This article discusses preparing high school students in Texas to pass state graduation exams by analyzing the philosophy of education. It argues that education should develop well-rounded students with knowledge and character by accommodating different learning styles. Currently, middle school math education is lacking and does not adequately prepare students for high school. The article recommends standardizing curriculum through 8th grade across states and involving communities to help educate the whole child and ensure all students are equally prepared to pass state exams.
Foreword - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - William Allan Kritsonis, PhDWilliam Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Dr. Rosa Maria Abreo and Dr. Kimberly S. Barker, NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONA...William Kritsonis
Dr. Rosa Maria Abreo and Dr. Kimberly S. Barker, NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION JOURNAL, 30(3) 2013.
Dr. David E. Herrington, Invited Guest Editor, NFEAS JOURNAL, 30(3) 2013
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982)
Hines, mack nnfeasj - volume 25 - number 4 2008 pub 2-17-08 article 2 of 2William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Foreword - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - William Allan Kritsonis, PhDWilliam Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Dr. Rosa Maria Abreo and Dr. Kimberly S. Barker, NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONA...William Kritsonis
Dr. Rosa Maria Abreo and Dr. Kimberly S. Barker, NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION JOURNAL, 30(3) 2013.
Dr. David E. Herrington, Invited Guest Editor, NFEAS JOURNAL, 30(3) 2013
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982)
Hines, mack nnfeasj - volume 25 - number 4 2008 pub 2-17-08 article 2 of 2William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982). Dr. Kritsonis earned his PhD from The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; M.Ed., Seattle Pacific University; Seattle, Washington; BA Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. He was also named as the Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies at Central Washington University.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Steven Norfleetguestfa49ec
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Steven Norfleet
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
TEFL Journal of Didactics is a student-generated journal of written expression as part of a project in the course of didactics in teaching English as a Foreign Language at the National University of Costa Rica, Nicoya Campus.
Branch Robert M National Agenda Minority Teacher Recruitment(4)William Kritsonis
PhD Students in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor & Faculty Mentor,
PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System
If we educate a boy, we educate an individual. If we educate a girl, we educate the whole family but if we educate a teacher, we actually educate the whole community.
Teaching is the one profession that creates all other professions. So what's you think?
PhD Students in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor & Faculty Mentor,
PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Steven Norfleetguestfa49ec
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Steven Norfleet
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
TEFL Journal of Didactics is a student-generated journal of written expression as part of a project in the course of didactics in teaching English as a Foreign Language at the National University of Costa Rica, Nicoya Campus.
Branch Robert M National Agenda Minority Teacher Recruitment(4)William Kritsonis
PhD Students in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor & Faculty Mentor,
PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System
If we educate a boy, we educate an individual. If we educate a girl, we educate the whole family but if we educate a teacher, we actually educate the whole community.
Teaching is the one profession that creates all other professions. So what's you think?
PhD Students in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor & Faculty Mentor,
PVAMU - The Texas A&M University System
Court Cases - Special Education - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
PhD, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1976
M.Ed. Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, 1971
B.A. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, 1969
Visiting Scholar, Columbia University, Teachers College, New York, 1981
Visiting Scholar, Stanford University, School of Education, Palo Alto, California, 1987
Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies, Southern Christian University, 2008
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School
Prairie View A&M University - The Texas A&M University System
Invited Visiting Lecturer (2005)
Oxford Round Table
Oriel College
University of Oxford
Oxford, England – United Kingdom
Distinguished Alumnus (2004)
Central Washington University
College of Education and Professional Studies
Ellensburg, Washington
Founder & Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1983
Westbrook, steven parents of first generation college students focus v6 n1 20...William Kritsonis
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1982
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national refereed, juried, peer-reviewed, blind-reviewed professional periodicals. Any article published shall earned five affirmative votes from members of our National Board of Invited Distinguished Jurors and must be recommended for national publication by members of the National Policy Board representing all National FORUM Journals. Journal issues are distributed both nationally and world-wide.
Our website features national refereed articles that are published daily within our National FORUM Journals Online Journal Division. Over 1,000 articles are available to scholars and practitioners world-wide. Over 250,000 guests visit our website yearly. About 56,000 articles are downloaded for academic purposes at no charge. We have about an 88% rejection rate. See: www.nationalforum.com
Founded in 1982, National FORUM Journals has published the scholarly contributions of over 5,200 professors with over 2,000 articles indexed. Our journals are indexed with many global agencies including Cabell’s Directories, ERIC, EBSCO, SWETS International, Library of Congress National Serials Data Program, and the Copyright Clearance Center, Danvers, Massachusetts.
Global Website: www.nationalforum.com
Professional Experience
Dr. Kritsonis began his career as a teacher. He has served education as a principal, superintendent of schools, director of student teaching and field experiences, invited guest professor, author, consultant, editor-in-chief, and publisher. Dr. Kritsonis has earned tenure as a professor at the highest academic rank at two major universities.
S T U D E N T A T T E N D A N C E A N D I N S T R U C T I O N A L P R O G...William Kritsonis
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
The 10 best international schools in usaMerry D'souza
In this edition of The Knowledge Review, we bring you “The 10 Best International Schools in the USA” that welcome students without worrying about their nationality and strive to educate them and turn them into responsible citizens of the world.
Dissertation Chair Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Steven Norfleetguestfa49ec
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Steven Norfleet
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. Rosa Maria Abrero and Dr. Kimberly S. Barker, Published National Refereed...William Kritsonis
Dr. Rosa Maria Abrero and Dr. Kimberly S. Barker, Published National Refereed Article in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1982
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national refereed, juried, peer-reviewed, blind-reviewed professional periodicals. Any article published shall earned five affirmative votes from members of our National Board of Invited Distinguished Jurors and must be recommended for national publication by members of the National Policy Board representing all National FORUM Journals. Journal issues are distributed both nationally and world-wide.
Our website features national refereed articles that are published daily within our National FORUM Journals Online Journal Division. Over 1,000 articles are available to scholars and practitioners world-wide. Over 250,000 guests visit our website yearly. About 56,000 articles are downloaded for academic purposes at no charge. We have about an 88% rejection rate. See: www.nationalforum.com
Founded in 1982, National FORUM Journals has published the scholarly contributions of over 5,200 professors with over 2,000 articles indexed. Our journals are indexed with many global agencies including Cabell’s Directories, ERIC, EBSCO, SWETS International, Library of Congress National Serials Data Program, and the Copyright Clearance Center, Danvers, Massachusetts.
Global Website: www.nationalforum.com
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Smith, yolanda e national insight toward a clearer understanding
1. NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL
VOLUME 16 NUMBER 3, 2006
National Insight: Toward A Clearer Understanding of
Preparing High School Students for Passing State
Examinations for Graduation in the State of Texas
Yolanda E. Smith William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Student Professor
PhD Program in Educational PhD Program in Educational
Leadership Leadership
Prairie View A&M University Prairie View A&M University
______________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
To graduate from High School in the state of Texas students must pass the Texas
Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) test. Many states are beginning to
administer state exams as requirements for graduation. Schools continue to fall
short of the basic philosophy of Existentialism that emphasizes, “starting where the
student is”. Education will continue to lose its focus until all students are afforded
equality in preparation for the TAKS test.
T
he original purpose of education was to teach students to read well enough to be
able to understand their Bibles (Kritsonis, 2002). We can only wonder how many
of our High School students can understand their Bibles. What is today’s
philosophy for education? What philosophy does the state of Texas use to ensure that all
students are being educated equally? Has the true purpose of education changed or is it a
way of discriminating?
The purpose of this article is to discuss an educational philosophy and how it could
change education as we see it today. Our basic philosophy of education is as follows:
Education is meant to produce well-rounded citizens. In order for a student to be well-
rounded he/she must obtain knowledge, character, and ethics. All students are capable
of learning and should be free to do so. The success of a student is dependent on the
1
2. NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL
2_________________________________________________________________________________
student, the school, and the parent and or guardian. The success of our nation is
determined by the success of a child’s education.
The basic core of education is providing students with knowledge and character. In
defining knowledge we tend to lean towards the Existentialist and Pragmatist
philosophies. Epistemologically students should obtain and demonstrate knowledge
acquisition. Students should be taught how to make decisions based on analyzing data
and through their personal experiences. Students master the ability to analyze through
understanding mathematics. A central purpose of mathematics is to teach students how
to make decisions. Texas schools and students would benefit more if they would staff
math experts in all middle schools. The metaphysics of education is too often in middle
schools where mathematics is deemphasized. Students struggle in high school because of
their lack of knowledge in mathematics. It is through mathematics that students can learn
how to read, reason, think logically, analyze, synthesize, evaluate, and make assessments.
The United States must move closer to offering what most of the world considers
demanding mathematics for their middle school students (Schmidt, 2004). In order for
all states to ensure that all students come to the testing table equally, all states must have
the same curriculum for each grade level. If the No Child Left Behind Act is to be
realized then the United States must take a closer look at how other countries have the
same common standards for all students in 1st grade through at least 8th grade (Schmidt,
McKnight, Cogan, Jakwerth, and Houang, 1999). Curriculum taught throughout the 8th
grade is the foundation of basic knowledge. Like a house, if the foundation is not set
correctly then it will be impossible to build on it. Students struggle in high school
because their foundation in arithmetic was not firmly grounded. Instead of high school
teachers building on the foundation of arithmetic by introducing mathematics, they spend
a lot of time either re-teaching the foundations of arithmetic or the students get left
behind. High school objectives for mathematics and other subjects are not satisfied.
In order for educators to meet the children where they are, we must allow them the
freedom to learn in an environment that is conducive to their learning style preference.
Many practitioners had reported significantly higher achievement among previously at-
risk and underachieving students after their learning-style preferences had been
accommodated by style-responsive instructional strategies. The gains were reported for
(1) elementary students (Andrews, 1990; Klavas, 1993; Lemmon, 1985; Stone, 1992;
Turner, 1993), (2) secondary students (Brunner and Majewski, 1990; Elliot, 1991; Gadwa
and Griggs, 1985; Harp and Orsak, 1990; Orsak, 1990a, 1990b) and (3) college students
(Clark-Thayer, 1987; Mickler and Zippert, 1987; Nelson, Dunn, Griggs, Primavera,
Fitzpatrick, Bacilous, and Miller, 1993; Lenehan, Dunn, Ingham, Signer, and Murray,
1994). School administrators and state officials need to use research findings and
recommendations in developing guidelines for developing their curriculum to ensure all
students’ academic needs are being successfully met.
In discussing character, what does it mean to educate the whole child? Educating the
whole child means teaching them more than reading and mathematics. For the axiology
of education we could look at the history of education and find Thomas Jefferson’s 1818
Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia, in the “objects of primary
education”. Jefferson listed such qualities as morals, understanding of duties to neighbors
and country, knowledge of rights, and intelligence and faithfulness in social relations
3. YOLANDA E. SMITH AND WILLIAM ALLAN KRITSONIS
__________________________________________________________________________________3
(Noddings, 2005). We are not staying that educators are solely responsible for the
development of the whole child. In schools, educators and administrators have to
develop new ways to get communities and parents more actively involved.
Schools are the heartbeat of every community. It is the job of the administration to
solicit the support of its community. The student will benefit more if the community
provided volunteers, advocates, business support and resources. In doing so the
community will help in meeting the child where he/she is as a person.
In conclusion, “the principle goal of education in the schools should be creating men
and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other
generations have done”. (Jean Piaget) It is imperative that we spend more money and
attention creating a whole child that is knowledgeable and has ethical character.
Investing wisely in today’s education will yield major dividends for all of us in the
United States of America.
References
Andrew, R.H.(1990, July-September). The development of a learning styles program in a
low socioeconomic, underachieving North Carolina elementary school. Journal
of Reading, Writing, and Learning Disabilities International (New,York:
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation),6(3), 307-314.
Brunner, C.E. & Majewski, W.S. (1990, October). Mildly handicapped students can
succeed with learning styles. Educational Leadership. (Alexandria, VA:
Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development), 48(2), 21-23.
Clark-Thayer, S. (1987). The relationship of the knowledge of student-perceived of
college freshmen in a small urban university. (Doctoral dissertation, Boston
University, 1987) Dissertation Abstract International, 47, 4046A.
Elliot, I. (1991). The reading place. Teaching k-8 (Norwalk, CT: Early Years),21(3), 30-
34. Gadwa, K., & Griggs, S.A. (1985). The school dropout: Implications for
counselors. The School Counselor, 33,9-17.
Harp, T.Y., & Orsak, L (1990, July-September). One administrator’s challenge:
Implementing a learning style program at the secondary level. Journal of
Reading, Writing, and Learning Disabilities International (New York:
Hemisphere Press), 6(3), 335-342. Klavas, A. (1993). In Greensboro, North
Carolina: Learning style program boosts achievement and test scores. The
Clearing House (Washington, DC:Heldref Publication), 67(3), 149-151.
Kritsonis, K. (2002). Schooling. Mansfield, Ohio: Book Masters, Inc.
Lemon, P. (1985). A school where learning styles make a difference. Principal (Reston,
VA: National Association of Elementary School Principals:, 64(4),26-29.
Lenehan, M.C., Dunn, R., Ingham, J., Signer, B., & Murray, J.B. (1994). Learning style:
Necessary know- how for academic success in college. Journal of Colege Student
Development, 35 (6), 461-466.
Nelson, B., Dunn, R., Griggs, S.A., Primavera, L., Fitzpatrick, M., Bacilious, Z., miller,
R. (1993). Effects of learning styles intervention on students’ retention and
4. NATIONAL FORUM OF TEACHER EDUCATION JOURNAL
4_________________________________________________________________________________
achievement. Journal of College Student Development, 34(5), 364-369.
Nodding, N.(2005, September). What does it mean to educate the whole child?
Educational Leadership (Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development) 63 (1), 8-13.
Piaget, J. (2005, September). Aims of education. Educational Leadership (Alexandria,
VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development) 63 (1), p.16.
Schmidt, W. (2004, February). A vision for mathematics. Educational Leadership
(Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development) 61
(5), 6-11. Schmidt, W.H., McKnight, S., Cogan, L.S., Jakwerth, P.M., & Houang,
R. T.(1999). Facing the consequences: Using TIMSS for a closer look at U.S.
mathematics and science education. Boston: Kluwer.
Stone,P. (1992), November). How we turned around a problem school. The Principal
(Reston, VA: National Association of Elementary School Principal),71(2), 34-36.
Turner, N.D. (1993). Prescriptions and/or modality-based instruction on the spelling
achievement of fifth-grad students. (Doctoral dissertation, Andrews University,
1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53,1051A.
Formatted by: Dr. Mary Alice Kritsonis, National Research and Manuscript Preparation
Editor, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Houston, TX www.nationalforum.com