Writing a conclusion to your thesis can cause anxiety but shouldn't be difficult. The conclusion has two basic functions: to summarize the research and findings, and to provide an overview of the new knowledge discovered and significance. It must clearly state the original contribution to knowledge. Ideally it should link ideas, show enthusiasm for research, and leave a positive impression. The conclusion should avoid new claims or data, weaknesses, and recommendations. It can follow sample structures that state the research, findings by section, future areas, and reiterate the contribution.

1. Writing a conclusion
to your thesis
Louise Edwards

2. Overview
• Anxiety about conclusions
• Basic functions of a conclusion
• Necessary and ideal features
• Aspects to avoid
• Sample conclusion structures

3. Conclusion-a-phobia
• Often people feel that conclusions are hard
to write. However this usually emerges for a
number of non-academic reasons
– Psychologically you have “finished” your thesis,
so it is hard to write another chapter
– You are tired after many years of work
– You are a little bored with the topic because
the interesting discoveries have been made
BUT
– It is not technically difficult to write and it is a
short chapter so…enjoy it!

4. Importance of a conclusion
• For the examination process
– It is the often LAST piece of text in the thesis that
examiners read
– Examiners may have read the thesis over a series of
weeks with interruptions and come back to recap via a
quick read of the introduction and conclusion
• For your longer term research career
– A good conclusion will provide you with the energy to
publish your thesis when you come back to recap your
findings…after your post thesis rest….[Wah! Did I really
discover that!!?]

5. Basic Functions of a Conclusion
1. To summarize
– What you researched
– Nature of your main arguments
– How you researched it
– What you discovered
– What pre-existing views were challenged
2. To provide an overview of
• The new knowledge or information discovered
• The significance of your research (where is it new?)
• The limitations of your thesis (concepts, data)
• Speculation on the implications of these limitations
• Areas for further development and research
(alternative data sets; links with other fields; different
method applied to same data)

6. The “1 Must” and the “3 Ideals”
You must
1. Make a clear and concise statement of the
original contribution to knowledge found in your
thesis.
Ideally you should aspire to
1. Show links between the key ideas spread across
chapters
2. Show your commitment to and enthusiasm for
academic research
3. Leave a positive impression with the examiner

7. The “5 Avoids”
• Avoid claiming findings that you have not proven
throughout your thesis
• Avoid introducing new data
• Avoid hiding weaknesses or limitations in your thesis
(make a virtue of showing strong analytical skills and self-
critique by discussing the limitations--but don’t go
overboard on this!)
• Avoid making practical recommendations (e.g. for policy).
If you must include them put them in an appendix.
• Avoid being too long (repetitive) or too short (saying
nothing of importance)

8. Sample Conclusion Structure (1)
• One paragraph stating what you researched and what your
original contribution to the field is…then break into sections
• One section on what you researched and how you did it
• One section on what are the main findings were… showing
links across chapters (this explains why you chose the
structure you did)
• One section on possible areas for future research
• Final section reminding readers of the original contribution
and significance of your research to your field.

9. Sample Conclusion Structure (2)
• One paragraph stating what you researched and what your
original contribution to the field is…then break into sections
• Main finding 1 (subsections on how you arrived at this
finding and how it challenges previous research)
• Main finding 2 (subsections on how you arrived at this
finding and how it challenges previous research)
• Main finding 3 (subsections on how you arrived at this
finding and how it challenges previous research)
• One section on potential leads to openings for further
research resulting from your research
• Final section reminding readers of the original contribution
and significance of your research to your field.

10. Concluding Conclusion
• Be enthused by the prospect of writing your
conclusion… “It’s downhill from here…!”
• To avoid the concluding chapter shock…
– Start writing notes of content for potential
sections of your conclusion as you write other
chapters…add bits in as you think of them
– If you find a succinct quote that encapsulates
common misunderstandings about your field
then use it at the start to bounce off.