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1. Social and Personality
Development
Adult Development
Wednesday,
Oct 7th, 2020.

2. Our Members (Group 11)
Anita Nurhaliza
(06011281924031)
1st Presenter
Nabila Nur Amalia
(06011281924073)
3rd Presenter
Erika Putri Adelliya
(06011381924061)
2nd Presenter
Nurmala Dewi
(06011381924068)
4th Presenter
01 02 03 04 05
Arvina Yudiagustin
(0601138192408)
5th Presenter

3. Theory and Research
Daniel LevinsonHarvard UniversityErik Erikson

4. Daniel Levinson’s Studies of Men
The Age – 30
Transition
(28-33)
Early Adult
Transition
(17-24)
Entering The Adult
World
(22-28)
01
Settling Down
(32-40)02
03
04

5. Women’s Development in Early Adulthood
Why have researchers not
tried to chart a female
developmental sequence?
Reason for the
difference in
developmental (Theory
of Chorodow, 1974).
Major points of difference
between men and women
(Theory of Gilligan, 1982;
Baruch, Barnett, & Rivers,
1983; Notman, 1980;
Chodorow, 1978).
Another point of
difference (revolves
around work).

6. Types and Timing of Life Events
In Childhood
and
Adolescence
In Adulthood Individual
Event
01 02 03
Responding to Life Events
How the individual responds to Life Events?

7. Choosing a Personal Lifestyle
• What makes two people choose each other to fall in love with?
• Lovers tend to resemble each other on many traits
• Two different forms of love
Love
Marriage
• Marriage is still very much in style
• Some 95 to 98 percent of our population marries
• Most wedding for the first time during young adulthood.

8.  What is succes in marriage?
 Age at marriage
Predicting Succes in Marriage
Emotional Development in Marriage
 Marriage is a challenge to growth (Vahanian, 1985)
Benefits of Marriage
 To ensure an orderly raising of children and thus a continuation of the species
 Provides economic benefits
 Providing an orderly division of labor and a manageable consuming and working
unit
 Provide an regulated outlet for sexual activity
 Provides a safe place

9.  The conflict-habituated
 The devitalized
 The passive-congenial
 The vital marriage
 The total marriage
Types of Marriage
Violence between Spouses
 About 25% of a national sample said they would approve of a husband’s or wife’s
hitting one another under certain circumstances (Stark & McEvoy, 1970)
 Violence between spouses is more common among the young, the poor, and the
unemployed, whether married or living together (Yllo & Straus, 1981; Lystad, 1975)
 Why do women stay with men who abuse them / toxic relationship?

10. Divorce
A divorce happens after a husband and wife decide
not to live together anymore and that they no longer
want to be married to each other. They agree to sign
legal papers that make them each single again and
allow them to marry other people if they want to.
No matter how “successful” the divorce, there is
always a painful period of adjustment.

11. The Single Life
In common usage, the term 'single' is often used to
refer to someone who is not involved in any type of
serious romantic relationship, including long-term
dating, engagement, marriage, or someone who is
'single by choice'.
Some reasons Why People Choose to be a Single
Person :
-Some want the freedom to try new experiences
-They can decide more easily to move across the
country or across the world.
-Some people stay single because they like being alone

12. Cohabitation
Cohabitation is when two people who are romantically
involved choose to live together without making the
formal commitment of marriage. Cohabiting couples are
typically emotionally and sexually intimate.
8 out of 10 couples share their living quarters with
only one other person while the rest have one or
more children with them.
Most such couples live together for a relatively
short time --- 63% for less than 2 years --- before
they either marry or separate (Glick & Norton, 1977;
Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983).

13. Sexuality in Young Adulthood
1) UNMARRIED SEXUAL ACTIVITY
82% of women in their 20’s (US women) who have
never been married have had sexual intercourse, and
more than half (53%) are currently sexual active.
(Tanfer & Horn, 1985)
2) MARRITAL SEX
Usually sex is more frequent in the first year of
marriage. After 10 years of marriage, 63% of couples
are making love at least once a week, and 18% three
times a week or more.
3) EXTRAMARITAL SEX
One survey of 800 married persons found that people
who had had extensive premarital sexual experience
were most likely to have extramarital affairs, especially
if their marriages were at all unhappy. (Athanasiou &
Sarkin, 1974)
SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN
MARRIAGE

14. Parenthood
Why People Have Children
Parents gave a number of reasons for
having children: Love, Fun, and Stimulation :
Expanding the self by giving a purpose to
life, providing a learning experience,
fulfilling the self, carrying on the family
name, and conferring immortality:
conferring adult status on the parents and
giving them something useful to do.
When People Are Having Children
Most people who can have children are, in
fact, choosing to do so--but are tending to
have fewer and to have them later in life.
The Transition to Parenthood
Both women and men undergo a great
many conflicting feelings as they prepare to
become parents.
Parenting as a Developmertal Experience
The role of parenthood is easier than the
long-term, intensive task of parenting
(Miller & Myers-Walls, 1983).
The Effects of Children on Their Parents'
Marriage
Hobbs's 1974 study, most couples reported
that their marriages had either improved
(42 percent) or stayed the same (43.5
percent) since the birth of their first child

15. … …Not everyone, of course, becomes a parent. Some people would like to have children but are unable to,
for various physiological reasons, and other couples choose not to have children. ……………………
- Childless because of infertility
- child-free by
Choice
Some couples decide at an early age that they don’t have what it takes to
make good parents and that they’d rather have contact with other’s people
children than full responsibility for their own.
Infertility rates have been rising over the past twenty years : Some 10 to 15
percent of couples who want a baby cannot conceive (National Center for
Health Statistics, 1984.
N0n-Parenthood

16. Friendship in Young Adulthood
In fact, one study of friendships across the life span
found that newlyweds have more friends than
adolescents, the middle aged, and the elderly (Weiss
& Lowenthal, 1973). In an effort to identify the
characteristics of a close friendship and to
distinguish them from those in a romantic
relationship, they found that friendships were
characterized by:
1. Trust
2. Respect
3. Enjoyment
4. Understanding
5. Acceptance
6. Willingness
7. Feeling free to be oneself