Got it 👍 You’re asking about Sarcoidosis — let me give you a concise but exam-friendly overview: --- Sarcoidosis Definition Multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause. Characterized by non-caseating granulomas in affected tissues. --- Epidemiology More common in: Young to middle-aged adults (20–40 yrs) Females > males African descent > Caucasian --- Etiology Unknown → immune dysregulation to unidentified antigen. Genetic predisposition (HLA-A1, HLA-B8, HLA-DR3). Environmental triggers suspected. --- Pathology Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. Contain Schaumann bodies and Asteroid bodies (not pathognomonic). --- Clinical Features 💨 Respiratory (most common) Dry cough, progressive dyspnea, chest pain Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (classic) Pulmonary fibrosis in advanced disease 👁️ Eyes Uveitis, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca Can cause blindness if untreated 🧴 Skin Erythema nodosum Lupus pernio (chronic, violaceous skin lesions on face) 🧠 Neurological Facial nerve palsy (commonest neuro manifestation) Neurosarcoidosis (seizures, meningitis, pituitary involvement) 💙 Cardiac Arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, heart block → sudden death risk 🩸 Other Hypercalcemia (↑1,25 vitamin D production by macrophages) Hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias --- Investigations 🔬 Laboratory ↑ Serum ACE levels (non-specific, seen in ~60%) ↑ Serum calcium, ↑ urinary calcium LFTs may be abnormal 📷 Imaging Chest X-ray: Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy ± interstitial infiltrates HRCT: ground glass opacities, fibrosis in chronic disease 📍 Definitive diagnosis Biopsy → non-caseating granulomas Exclude TB Got it 👍 You’re asking about Sarcoidosis — let me give you a concise but exam-friendly overview: --- Sarcoidosis Definition Multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause. Characterized by non-caseating granulomas in affected tissues. --- Epidemiology More common in: Young to middle-aged adults (20–40 yrs) Females > males African descent > Caucasian --- Etiology Unknown → immune dysregulation to unidentified antigen. Genetic predisposition (HLA-A1, HLA-B8, HLA-DR3). Environmental triggers suspected. --- Pathology Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. Contain Schaumann bodies and Asteroid bodies (not pathognomonic). --- Clinical Features 💨 Respiratory (most common) Dry cough, progressive dyspnea, chest pain Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (classic) Pulmonary fibrosis in advanced disease 👁️ Eyes Uveitis, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca Can cause blindness if untreated 🧴 Skin Erythema nodosum Lupus pernio (chronic, violaceous skin lesions on face) 🧠 Neurological Facial nerve palsy (commonest neuro manifestation) Neurosarcoidosis (seizures, meningitis, pituitary involvement) 💙 Cardiac Arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, heart block → sudden

1. Theme: Skin and
Soft tissue
infections
PROF DR. JAHANGIR SARWAR KHAN
HOD, SU1, HFH.

4. Case scenario
A 55 year diabetic male with
history of IM injection in right
buttock 5 days back presents in ER
with severe pain over the injection
site and fever..

5. On examination, there are black
necrotic patches over the buttock with
serous fluid coming from the injection
site….

6. Patient was
shifted to OT
for extensive
debridement
for
NECROTIZING
FASCITIS
secondary to
IM injection.

7. Per operative
findings were
extensive necrosis
of fascia and
muscles and frank
dish water fluid
below fascia.

8. A single IM injection
with poor aseptic
technique led to a
life threatening
infection

9. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
 Define skin and soft tissue infections and explain their
causes.
 Identify the risk factors
 Describe the diagnostic criteria for cellulitis, abscess,
and necrotizing fasciitis.
 Explain the management principles, including
antibiotic therapy and surgical interventions.

10. Spectrum of skin
and soft tissue
infections

12. Abscess
 WHAT is it?
“ A localized collection of pus”
 WHY is it? (CAUSE)?
Pus forming bacteria: Staph aureus and
anaerobes.
 WHERE is it?
Frankly can occur in any part of the body.

13. Pathophysiology
 Pus is a mixture of living and dead white blood cells,germs,
and dead tissue.

16. CELLULITIS

18. ERYSIPELAS

20. Carbuncle

21.  Abscess with multiple draining
sinuses.
 A cluster of furuncles that forms
a connected area of infection
under the skin.
 Multiple draining sinuses are
characteristic.
 Most common site is skin of back
and nape of neck.
 Occurs in diabetics or otherwise
immunocompromised patients.

22. AFTER DEEROOFING

24. Necrotizing soft
tissue infections

25. Necrotizing fascitis

26. Rapidly progressive, life threatening soft
tissue infection with liquefactive necrosis of
subcutaneous fat, fascia and skin

28. Spectrum
Meleney’s gangrene Fournier’s gangrene

31. GAS GANGRENE

33. Take-home message
Remember the 3 Cs
1. Causes
2. Clinical features
3. Care
Stay vigilant, and don't hesitate to seek
help if you suspect an SSTI!"

34. Any
Questions?