offering assistance to children in need, individuals can play a crucial role in improving the lives of street children and helping them realize their full potential
Donate Us
https://serudsindia.org/how-individuals-can-support-street-children-in-india/
#donatefororphan, #donateforhomelesschildren, #childeducation, #ngochildeducation, #donateforeducation, #donationforchildeducation, #sponsorforpoorchild, #sponsororphanage #sponsororphanchild, #donation, #education, #charity, #educationforchild, #seruds, #kurnool, #joyhome
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
With a focus on the 2024 revisions issued by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), participants will gain insight into the key changes affecting federal grant recipients. The session will delve into critical regulatory updates, providing attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to navigate and comply with the evolving landscape of federal grant management.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Russian anarchist and anti-war movement in the third year of full-scale warAntti Rautiainen
Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
A process server is a authorized person for delivering legal documents, such as summons, complaints, subpoenas, and other court papers, to peoples involved in legal proceedings.
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
2. Culture
Content-
Culture- Meaning & its Nature
Components of Culture
Evolution of culture
Characteristics of culture
Types of Culture
Materials and non material of culture
Ideal and Real Culture
Sunday, October 8, 2023 2
3. INTRODUCTION
Culture is derived from the English word ‘Kulthra’ and
Sanskrit word ‘Samskar’ which denotes social channel
and intellectual excellence. Culture is a way of life.
MEANING OF THE WORD CULTURE • The word
"culture" derives from a French term, which in turn
derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend
to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture”
(Cristina De Rossi) • In this sense culture is the man-
made environment and the people living in a society
actually grow their way of life over time. • Western
culture, European culture, Pakistani culture, Pakhtoon
culture etc.
Latin word Cultus “Care”
Sunday, October 8, 2023 3
4. INTRODUCTION
Culture is the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and
the material objects that together form a people’s way
of life. • Culture is NOT society-culture is a blueprint
for how we live, think and act, while society is a group
of people within a geographic area. • Culture includes
the traditions we inherit and pass on to the next
generation • Culture: totality of our shared language,
knowledge, material objects, and behavior
Sunday, October 8, 2023 4
5. DEFINITION
EB Taylor- Culture is a complex whole, which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by the man as a
member of society.
Leglic AY White- Culture is a symbolic continuous,
cumulative and progressive process.
Malinowski B- The cumulative creation of man; the
handwork of man and the medium through which he
achieves is ends
Sunday, October 8, 2023 5
6. DEFINITION
Graham wallas- An accumulation of thoughts, values and
objects; it is the social heritage acquired by us from
preceding generations through learning as distinguished
from the biological heritage which is passed on to us
automatically through genes.
CC North- The instruments constituted by man to assist
him in a satisfying his wants.
Redfield- Culture is an organization of phenomenon of
acts, objects, ideas attitudes, values and use of the symbols.
Culture is an organized body of conventional
understanding manifested in arts and artifacts which
persisting through tradition, characterizes the group
Sunday, October 8, 2023 6
7. NATURE OF CULTURE
Culture is a learned behavior not inherited. It is learned
through experience, imitation, communication, concept,
thinking and socialization process.
Culture is transmitted by vertically or horizontally thus it
is communicative. Vertical transmission is from one
generation to another whereas horizontal transmission is
from one group to another group within the same period
Culture is social not individual the pattern of thinking,
feeling & acting can be shared by the members of the group
and kept relatively uniform through group pressures
Sunday, October 8, 2023 7
8. NATURE OF CULTURE
Culture provides opportunities and provides means for the
satisfaction of our needs and desires to fulfill group
functions.
Culture is adaptive. It may institute changes in the
environment as a means of adopting, instead of altering
themselves to the changing environments.
Culture is dynamic. Couture is subjected to slow but
constant change.
Couture respond to the changing condition of the world.
Every society has its own culture.
Culture is continuous and cumulative
Culture is integrative
Sunday, October 8, 2023 8
9. Culture
“Culture is the totality of learned, socially transmitted
customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior”
Includes ideas, values and customs of groups of
people.
For example patriots attachment to the national flag is
an aspect of culture.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 9
10. TYPES OF CULTURE
There are two types of culture i.e. material culture and
non-material culture
Material culture- Material culture concerned with the
external, mechanical and utilitarian objects. It can be
easily communicated and makes our life more
comfortable, luxurious and meaningful. Thus material
culture has the extrinsic value like housing, fashion,
diet etc. material culture represent the whole
apparatus of life or civilization.
Material culture a component of culture that consists
of the physical or tangible creations (such as clothing,
shelter, and art) that members of a society make, use,
and share.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 10
12. Non-material culture- It includes the concepts, values,
mores and ideas e.g. monogamy, democracy, worship
etc.
Nonmaterial culture a component of culture that
consists of the intangible human creations of society
(such as attitudes, beliefs, and values) that influence
people’s behavio
Sunday, October 8, 2023 12
14. Ideal and Real Culture –
Differences and Examples
Sunday, October 8, 2023 14
15. Ideal culture is a set of values and practices that a
culture aims to achieve but are not truly obtained.
Ideal Culture Definition
Max Weber defines ideal culture as:
“an imaginary construct that serves as an ideal for the
assessment of actual culture” (1922)
Sunday, October 8, 2023 15
16. Weber’s definition highlights that ideal culture is only
a construct. The actual culture is always different from
it, and the construct serves as a benchmark, helping us
see the gap between aspiration and achievement.
Another definition comes from Robert K. Merton, who
defined ideal culture as:
“a set of cultural goals and the means to achieve them,
which, when shared by a large number of persons,
define the norms of a culture and the normative
structure of a social system” (1957).
Sunday, October 8, 2023 16
17. Ideal Culture Examples
The American Dream: The American Dream is a set of
ideal values consisting of liberty, equality, prosperity, etc.
The term was coined by J.T. Adams in 1931, who said that
“life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone”.
This is a belief that, in the US, there are opportunities for
everyone to prosper—irrespective of social class, one can
work hard and succeed in the capitalist system.
Perfect Marriages: Marriage is considered the ideal form
of union between two people. It is usually backed by
religious approval and is seen as the perfect way of raising
children. Marriage is thought to be a life-long
commitment— “till death us do part”—that is based on
love. However, in reality, marriages are often based on
pragmatic concerns like money or status, affairs are
common, and marriages often end in divorce
Sunday, October 8, 2023 17
18. No Crimes: In an ideal culture, there are few or no crimes, and
individuals feel completely safe both inside and outside their
homes. As people do not have to worry about their personal or
property safety, they can focus more on their work and personal
lives, leading to a more efficient and happy society. Indeed,
crime rates around the world have been steadily declining but
there is still a long way to go.
Honesty: Ideal culture would have individuals that can trust
each other and rely on institutions to function ethically.
Everyone is truthful and has integrity, so promises and
agreements are always fulfilled. There is little or no corruption in
institutions, leading to fair and efficient use of resources. This is
far from reality, as dishonesty is pervasive, and there is a lack of
transparency & accountability in institutions.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 18
19. Equality: Individuals receive equal treatment and opportunities
in an ideal culture, irrespective of race, gender, religion, etc. But
in reality, discrimination has not disappeared and there are huge
differences in access to resources. In America, racial
discrimination, such as police brutality and housing
discrimination, continues to exist. Gender discrimination,
xenophobia, and several other issues also need to be addressed.
Secularism: Secularism is the separation of the state from
religious institutions, which allows individuals to practice any
religion or no religion. Instead of following any religious
doctrine, the state governs through reason and treats everyone
fairly. In reality, however, the states that call themselves “secular”
are far from it: during recent times, the rise of Hindu
nationalism and communal tensions in India is a good example.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 19
20. REAL CULTUTE
Real culture refers to the actual values, beliefs,
practices, and norms that exist in a society at any
given time. In sociology, it is juxtaposed to
the concept of ideal culture, which refers to an
aspiration (or ‘idealization’) of a culture rather
than reality.
The term ‘real culture’ helps sociologists to refer
to a realistic picture of a society’s culture at a
particular moment.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 20
21. Real Culture Definition
Real culture refers to culture as it is rather than what it
aspires to be. The famous American anthropologist
Clifford Geertz defined culture as:
A historically transmitted pattern of meanings
embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions
expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men
communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge
about and attitudes toward life.” (1973).
Sunday, October 8, 2023 21
22. Geertz’s definition suggests that culture is a system of
symbols and meanings—customs, language, art, etc.—
that is transmitted from one generation to the next. It
is through this system that we develop our “attitude
toward life”.
So, culture is essentially a way of life: it shapes how we
think and act while also giving us a sense of identity. It
includes both tangible (clothing, jewelry, architecture,
etc.) and intangible things (beliefs, rituals, norms,
etc.).
Sunday, October 8, 2023 22
23. Real Culture Examples
Below are examples of real culture, where the nuances and
imperfections of culture are evident:
Sustained Poverty: Most societies aim to provide everyone with
enough resources & opportunities to live a dignified life, but poverty is
still far from eradicated. In the United States, for example, the poverty
rate was 10.5% in 2020, with 34 million people living in poverty.
Globally, the rate is 9.2%, with 734 million people living on less than
$1.90 per day, the majority of whom live in Africa and South Asia.
Failure of the American Dream: In the United States, people are
getting disillusioned with the idea of the American Dream. The ideals
of liberty, equality, and social mobility haven’t been actualized in
America, where inequalities and racial discrimination continue to exist.
In 2020, a poll found that only 54% of people found the American
Dream attainable, 28% thought otherwise, and 9% rejected the idea
altogether.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 23
24. Ongoing violence: All societies aspire to maintain peace,
but instances of violence continue to happen in every
society around the world. This includes domestic and
public violence issues.
Environmental degradation: Environmental degradation
has become the most critical issue in today’s world, despite
societies claiming to promote sustainability. The global
average temperature of the world has increased by about
1.1°C (2.0°F) since the 19th century and is expected to rise
further (IPCC). This has led to rising sea levels, numerous
heat waves, and heavier precipitation. Loss of biodiversity
and air pollution are two other significant concerns.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 24
25. Lack of freedom of expression: Freedom of expression is
considered a fundamental human right, but attempts to silence
voices continue. The Charlie Hebdo incident (2015) is an apt
example when two gunmen attacked the newspaper’s office over
what they felt was an offensive depiction of Prophet Mohammad.
Government censorships, such as India banning the recent BBC
documentary on Narendra Modi, are also common.
Gender inequality: Unequal gender treatment continues to be
a pervasive issue in our world. The gender pay gap exists in every
country, and there is a very small representation of women in
business leadership (only 6.6% of Fortune 500 CEOs). Women
also have limited access to opportunities, especially in
developing countries. Finally, violence against women, inside
and outside homes, has still not been eradicated.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 25
26. Elements of Culture
There are major aspects of culture that shape the way the
member of society live:
Symbols,
Language,
Norms,
Sanction
belief
values.
Humans, consciously and subconsciously, are always
striving to make sense of their surrounding world.
Symbols—such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and
words—help people understand the world.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 26
27. Symbols
Symbols are the central components of culture.
Symbols refer to anything to which people attach
meaning and which they use to communicate with
others. More specifically, symbols are words, objects,
gestures, sounds or images that represent something
else rather than themselves.
Every culture is filled with symbols, or things that
stand for something else and that often evoke various
reactions and emotions. Some symbols are actually
types of nonverbal communication, while other
symbols are in fact material objects.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 27
28. Examples of symbols
Nonverbal symbols,a common one is shaking hands,
It commonly conveys friendship and is used as a sign of both
greeting and departure.
Probably all societies have nonverbal symbols we call gestures,
movements of the hands, arms, or other parts of the body that
are meant to convey certain ideas or emotions.
Each society has its own sign of gestures.
Bowing head, whistling, winkling of eyes situation, all are the
symbols, which express a specific object idea about other.
BaithUllah is the symbol of God and we pray to it. American
Shake their hand to answer for No. Other examples are flag,
anthem, picture, statues are symbols. Symbols are the short
expression for the identification of an object or situation.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 28
29. Language
Language is a symbolic system through which
people communicate and through which culture
is transmitted. Some languages contain a system
of symbols used for written communication,
while others rely only on spoken communication
and nonverbal actions.
Language can shape how we see, taste, smell, feel, and
hear
Reflects the way we think about the people, ideas, and
objects around us.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 29
30. Language is like a vehicle through which we can carry
out our complex social activities. Language is the
foundation of a culture and ticket to the entrance of a
social life. Animal have not culture because they have
no specific language to transmit worlds to others. So,
language is the key to open a social life of an individual
with some special characteristics.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 30
31. NORMS
Norms as elements of culture are the rules and the
guidelines which specify the behavior of an individual.
Norms keep a person within the boundary of society and
its culture. It gives us restriction about something which to
do and which not to do. It molds our behavior and gives as
knowledge about wrong and right.
Norms Are the established standards of behavior
maintained by a society” i.e. respect your elders
All societies have a way of encouraging and enforcing what
they view as appropriate behavior while discouraging and
punishing what they consider to be improper behavior.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 31
32. Types of Norms
Sociologist distinguish norms in two ways
01. Formal norms
02. Informal norms.
Formal norms; are generally in written form and
specify strict punishment for violators.
They are behaviors worked out and agreed upon in
order to suit and serve the most people.
Formal norms, also called mores (MOOR-ayz)
and laws, refer to the standards of behavior
considered the most important in any society.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 32
33. Laws are formal norms, but so are employee manuals,
college entrance exam requirements, and “no running”
signs at swimming pools.
Formal norms are the most specific and clearly stated
of the various types of norms, and the most strictly
enforced.
But even formal norms are enforced to varying
degrees, reflected in cultural values.
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34. Informal norms
Are generally understood but are not precisely
recorded.
There is no as such punishment or sanction for the
person who violate these standards.
People learn informal norms by observation,
imitation, and general socialization.
Some informal norms are taught directly—“ bow your
head to elders, use your napkin.
Although informal norms define personal
interactions, they extend into other systems as well.
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35. Norms are also classified by their relative importance to
society. When classified in this way, they are known as
mores(“mor-ays) and folkways.
Norms
Mores Folkways
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36. Both “mores” and “folkways” are terms coined by the
American sociologist William Graham Sumner. Mores
distinguish the difference between right and wrong,
while folkways draw a line between right and rude.
While folkways may raise an eyebrow if violated,
mores dictate morality and come with heavy
consequences.
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37. Mores
Mores is a Latin word and the plural of mos which
means customs or beliefs accordance with a group
customary expectation. It is the “must” behavior of a
person. Mores refers to “what ought to be and what
ought not to be.” Mores are serious norms but are
informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on
a group the violation of mores threats to social order.
Punishment may be both formal and informal for the
violation of mores.
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40. Folkways
Informal norms, also called folkways and customs,refer
to standards of behavior that are considered less important
but still influence how we behave.
Are often referred to as "customs." They are standards of
behavior that are socially approved but not morally
significant.
They are norms for everyday behavior that people follow
for the sake of tradition or convenience.
Folkways indicate whether to shake hands or kiss on the
cheek when greeting another person.
Breaking a folkway does not usually have serious
consequences.
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41. Folkways are distinguished from laws and mores in
that they are designed, maintained and enforced by
public sentiment, or custom, whereas laws are
institutionalized, designed, maintained and enforced
by the political authority of the society. Folkways in
turn may be divided into two sub types: fashion and
custom.
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42. Fashion: Is a form of behavior, type of folkways that is
socially approved at a given time but subject to periodic
change. Adherents combine both deviation and conformity
to norm of a certain group.
Custom: Is a folkway or form of social behavior that, having
persisted a long period of time, has become traditional and
well established in a society and has received some degree
of formal recognition. Custom is a pattern of action shared
by most or all members of a society. Habit is a personality
trait, where as the custom is a group trait. Fashion and
customs can be differentiated in that while custom changes
at slower rate, fashion changes at a faster rate.
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44. Sanctions
Sanctions are a form of social control, a way to encourage
conformity to cultural norms.
Types of Sanctions:
1. Positive Sanctions: Positive sanctions are rewards or
incentives provided to individuals as a result of their
adherence to cultural norms. These rewards can include
praise, recognition, promotions, bonuses, awards, and other
forms of positive reinforcement. Positive sanctions are meant
to encourage and reinforce desirable behavior within a society.
2. Negative Sanctions: Negative sanctions, on the other hand,
involve punishments or penalties imposed on individuals who
violate cultural norms. These penalties can vary in severity
and may include fines, legal consequences, social ostracism,
ridicule, or other forms of negative reinforcement. Negative
sanctions deter individuals from engaging in behavior
deemed unacceptable by society.
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46. Values
Values are a culture’s standard for discerning what is
good and just in society.
Values are deeply embedded and critical for
transmitting and teaching a culture’s beliefs.
Values have major influence on a person's behavior
and attitude and serve as broad guidelines in all
situations.
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47. VALUES
Values are shared ideas of a groups or a society as to
what is right or wrong, correct or incorrect, desirable
or undesirable, acceptable or unacceptable, ethical or
unethical, etc., regarding something.
They are general road maps for our lives. Values are
shared and are learned in group. They can be positive
or negative. For example, honesty, truth – telling,
respect for others, hospitality, helping those in need,
etc are positive values. Examples of negative values
include theft, indecency, disrespect, dishonesty,
falsehood, frugality, etc. T
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49. Belief
Definition: Beliefs are personal convictions, ideas, or mental
attitudes that individuals hold to be true. These beliefs can cover
a wide range of topics, including religious, political, moral, and
philosophical viewpoints. They represent an individual's
understanding of the world and influence their thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors.
Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true.
Individuals in a society have specific beliefs, but they also share
collective values.
For example: Americans commonly believe in the American
Dream—that anyone who works hard enough will be successful
and wealthy. Underlying this belief is the American value that
wealth is good and important.
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51. QUIZ
Which of the following is an example of a non-
material aspect of culture?
a) Traditional clothing
b) A language
c) A sculpture
Which of the following is an example of material
culture?
a) A religious belief
b)A traditional dance
c) A piece of artwork
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52. QUIZ
How is culture distinct from society?
a) Culture is about geography, while society is about
traditions.
b) Culture is a blueprint for living, thinking, and
acting, while society is a group of people.
c) Culture and society are interchangeable terms.
True or False: Culture is a static and unchanging
concept.
Sunday, October 8, 2023 52
53. Assignment Title: "Cultural Identity in the Digital
Age: Social Media and Its Impact"
Sunday, October 8, 2023 53
A law is a norm that is written down and enforced by an official law enforcement agency. Driving while drunk, theft, murder, and trespassing are all examples of laws in the United States. If violated, the person violating the law could get cited, owe a fine, or go to jail.
Religious doctrines are an example of mores. For instance, ff someone were to attend church in the nude, he or she would offend most people of that culture and would be morally shunned. Also, parents who believe in the more that only married people should live together will disapprove of their daughter living with her boyfriend. They may consider the daughter’s actions a violation of their moral guidelines.
Cultural forms of dress or food habits are examples of folkways. In America, if someone belched loudly while eating at the dinner table with other people, he or she would be breaking a folkway. It is culturally appropriate to not belch at the dinner table, however if this folkway is broken, there are no moral or legal consequences.