Internet safety experts discussed unwanted sexual solicitation and harassment of youth online. Key points include:
1) Prevalence rates of harassment and solicitation have remained relatively stable over time, though harassment may be occurring less in social networking sites now.
2) The majority of online harassment and solicitation comes from other minors, not adults.
3) Youth experience much higher rates of bullying and harassment offline, especially at school, compared to online.
4) Youth who experience online harassment or solicitation are more likely to report concurrent psychosocial problems offline as well.
“Combat and rape, the public and private forms of organized social violence, are primarily experiences of adolescent and early adult life. The United States Army enlists young men at seventeen; the average age of the Vietnam combat soldier was nineteen. In many other countries boys are conscripted for military service while barely in their teens. Similarly, the period of highest risk for rape is in late adolescence. Half of all victims are aged twenty or younger at the time they are raped; three-quarters are between the ages of thirteen and twenty-six. The period of greatest psychological vulnerability is also in reality the period of greatest traumatic exposure, for both young men and young women. Rape and combat might thus be considered complementary social rites of initiation into the coercive violence at the foundation of adult society. They are the paradigmatic forms of trauma for women and men.”
― Judith Lewis Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence - From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror
Blocking Cyberbullying: Findings, Discussion, and Youth-Designed Intervention...YTH
"It follows you home." Cyberbullying is something that 42% of young people have experience, and roughly 60% have observed. This issue is growing faster and larger, especially as technology is constantly changing and becoming more ingrained in our lives. How did a group of young people come together to create a solution to cyberbullying in there community? What are the impacts of cyberbullying on a young person's mental health and relationships? Come find out the answers to these questions, and others, at this presentation with the project lead, and young designers!
An updated look at the research and definitions around bullying and cyberbullying. Presented to the Youth Online Safety Working Group assembled by NCMEC, this talk unpacks both what current research can tell us about cyberbullying as well as where the gaps our understanding of this issue lie.
“Combat and rape, the public and private forms of organized social violence, are primarily experiences of adolescent and early adult life. The United States Army enlists young men at seventeen; the average age of the Vietnam combat soldier was nineteen. In many other countries boys are conscripted for military service while barely in their teens. Similarly, the period of highest risk for rape is in late adolescence. Half of all victims are aged twenty or younger at the time they are raped; three-quarters are between the ages of thirteen and twenty-six. The period of greatest psychological vulnerability is also in reality the period of greatest traumatic exposure, for both young men and young women. Rape and combat might thus be considered complementary social rites of initiation into the coercive violence at the foundation of adult society. They are the paradigmatic forms of trauma for women and men.”
― Judith Lewis Herman, Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence - From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror
Blocking Cyberbullying: Findings, Discussion, and Youth-Designed Intervention...YTH
"It follows you home." Cyberbullying is something that 42% of young people have experience, and roughly 60% have observed. This issue is growing faster and larger, especially as technology is constantly changing and becoming more ingrained in our lives. How did a group of young people come together to create a solution to cyberbullying in there community? What are the impacts of cyberbullying on a young person's mental health and relationships? Come find out the answers to these questions, and others, at this presentation with the project lead, and young designers!
An updated look at the research and definitions around bullying and cyberbullying. Presented to the Youth Online Safety Working Group assembled by NCMEC, this talk unpacks both what current research can tell us about cyberbullying as well as where the gaps our understanding of this issue lie.
Amanda Lenhart delivered this presentation to the Year of the Child summit at the National Association of Attorneys General Year of the Child Conference, Philadelphia, PA, this talk surveys the current research on cyberbullying and online harassment, pulling in Pew Internet data as well as the work of the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire, Internet Solutions for Kids and other academics and scholars researching this topic. 5/13/09
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Social networking sites, unwanted sexual solicitation, Internet harassment, and cyberbullying
1. Internet Safety Technical Taskforce
1st
Meeting, Apr 30 2008, Washington, DC
Social networking sites,
Unwanted sexual solicitation,
Internet harassment, and
cyberbullying
Michele L. Ybarra MPH PhD
* Thank you for your interest in this presentation. Please note that
analyses included herein are preliminary. More recent, finalized
analyses can be found in: Ybarra, M., & Mitchell, K. How risky are
social networking sites? A comparison of places online where youth
sexual solicitation and harassment occurs. Pediatrics.
2008;121(2):e350-e357, or by contacting CiPHR for further
information.
2. Background
One in three teens 12-17 engage in some form
of content creation in 2006 (Lenhart, Madden, Magill et al.,
2007)
Girls are more likely to post photos (54% v
40%)
Boys are more likely to post video (19% v
10%)
3. Roadmap for today’s discussion
Unwanted sexual solicitation and
harassment
Definitions
What are the prevalence rates over time?
What is the influence SNS have?
How do the rates online compare to those
offline?
Are there other factors that we need to be
aware of?
4. Growing up with Media Survey
1,588 households
Online Survey
Baseline data: August and September, 2006
Follow-up: October – December, 2007 (76% rr)
Eligibility criteria:
Youth:
Between the ages of 10-15 years
Use the Internet at least once a month for the last 6 months
English speaking
Adults
Member of the Harris Poll OnLine
Equally or most knowledgeable about youth’s media use
Funded by the CDC (U49/CE000206)
5. Youth Internet Safety Surveys
1,500 households were surveyed
Random digit dial telephone survey
Eligibility criteria:
Youth:
Between the ages of 10-17 years
Use the Internet at least once a month for the last 6 months
English speaking
Adults
Equally or most knowledgeable about youth’s Internet use
YISS-1 conducted 1999-2000; YISS-2 conducted
in 2005 by Dr. David Finkelhor and colleagues at
UNH
6. Frequent SNS use is growing
16%
34%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2006 2007
One of the two activities youth
spend most time online doing
7. …for boys and girls
12%
22%
31%
37%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Boys Girls
2006
2007
10. Internet harassment
What Youth Said…
Boy, 14: “I have my own … website and I have my own page
on it and someone posted something bad about me on it.”
Boy, 15: “I was playing a first person shooter game and
unintentionally offended this person who became very serious
and began to threaten me by saying if this was real life he would
physically harm me. [It happened because he] was unable to
accept this was just a game.”
Quotes taken from the Youth Internet Safety Survey – 2 report (Wolak, Finkelhor,
Mitchell, 2006)
11. Internet harassment: Definitions
Depends on the survey..
YISS1 & YISS2
Rude or mean comments (YISS1 only)
Felt worried or threatened because someone was
bothering or harassing them online
Someone has used the internet to threaten or embarrass
them by posting or sending information for others to see
Growing up with Media
Rude or mean comments
Threatening or aggressive comments
Spread rumors about youth, whether they were true or not
12. Internet harassment:
Prevalence rates over time
From YISS1 to YISS2, the prevalence rate of Internet
harassment increased from 6% to 9% (Mitchell, Wolak,
Finkelhor, 2006).
In the Growing up with Media Survey, 34% reported
harassment at baseline, 34% at follow-up
Frequent harassment: 8% reported being harassed
monthly at baseline, 8% at follow-up
Continuity of harassed youth over time
20% reported harassment at baseline and follow-up
13% reported harassment at baseline only
14% reported harassment at follow-up only .
13. Internet harassment: Who is the
harasser?
Based upon data from the YISS2 (Ybarra, Mitchell, Wolak, Finkelhor,
2006).
8%: Preadolescent (10-12 years old)
51%: Adolescent (13-17 years old)
21%: Young adult (18-25 years old)
2% Adult (26-40 years): 2%
18% Don’t know: 18%
The majority (59%) of harassment comes
from other minors
14. Social networking sites and
harassment
16%
34%
9%
16%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2006 2007
One of the two activities youth
spend most time online doing
% harassed in a social
networking site
15. What is the likelihood SNS users will
be harassed?
61%
50%
35% 37%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
2006 2007
SNS users harassed *somewhere*
SNS users harassed in SNS
16. How do rates compare online and
offline?
From GuwM
Defining Bullying
We say a young person is being bullied or harassed
when someone else or a group of people repeatedly
hits, kicks, threatens, or says nasty or unpleasant
things to them. Another example is when no one
ever talks to them. These things can happen at
school, online, or other places young people hang
out. It is not bullying when two young people of
about the same strength fight or tease each other.
17. How do rates compare online and
offline?
69%
87%
94%
89% 87%
27%
11% 10% 12%
5% 2% 2% 1%
6%
1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
School Internet Cell phones Community Other places
Weekly or more often
Sometimes
Never
18. Impact of Internet harassment
About one in three youth targeted by
Internet harassment report feeling
very/extremely upset (or afraid) because
of the incident:
30% in YISS-1
38% in YISS-2
25% in GuwM (wave 2)
19. Are there other factors?
Type of psychosocial problem
Odds of psychosocial problems given
report of Internet harassment
YISS1 YISS2 GuwM W2
Peer problems
Interpersonal victimization / offline bullying 3.1 *** + 1.5 * 1.8 **
Social problems 2.4 **
Behavior problems
Depression 3.6 * +
Substance use
Alcohol use 2.3 **
Inhalant and other ‘hard’ drug use 4.7 **
Respond to stimuli with anger 1.07 **
Ybarra M, Mitchell KJ, Wolak J, Finkelhor D. Examining characteristics and associated distress related to Internet harassment: Findings from the Second Youth Internet Safety
Survey. Pediatrics. 2006. 118A(4):e1169-1177.
Ybarra ML, Diener-West M, Leaf PJ. Examining the overlap in internet harassment and school bullying: implications for school intervention. J Adolescent Health. 2007 Dec;41(6
Suppl 1):S42-50.
Ybarra ML. Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004 Apr;7(2):247-57.
20. Synopsis
The prevalence rate of Internet harassment appears to
be stable.
SNS users are not significantly more likely to be
harassed now in SNS then they were in 2006.
School is by far the most common place youth report
being bullied (31%) versus elsewhere (e.g., 13% online)
The majority (59%) of Internet harassment comes from
other minors
Youth who report being harassed online are signficnatly
more likely to also report a myriad of concurrent
psychosocial problems offline too.
22. What Youth Said…
Girl, 14: “I was chatting on the Internet and this guy just
popped up in an Instant Message and started talking really dirty
to me and saying things that I had never heard of before. He
told me he was 30 years old and then he said, ‘LOL’ (laugh out
loud).”
Girl, 12: “I went into the chatroom and they asked me if I
wanted to have cybersex. I was asking them what kind of music
they liked and stuff.”
Boy, 11, who was playing an online game with a man, 20: “He
asked me something personal, something about a man’s
privates.”
Quotes taken from the Youth Internet Safety Survey – 2 report (Wolak, Finkelhor,
Mitchell, 2006)
23. Defining unwanted sexual solicitation
on the Internet
Someone tried to get me to talk about sex online
when I did not want to.
Someone online asked me for sexual information
about myself when I did not want to tell the person,
e.g., really personal questions, like what my body
looks like or sexual things I have done.
Someone asked me to do something sexual when I
was online that I did not want to do.
24. Unwanted sexual solicitation:
Prevalence rates over time
From YISS1 to YISS2, the prevalence rate of
unwanted sexual solicitation decreased from
19% to 13% (Mitchell, Wolak, Finkelhor, 2006).
In GuwM, 15% reported solicitation at baseline,
13% at follow-up
Frequent solicitation: 3.4% reported being
harassed monthly at baseline, 3.4% at follow-up
Continuity of solicited youth over time
6% reported solicitation at baseline and follow-up
8% reported solicitation at baseline only
7% reported solicitation at follow-up only
26. Unwanted sexual solicitation: Who is
the solicitor?
Based upon data from the YISS2 (Wolak, Mitchell,
Finkelhor, 2006).
43%: 17 years of age and younger
30%: 18-25 years of age
9%: 26+ years of age
18%: don’t know
Roughly half (43%) of sexual solicitations
come from other minors
27. Social networking sites and unwanted
sexual solicitation
16%
34%
4%
7%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2006 2007
One of the two activities youth
spend most time online doing
% solicited in a social
networking site
28. What is the likelihood that SNS users
will be solicited?
27%
22%
15% 15%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2006 2007
SNS users solicited *somewhere*
SNS users solicited in SNS
29. How do rates compare online and
offline?
(From GuwM) School-based sexual solicitation /
sexual harassment
The following question is about your experiences at
school. In the past 12 months, did the following
happen to you while you were at school?
Someone tried to get me to talk about sex when I did not
want to.
Someone asked me for sexual information about myself
when I did not want to tell the person, e.g., really personal
questions, like what my body looks like or sexual things I
have done.
Someone asked me to do something sexual that I did not
want to do.
30. How do rates compare online and
offline?
83% 87%
16% 11%
0% 2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
School Internet
Weekly or more often
Sometimes
Never
31. Impact of unwanted sexual solicitation
Across studies, about one in three solicited
youth report feeling very/extremely upset
(or afraid) because of the incident:
YISS1: 26%
YISS2: 31%
GuwM: 39% (at Wave 2)
Youth solicited in social networking sites (42%)
are no more likely than youth solicited
elsewhere (35%) to be distressed by the
incident (p=0.50).
32. Concurrent psychosocial problems
Type of psychosocial problem
Odds of psychosocial problems given
report of unwanted sexual solicitation
YISS1 GuwM W2
Caregiver child relationships
Poor emotional bond 1.1 *
Coercive discipline 1.2 *
Peer problems
Interpersonal victimization / offline bullying 1.8 * - 1.9 * 2.0 **
Behavior problems
Symptoms of depression 3.0 ***
Troubled (e.g., negative life event, depression, child
abuse) 1.7 **
Substance / alcohol use 2.6 *** 3.4 ***
Delinquent behavior 1.8 **
Weapon carrying at school 10.0 **
Life challenge 2.9 * +
Mitchell KJ, Finkelhor D, Wolak J. Risk factors for and impact of online sexual solicitation of youth. JAMA. 2001;285(23):3011-4.
Ybarra ML, Leaf PJ, Diener-West M. Sex differences in youth-reported depressive symptomatology and unwanted internet sexual solicitation. J
Med Internet Res. 2004 Feb 6;6(1):e5.
Mitchell K, Ybarra M, Finkelhor D. The relative importance of online victimization in understanding depression, delinquency, and substance use.
Child Maltreatment. 2007; 12(4): 314-324.
33. Synopsis : The picture is very similar
The rate of unwanted sexual solicitation overall is stable.
SNS users are no more likely to be solicited in an SNS
now then the were in 2006.
Similar percentages of youth report being targeted by
solicitation/harassment at school (13%) and online
(10%)
Almost half (43%) of sexual solicitations come from other
minors. The overwhelming majority of targeted youth
are 14 years of age and older.
Youth reporting being targeted by unwanted sexual
solicitation are significantly more likely to also report a
myriad of concurrent psychosocial problems offline.
34. Implications for professionals working
with youth
The data do not support the assertion that youth
are more likely to be sexually solicited or
harassed online than offline.
We need to do more to provide support and
intervention for youth who are targeted by peer
aggression, both online and offline.
Most youth do not operate in a ‘vacuum’. What
are we doing to treat children more globally and
provide services that address all of their needs?
35. Final thoughts
The majority of youth who use the Internet have
positive experiences and report that none of
these types of exposures occur.
Youth having problems online are more likely to
have problems offline. We need to be concerned
about those reporting problems over time.
We need to focus on the child, not the online
application.
Editor's Notes
Youth were asked to name the two activities that they spent the most of their time online doing. In 2006, 16% said SNS was one of the 2 activities; in 2007, this jumped to 34%.
For both boys and girls, the % who said SNS were one of the top two things they spend the majority of their time online doing, increased 2-3 fold
Ditto for age. Note here that you can see trends over time the general difference between the red and yellow lines) as well as by age group over time (e.g., comparison of points at 2006 and 2007 by age, 29% of 14 year olds said SNS were in their top-two in 2006 compared to 45% in 2007)
Rates appear to be stabilizing. For both ‘ever harassed’ in the last year, and ‘harassed monthly or more often’, the same percentage of youth reported being affected in 2006 and in 2007.
Similar to an increase in SNS use (i.e., an increase in the % who said SNS was in their top two most time consuming activities online), we see an increase in the % of youth who report being harassed in an SNS. Note however, that the increase of % harassed is less than the % increase in SNS use overall (i.e., a 2-fold increase in harassment would be 18% (9% X 2), not 16%)
Among those who said SNS was one of the two online activities they spent doing most, the rate of harassment *somewhere* online decreased from 61% to 50%. In SNS, the rate remained relatively stable (35% in 2006, 37% in 2007)
In order to make direct comparisons between environments, you need to have a measure that is exactly parallel.
Using a parallel measure of bullying across environments, 31% say they are bullied at school vs. 13% online and 6% via cell phones.
Among those harassed, between 1 in 3 and 1 in 4 are upset. The good news – that means 2 in 3, or 3 in 4 are not upset by what happens. We need to figure out how to identify these kids who are upset to make sure they have the support they need. And, we need to acknowledge that the vast majority of youth are not affected by being harassed.
Youth who are harassed online are significantly more likely than non-harassed youth to report other problems, including being bullied over time, social problems, depressive symptomatology (for boys), alcohol and other drug use, and problems with anger. In short – these youth have a lot going on.
Note: these three things query a wide range of things from the relatively benign to the serious. They do NOT all represent solicitations for *sex*.
For both the YISS and the GuwM, we note a decrease in solicitation frequency. Note that we also see a stable frequency among those reporting frequent (i.e., monthly or more often) solicitation.
We now have data from four samples that allow us to map the frequency of unwanted sexual solicitation. When we do so (above), we very clearly see a pattern in which those youth 14-15 years of age and older are much more likely than their younger peers to be involved. Note that this age group is also normatively and developmentally appropriately becoming curious about sex.
As the % of youth who report SNS are in their top two most time consuming activities increased two-fold, so too did the % of youth reporting being solicited in SNS (note that the percentage is actually less than two-fold, which would be 8% (4% X 2).
Among those who report that SNS is where they spend the majority of their time (i.e., is in their ‘top two’), the rate of solicitation decreased from 27% to 22%. The rate in SNS remained stable (15%).
Note that this measure is parallel to the question about online solicitation. Similar to the bullying question – in order to compare rates across environments, we need to have parallel measures.
Despite what most people might assume, more youth report unwanted solicitation at school (17%) than online (13%).
About 1-3 or 1-4 youth who are solicited are upset by the experience. The good news: the vast majority of targeted youth are unaffected. We need to figure out a way to identify the youth who are upset and make sure they have the support and access to services they need.
Youth who report an unwanted sexual solicitation are significantly more likely than their unsolicited peers to also report a poor relationship with their caregiver, being bullied offline, having symptoms of depression (for boys), substance and alcohol use, delinquent behavior (including carrying a weapon to school in the past 30 days), and life challenge. In short: these youth have a lot going on.
Think about integrating online mental health services with online applications that youth have adopted. For example, see SNS as an opportunity. Before the Internet, youth who were troubled were often nameless, voiceless, and difficult to reach. Now, with SNS, they are easier to *see*. What if we integrated online services such as RAINN.com’s online, real-time chat resources for those in crises with popular SNS…? (and by ‘integrated’, I mean more than having a profile on the SNS)