Socialization is the process by which individuals learn norms and customs to conform to society. It occurs through various stages across one's lifetime as they learn new social roles and ways of thinking. The key agents of socialization include family, school, peer groups, and other social institutions which help induct individuals into culture through imitation, suggestion, identification, and language. Theories of socialization explore how individuals develop a sense of self and identity through perceiving themselves and internalizing social norms. Factors like one's innate qualities, environment, culture, and experiences all influence the socialization process.

1. SOCIALISATION
Meaning:
 Infront- Biological organism with animal needs
 Gradually moulded into social being
 Learns of moulding- Socialisation
DEFINITION :
Ogburn- “Socialisation”- process to learn norms- To conform to norms

2. PHASES OF SOCIALISATION
1. Primary Socialisation
 In infancy,childhood
 Three sub-stages
i) Oral stage- Feeding time
ii) Anal stage- Toilet training
iii) Oedinal stage- Identifies with social rolls
2. Secondary Socialisation
 Latter stage of childhood
 It is continuous process

3. 3. Anticipatory Socialisation
 Learning future roles
 Watching others,how they behave
4. Develpoment Socialisation
 When one grows,he changes and moulds
 Identifies with society,values,norms
5. Re-Socialisation
 Learns new ways of thinking,feeling
 Where one converts into another religion
 Re-socialisation occurs

4. ELEMENTS OF SOCIALISATION
1. Physical and psychological heritage of individual
 Inborn physical and mental capacities
 If defective- cannot socialise himself
2. Environment in which he lives
 Environment influences socialisation
 Good school, social equality,proper environment
3. The culture of the group
 Culture of his group influence
 Early or slow socialisation
4. Experience of the individual
 Experience of individual
 Influence socialisation process

5. FACTORS OF THE PROCESS OF
SOCIALISATION
1. Imitation
 Children imitate others
 Language acquired by imitation
2. Suggestion
 Process of communicaing information
 Suggestion influences behaviour
3. Identification
 Through identification,he becomes sociable
4. Language
 By language- one learns folkways,mores

6. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SOCIALISATION,SOCIALITY,SOCIALISM
socialisation- inducing individual into social world
Sociality- a quality
Socialism- a theory-mass of production controlled by state
NEED OR IMPORTANCE OR VALUE OF SOCIALISATION
 Individual learns folkways ,mores
 Self of individual develops
 It teaches culture
CHIEF AGENCIES OF SOCIALISATION
1. FAMILY
 Child initiated
 Learns toilet training
 Learns language
 Teaches norms,regulation
2. THE SCHOOL
 For socialising children
 To obey rules, regulations

7. THE PEER GROUP OR FRIENDS,PLAYGROUP OR
NEIGHBOURHOOD
Play mates,friends-same social position
1. Religion (The church)
 To mould beliefs,ways of life
 To learn religions practises
2. The state
 It makes laws for people
 Lays down modes of conduct
 Punishments for violation of laws
3. Mass media
 Radio,t.v.,influence entire society

8. THEORIES OF SOCIALISATION
 Development of self-soul of socialsation
 What he precieves himself
1. Theories of socialsation
 Development of self –soul of socialisation
 What he percieves himself
2. cooley’s theory(theory of looking glass self)
 Our perception of how we look to others
 How others evaluate our behaviour
3. Theory of durkheim( collective representation theory)
 Beliefs,ideas,feelings,concepts shared by all members
 Durkheim called it collective conciousness
 Socialisation influenced by collective representation
4. Head’s theory(self-conciousness theory)
 Me formed by socialisation
 Me- internalised socialisation
 I- unsocialised side of self
 Development of self-both “I” and me
 Role taking process

9. FRAUD
 Id,ego,super ego
 ID- institutional, unsocialised
EGO
 It acts with reason
 It discovers what is right, what is wrong
 Action of individual guided by ego
SUPER EGO
 It represents ideals,norms
 Moral aspect of personality
 It controls both id and ego
 When conflict between the two it supports ego
 Id- biological
 Ego- psychological
 Super ego- social factors
 If id is strong
 Ego weak
 One becomes delinquent