A topic of PED104.

1. Skinner's Operant
Conditioning
-One of the most popular behavioral theorists
of all time is B.F(Burrhus
Frederic)skinner(1904-1990) he postulated the
operant conditioning.
-Classical conditioning refers to the association
of stimuli whereas operant conditioning
actively involves the subject participation

2. -Burrhus Frederrick Skinner well known as B.F skinner
the father of operant conditioning.
-Believed that we do have such thing as mind,but that
it is simply more productive to study observable
behavior rather than internal mental events.
-He believed that the best way to understand behavior
is to look at the causes of an action and its
consequences. he called this approach operant
conditioning.

3. -In other words,operant conditioning is the type of
learning whereby learning occurs as a consequence of
the learners behavior.
-BF skinner made this conclusion after experimenting
on animals through this skinners box.
-A device that modified the animals behaviors
in his experiment.he put a rat in a box with a
lever a bowl and a closed chambers.if the
lever was pushed the chamber is open and
dispensed food,unconscious about this
mechanism,the rat accidentally pushed the
lever could open the food the bowl,skinner
termed the food in such an experiment as the
reward.

4. Skinner identified three(3) types response, or operant , that
cn follow behavior:
1) NEUTRAL OPERANTS - Response from the environment that
neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behavior
being repeated
2) REINFORCEMENT - Response from the environment that
increase the probabilityof a behavior being repeated.
Reinforcement can be in positive or negative.
3) PUNISHMENT - Response from the environment that
decrease the likelihoodof a behavior being repeated.
Punishment weakness behavior

5. REINFORCEMENT
-Skinners operant condition is discustomized
into reinforcement and punishment,each
category is also divided into positive or negative
reinforcement.
-Reinforcement is defined as something that
strengthens the behavior or is sometimes called
as the response strengthener(Schultz,2006).
-Positive reinforcement is defined as the
addition of a pleasant stimulus.

6. -This exactly what is illustrated in the skinners
box,the dispensed food became a positive
reinforcement that caused the rat continually
pushed the lever(behavior).
POSITIVE reinforcement has many classroom
application,preschools stamp,3 big stars on
the hands of their pupils, who may have
behaved throughout the class,achieved the
highest score,or become friendly within the
academic time.
-By building operant conditioning techniques
into lesson plans it is easily possible to teach
children useful skills as well as good
behaviors.

7. NEGATIVE- reinforcement is taking something
away from a situation that subsequently
increase the occurrence of the response.
-in other words it is taking away an
unpleasant consequence to caused the
behavior to happen again
-Some stimuli that open function as negative
reinforcers are loud noises,criticisms,annoying
people and low grades,because actions that
removed them tend to be reinforcing.

8. -In instance ,teacher x wants her grade 3
class to master the multiplication table.
SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENTS
-According to skinners(1938) as mentioned by
zeiler(1977)schedules refers to when reinforcement
is applied(Skinner,1938 and Zeiler,1977),table I
summarized the reinforcement schedules according
to skinner.

9. Table 1. Schedule reinforcement according to skinner
Reinforcement
schedule
Description Classroom
application
Continues
schedule
Reinforcement is
given everytime
the animal gives
the desired
response
Student received
feedback after each
response
concerning the
accuracy of their
work
Intermittent
schedule
Reinforcement is
given irregularly
as the animal
gives the desired
response
Student are not called
every time they raise
their hands,not praise
after working each
problem,and not
always told they are
behaving
appropriately
Fixed interval

10. Fixed interval The time interval is
constant from one
reinforcement from
next
Appreciating student's
answer is done for the
first response made
after 5 minutes
Variable interval The time interval
varries from occasion
to occasion around
some average value
The first correct
response after 5
minutes is
reinforced,but the
time interval varies
(e,g,2,3,7,or 8
minutes).
Ratio schedule Reinforcement is given
defending on the
number of correct
responses or the the
rate of responding
Teacher gives praises
to a student after a
reciting the fifth
correct answer

11. Fixed ratio Every nth correct
response is
reinforced,where it
is constant
Every 10th correct
response receives
reinforcement
Variable ratio Every nth correct
response is enforced
but the value varies
around an average
number n
A teacher may give
free time
periodically around
an average of five
completed
assignment.

12. PUNISHMENT
-Operant conditioning also includes punishment where main
aim is to weaken the response
-However punishment does not necessarily eliminate the
behavior when the treat of punishment is removed
-The punished responses may recur(MERRET &
WHELDALL 1984) believed that
-positive punishment is an addition of an unpleasant
stimulus to deacrese the behavior.
-negative punishment is removal of rewarding
stimulus to decrease the behavior

13. For example
Jennie a grade 3 pupil,is always noisy in a group
activity her teacher call her attention and warns her
that she could not participate in the subsequent from
activity if she continues to behave noisily.

14. Table 2. Relationship of reinforcement and
punishment
REINFORCEMENT(INC
REASING THE
BEHAVIOR)
PUNISHMENT(DEACR
EASING THE
BEHAVIOR)
Positive(Adding) Adding something
to increase the
behavior
Negative(Subtracti
ng)
Subtracting
something to
increase the
behavior

15. Alternative punishment
-punishment is applied in schools to address
disruptions,maag (2001) enumerated some
common punishment like loss of
privileges,removes from the classroom,in and
out of school suspension and expulsions
nonetheless,there are several alternatives to
punishment.

16. .
Changed the
description
stimuli
Allow the
unwanted
behavior to
continue
Extinguish the
unwanted
behavior
Condition an
incompatible
behavior
Move
misbehaving
student away
from other
misbehaving
student
Have student
who stands
when he or she
should be sitting
continue to
stand
Ignore minor
misbehavior so
that it is not
reinforced by
teacher
attention
Reinforced
learning
progress which
occurs only
when student is
not
misbehaving.

17. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING
Report by;
MHARDIE SHIEMAR K. ELLIH
&
ALGARY ALGHIERIAN S. MINSALAT