This presentation describes the chemistry involves in the most essential part of over modern life mobiles. The involvement of chemistry and its elements in it from its screen to it's gut and also covers the other possible application

1. O Master!
Thou art the real goal of human life,
We are yet but slaves of wishes
Putting bar to our advancement
Thou art the only God and Power
To bring us up that Stage.
-Amen

2. Smartphone manufacture of the year 2014
itself had investment of 2.5$ billion
Even a low-end smart phone has more computing
power than the computer system the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used to
put a man on the moon.
Of the 83 stable (nonradioactive) elements, at least
70 of them can be found in smart phones! That’s 84%
of all of the stable elements.

3. Content
Battery
Screen
Electronics
Smartphone
role in
Chemistry

4. Batteries
 Batteries in the portable electronics uses lithium –based
chemistry: lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lithium-polymer (Li-
po).
 Replacement of rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries
(Ni-Cad). (higher capacities and reduced weight)
 Li-ion are generally as button cells or as long metal
cylinders which are stacked and inserted into battery
packs. (similar shape and size of AA batteries)
This is inefficient because of low ratio of battery to
volume.
 Li-po batteries the liquid solvent is replaced with a solid
polymer composite and the battery itself is encased in a
plastic lamination instead of a rigid metallic casing, giving
it a bit more flex.

5.  Charging process is just the
reverse of powering .
 They have anodes made out of
graphite, with a highly regular
surface to maximize
absorption.
 The capacity of a battery is
essentially dictated by the
number of Li+ ions the anode
can absorb.
 They degrade over time, and
this process is sped up at
higher temperatures.
www.imore.com/smartphone-futurology-1-battery

6.  The degradation of batteries is commonly referred to
as the “columbic efficiency”.
 A major concern with Li-ion and Li-po batteries is the
risk of fire if they overload, overheat, short or
puncture.
 Improvements:
 higher energy densities
longer lifespan
 better safety
faster charging rates.
www.123rf.com/photo_8398226_smartphone-in-fire-isolated-on-black-background.html

7. Improvement under work
 Faster Charging:
Nangyang Technological University have developed a Li-
ion battery which can be charged to 70% in just two
minutes, and able to endure over 10,000 cycles.
Instead of using a graphite anode it uses a gel of
titanium dioxide nanotubes made from titania.
It vastly increases the surface area so the anode can
uptake Li+ ions much faster.

8. Qualcomm work to increase charging speeds in
existing Li-ion batteries with efforts like QuickCharge,
using communication chips .
 It maximize the input charge without damaging the
internal circuitry or overheating the battery.

9.  Stanford University:
A thin layer of carbon nanospheres was able to allow the use of lithium metal as
an anode.
10times the specific capacity of modern graphite anodes
Lithium anodes , reached 96% efficiency but dropped to 50% over 100 charge-
discharge cycles.
They were able to achieve 99% after 150 cycles.

10. FUTURE
POSSIBLITIES
Magnesium ion
batteries
Lithium –air electrodes
Lithium - sulphur electrodes
 Supercapacitors
Flexible Li-batteries

11. Screen
Glass Display
Touch-
screen
Parts

12. Glass
 It is rigid ,but the arrangement of the molecules within
it is random, like that in a liquid.
 there are three categories of substances in all glass –
formers, fluxes and stabilizers. (different forms of
glass)
Formers Fluxes Stablizers
Functions: Makes the bulk of the
glass
Fluxes change the
temperature at which
the formers melt
during the
manufacturing of glass
Stabilizers
strengthen the glass
and make it
resistant to water.
Examples: SiO2, B2O3 and P2O5 Na2CO3,K2CO3. CaCO3

13. Making of the glass
Raw material- Silicon or Silicon
dioxide
Melting(1700C) of Raw followed by
cooling before crystal form
Na2O is added to form Na2CO3 in order to
lower the melting temperature.
For strength and stability CaCO3 is
added .
Soda-lime Glass
Silica melts at (1700C); liquid phase is
very viscous
https://www.wired.com/2012/09/ffcorninggorillaglass/all/

14. Toughness of Glass:
 The toughness is the result of a serendipitous accident
which happened in 1952 at the Corning Glass Works.
 Resulted in first Synthetic Glass-Ceramic which shared the
property of both glass and ceramic.
Glass Ceramic
Amorphous solid: not in any kind of order
but are arranged like a liquid, yet frozen in a
place.
Crystalline: characterized by ionic
bonds between +ve and -ve ions—they can
also contain covalent
bonds.
Doesn’t contain planes of atoms that can slip
past each other, there is no way to relieve
stress.
the strong force of attraction between ions of
opposite charge the planes of ions makes it
difficult for one plane to slip past another.
Excessive stress forms cracks, intensity of
cracks increases more bond breaks , crack
widen until glass breaks.
Ceramics are therefore brittle. They resist
compression, but they can break when they
are bent.

15.  A portion of its structure is transformed into a fine-grained crystalline
material.
 Glass-ceramics are at least 50% crystalline, they can be more than 95%
crystalline.
 Toughness can be increased using
 Thermal method
 Chemical method
www.acs.org/chemmatters

16.  Thermally-toughened glass:
 4-6 times stronger than regular glass.
 Don’t shatter, instead completely crumbles into tiny pieces
that don’t have sharp edges.
 Formation: Tempered glass is made by heating annealed
glass to very high temperatures (>600 ˚C)
 Then cooling it suddenly (quenching) with high-pressure
jets of air. This process causes the molten outside surface of
the glass to freeze into position, while the inside is still
molten.
 As the molten inside cools, the molecules slow down and
the entire centre contracts, creating tension inside.

17. Apart from smartphone’s screen savers, used in side and rear
windows of automobiles,microwave ovens,pyrex cookware.
•Inner soft core pulls the
outside along with it and
creating compression on
the outside of the glass as
it is pulled inward.
• Tempered glass breaks
when the toughened outer
compressive layer is
penetrated, exposing the
inner area of tension.
www.acs.org/chemmatters

18. Chemically toughened glass:
 A bath of a potassium salt, usually potassium nitrate
(KNO3) is heated to 300 ˚C.
 The K+ ion in the bath replace Na+ ions in the glass, near
the surface.
 Potassium ions, larger than sodium ions.
 Wedge into the structure of glass, causing compression of
the surface of the glass and corresponding tension in the
glass core.
 Resulting in a very strong, shatter-resistant glass—
chemically tempered.

19. ION STRENGTHENED GLASS
www.acs.org/chemmatters

20. Touchscreen
 It is a screen that responds to your touch—which brings personal
connection to your phone.
 Two categories:
1. Resistive touchscreen:
 Touched with any type of material and they will work.
 They are also known as pressure-sensitive screens.
 They are composed of two thin layers of conductive material
under the surface.
 Only one button at a time can be pressed. If two or more buttons
are pressed at once, the screen does not respond.

21. •When you press down on a
screen it physically indents,
causing the two layers to touch,
completing the circuit and
changing the electrical current at
the point of contact.
• The software recognizes a
change in the current at these
coordinates and carries out the
action that corresponds with that
spot.
www.acs.org/chemmatters

22. Capacitive touchscreens:
 It is electrical in nature.( A capacitor is any device that stores
electricity).
 Glass, being an insulator, does not conduct electricity.
 Even though glass contains ions, they are locked into place,
stopping electricity from flowing through.
 The glass screen must be coated with a thin transparent layer of a
conductive substance, usually indium tin oxide,which is usually
laid out in criss-crossing thin strips to form a grid pattern.
 This conductive grid acts as a capacitor, storing small electrical
charges.

23. •When you touch the
screen, a tiny bit of this
stored electrical charge
enters your finger(skin is
an electrical conductor—
primarily due to the
combination of salt and
moisture on your fingertips,
creating an ionic solution.)
— not enough for you to
feel but enough for the
screen to detect.
•As this electrical charge enters your finger, the screen registers a voltage
drop, the location of which is processed by the software, which orders the
resulting action.
www.acs.org/chemmatters

24. Display
3 main types of display are used in the market now a day:
 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display):
 LC are compounds which exists in the liquid phase at room
temperature with crystalline properties.
 They are unable to produce their own colour, but they have
a special ability to manipulate polarized light.
 The most common phase of LCs is known as the nematic
phase. Long cylinders which self-align into a single
direction like bar magnets.
 This structure causes polarized light passing through it to
be rotated, the property which gives LCDs their ability to
display information.

25.  Each liquid crystal sub
pixel is controlled by its
own transistor which
adjusts the rotation.
 Three sub pixels make up a
single pixel on a display —
red, blue and green.
 Due to this complexity, a
variety of factors affect the
screen’s quality such as
colour vibrancy, contrast,
frame rates and viewing
angles.

26. AMOLED: (Active Matrix Organic LED)
 Specific to Samsung Mobiles.
 Unlike LCDs, they don't use a backlight.
 Each sub pixel is an LED which produces
its own light of a specific colour, which is
dictated by the layer of material between
the electrodes, known as the emissive
layer.
 Power saving w.r.t to darker image.
 When a subpixel is activated, a current
specific to the intensity the component
of the emissive layer ,
converts the electrical energy to light.

27. E-ink (Electrophoretic Ink):
 Used in e-reader industry (mostly
Amazon’s Kindle).
 Advantages:
 purely aesthetic, reader has
experience close to the appearance
of printed paper.
 The second is the amazingly low
power consumption.
 E-ink displays are able to keep a
page on the screen for vastly long
periods.
 Contrary to popular belief, the "E"
doesn’t stand for “electronic”, but its
“electrophoretic” mechanism.
•The particles are stored inside
microcapsules, each half the width of a
human hair.
•Filled with an oily fluid for the particles
to move through.
•The rear electrode is able to induce
either a positive or negative charge on
the capsule, which determines the
visible color.

28. FUTURE OF
SCREENS
Toughness of glass
Flexible OLED’s
Crystal IGZO Transistors LCD’s Adhesive (CNT’s)

29. THE GUT...

30. NIGHTMARE.........!!!!!!!!!!!

31. Electronics
 The chip, the processor of the phone, is made from pure silicon, which is then
exposed to oxygen and heat in order to produce a film of silicon dioxide on its
surface.
 Parts of this silicon dioxide layer are then removed where current will be
required to flow. Silicon does not conduct electricity without being doped.
 Doping is done via bombarding with a variety of different elements, which
can include phosphorus, antimony, arsenic, boron, indium or gallium.
 Different types of semiconductor (P or N) are produce; boron being the most
common type of P-type dopant.
 The micro-electrical components and wiring in the phone are composed
mainly of copper, gold, and silver.
 Tantalum is also used, being the main component of micro-capacitors.

32.  A range of other elements, including platinum and palladium are also used.
 Solder is used to join electrical components together – composed of tin and
lead, combination of tin, silver and copper(as replacements for making lead
free).
 The microphone and speaker of the phone both contain magnets, which are
usually neodymium-iron-boron alloys,
 Dysprosium and Praseodymium are also present in the alloy. These are also
found in the vibration unit of the phone.
CASING:
 It can be both metal or plastic, or a mix of the two.
 Metal casings can be made of magnesium alloys.
 Plastic casings are carbon based.
 The casing will often also contain frame retardant compounds – brominated
frame usually used.
 Attempts are made to use organic components instead of bromine.

33. Role of Smartphones in Chemistry
Controlling pollution Earthquakes
Smartphone satallitesMedical Advancements
Microscope
Field Data Collection
Cloud Computing
Weather prediction
http://listverse.com/2013/10/20/10waysscientistsareusingsmartphonestosavetheworld/

35. References:
 http://www.imore.com/smartphonefuturology2display
 http://www.imore.com/smartphonefuturology1battery
 www.acs.org/chemmatters
 http://www.compoundchem.com/2014/02/19/thechemical
elementsofasmartphone/
 http://listverse.com/2013/10/20/10waysscientistsareusings
martphonestosavetheworld/
 https://www.wired.com/2012/09/ffcorninggorillaglass/all/