The document discusses the history and development of immunology and vaccines. It describes how Edward Jenner in 1770 discovered that infection with cowpox provided protection against smallpox. Jenner is considered the pioneer of vaccination. The document also discusses how smallpox and cowpox viruses are related, with cowpox causing a milder illness and conferring immunity to smallpox. Lastly, it notes that smallpox was the only disease to be globally eradicated through vaccination efforts by the World Health Organization.
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
T cells are one of the important white blood cells of the immune system and play a central role in the adaptive immune response and are distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface.
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They function in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system.. B cells produce antibody molecules.
In mammals, B cells mature in the bone marrow, which is at the core of most bones. In birds, B cells mature in the bursa of Fabricus.
B cells present antigens (they are also classified as professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs)) and secrete cytokines.
Types of immune cells
∆Lymphoid cells
-lymphocytes
constitute 20%–40% of the body’s white blood cells and 99% of the cells in the lymph
continually circulate in the blood and lymph and are capable of migrating into the tissue spaces and lymphoid organs
lymphocytes enlarge into 15 µm-diameter blast cells, called lymphoblasts; these cells have a higher cytoplasm : nucleus ratio and more organellar complexity than small lymphocytes.
Lymphoblasts proliferate and eventually differentiate into-
effector cells or into
memory cells.
* B-lymphocytes
*T-lymphocytes
* Natural killer cells
∆mononuclear phagocytes
The mononuclear phagocytic system consists of monocytes circulating in the blood and macrophages in the tissues.
-macrophages
-monocytes
∆granulocytes cells
Granulocytes are at the front lines of attack during an immune response and are considered part of the innate immune system.
Granulocytes are white blood cells (leukocytes) that are classified as neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, or eosinophils on the basis of differences in cellular morphology and the staining of their characteristic cytoplasmic granules
The cytoplasm of all granulocytes is replete with granules that are released in response to contact with pathogens.
These granules contain a variety of proteins with distinct functions:
Some damage pathogens directly;
some regulate trafficking and activity of other white blood cells, including lymphocytes
-neutrophills
-basophils
-eosinophils
-dendritic cells
-mast cells
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
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Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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2. • La inmunología es una rama amplia de la biología y de las
ciencias biomédicas que se ocupa del estudio del sistema
inmunitario en todos los organismos, entendiendo como tal
al conjunto de órganos, tejidos y células que en los
vertebrados tienen como función biológica el reconocer
elementos extraños o ajenos dando una respuesta
(respuesta inmunológica).
3. Edward Jenner
is widely credited as the pioneer of smallpox
vaccine, and is sometimes referred to as the "Father
of Immunology” 1770
4. Cowpox is a skin disease caused by a virus known as the Cowpox virus. The pox is
related to the vaccinia virus and got its name from the distribution of the disease when
dairymaids touched the udders of infected cows. The ailment manifests itself in the form
of red blisters and is transmitted by touch from infected animals to humans. Cowpox is
similar to but much milder than the highly contagious and sometimes deadly smallpox
disease. It resembles mild smallpox, and was the basis of the first smallpox vaccines.
When the patient recovers from cowpox, the person is immune to smallpox.
5. La viruela es una enfermedad infecciosa grave, contagiosa, causada por el Variola virus,
que en algunos casos puede causar la muerte. No hay tratamiento especial para la viruela y
la única forma de prevención es la vacunación. El nombre viruela proviene de la palabra
latina que significa “manchado” y se refiere a los abultamientos que aparecen en la cara y
en el cuerpo de una persona infectada. Según la OMS la viruela es la única enfermedad que
está totalmente erradicada de todo el planeta.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. Figure 25-41The principal stages in
complement activation by the classical, lectin,
and alternative pathways
In all three pathways, the reactions of
complement activation usually take place on
the surface of an invading microbe, such as a
bacterium. C1–C9 and factors B and D are the
reacting components of the complement
system; various other components regulate the
system. The early components are shown
within gray arrows, while the late components
are shown within a brown arrow.
13. Figure 25-42Assembly of the late complement components to form a membrane attack complex
When C3b is produced by any of the three activation pathways, it is immobilized on a membrane,
where it causes the cleavage of the first of the late components, C5, to produce C5a (not shown) and
C5b. C5b remains loosely bound to C3b (not shown) and rapidly assembles with C6 and C7 to form
C567, which then binds firmly via C7 to the membrane, as illustrated. To this complex is added one
molecule of C8 to form C5678. The binding of a molecule of C9 to C5678 induces a conformational
change in C9 that exposes a hydrophobic region and causes C9 to insert into the lipid bilayer of the
target cell. This starts a chain reaction in which the altered C9 binds a second molecule of C9, where
it can bind another molecule of C9, and so on. In this way, a large transmembrane channel is formed
by a chain of C9 molecules.
20. • MONOCITOS
• 5% de leucocitos en sangre
• Producen médula ósea y liberan a la sangre
• Circulan por varias semanas y después
entran a los tejidos donde se desarrollan
como MACRÓFAGOS.
• Tienen núcleo en forma de herradura
bilobulado y citoplasma prominente.
• Importantes contra bacterias
• Abundantes en pulmones, intestino, hígado
y bazo.
23. Neutrófilos
Característica de tener un núcleo de
tres o más lóbulos
60% de leucocitos en la sangre
Son Fagocíticos
• Se producen en la médula ósea
• Abundantes en la sangre
• Vida corta
• Importantes en la inflamación,
son los primeros en llegar al sitio
dañado o lesión.
24. • BASÓFILOS Núcleo
bilobulado y gránulos
prominentes
• Producen médula ósea y entran
a la sangre
• Al entrar a tejido sólido se
desarrollan en MASTOCITOS
que se concentran en el tejido
conectivo de los tractos
respiratorio y gastrointetinales
y en la piel.
• Ambos contienen gránulos que
inician la inflamación que
contienen HISTAMINA, el
factor Quimiotáctico de
Eosinófilos.
25. HC=C-CH2-CH2-NH3+
N NH
C
H
Histamine
Características al MET: prolongaciones celulares cortas,
gran desarrollo del A. Golgi, núcleo de bordes irregulares y numerosos
gránulos electrón densos.
26. Eosinófilos
• Son 1-2% de los
leucocitos de la sangre
• Gránulos prominentes
contienen:
- Proteína Básica
Principal
- Proteína Catiónica de
Eosinófilos
- Peroxidasa de
Eosinófilo
• Tóxicos para parásitos
27. Células Asesinas Naturales
• 5-10% de leucocitos en
la sangre
• Destruyen células
infectadas por virus
• Se pegan a las células
infectadas y liberan
gránulos tóxicos que
lisan a la célula
53. Each antibody binds to a
specific antigen; an
interaction similar to a lock
and key.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. Figure 23-18 Fab and F(ab')2 antibody fragments
These fragments are produced when antibody molecules are cleaved with the proteolytic enzymes papain
and pepsin, respectively.
59.
60.
61. Figure 23-15Antibody-antigen interactions
Because antibodies have two identical antigen-binding sites, they can cross-link antigens. The types of antibody-antigen complexes that
form depend on the number of antigenic determinants on the antigen. Here a single species of antibody (a monoclonal antibody) is shown
binding to antigens containing one, two, or three copies of a single type of antigenic determinant. Antigens with two antigenic determinants
can form small cyclic complexes or linear chains with antibody, while antigens with three or more antigenic determinants can form large
three-dimensional lattices that readily precipitate out of solution. Most antigens have many different antigenic determinants (see Figure 23-
25A) and the different antibodies that recognize these different determinants can cooperate in cross-linking the antigen (not shown).
62. Figure 23-16The hinge region of an antibody molecule
Because of its flexibility, the hinge region improves the
efficiency of antigen binding and cross-linking.
63. Figure 23-19A pentameric IgM molecule
The five subunits are held together by
disulfide bonds. A single J chain, which
has a structure similar to that of a single
Ig domain (discussed later), is disulfide-
bonded between two μ heavy chains. The
J chain is required for the polymerization
process. The addition of each successive
four-chain IgM subunit requires a J chain,
which is then discarded, except for the
last one, which is retained.
64. Figure 23-21A highly schematized diagram
of a dimeric IgA molecule found in
secretions
In addition to the two IgA monomers, there
is a single J chain and an additional
polypeptide chain called the secretory
component, which is thought to protect the
IgA molecules from being digested by
proteolytic enzymes in the secretions.
65.
66. Figure 23-20Antibody-activated
phagocytosis
An IgG-antibody-coated bacterium is
efficiently phagocytosed by a macrophage or
neutrophil, which has cell-surface receptors
able to bind the Fc region of IgG molecules.
The binding of the antibody-covered
bacterium to these Fc receptors activates the
phagocytic process.
67. Figure 23-23 The role of IgE in histamine secretion by mast cells
A mast cell (or a basophil) binds IgE molecules after they are secreted by activated B cells; the soluble IgE antibodies
bind to Fc receptor proteins on the mast cell surface that specifically recognize the Fc region of these antibodies. The
passively acquired IgE molecules on the mast cell serve as cell-surface receptors for antigen. Thus, unlike B cells, each
mast cell (and basophil) has a set of cell-surface antibodies with a wide variety of antigen-binding sites. When an
antigen molecule binds to these membrane-bound IgE antibodies so as to cross-link them to their neighbors, it activates
the mast cell to release its histamine by exocytosis.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72. Figure 1.19Transmission electron micrographs of
lymphocytes at various stages of activation to
effector function
Small resting lymphocytes (top panel) have not
yet encountered antigen. Note the scanty
cytoplasm, the absence of rough endoplasmic
reticulum, and the condensed chromatin, all
indicative of an inactive cell. This could be either
a T cell or a B cell. Small circulating lymphocytes
are trapped in lymph nodes when their receptors
encounter antigen on antigen-presenting cells.
Stimulation by antigen induces the lymphocyte to
become an active lymphoblast (center panel).
Note the large size, the nucleoli, the enlarged
nucleus with diffuse chromatin, and the active
cytoplasm; again, T and B lymphoblasts are
similar in appearance. This cell undergoes
repeated division, which is followed by
differentiation to effector function. The bottom
panels show effector T and B lymphocytes. Note
the large amount of cytoplasm, the nucleus with
prominent nucleoli, abundant mitochondria, and
the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum, all
hallmarks of active cells. The rough endoplasmic
reticulum is especially prominent in plasma cells
(effector B cells), which are synthesizing and
secreting very large amounts of protein in the
form of antibody. Photographs courtesy of N.
Rooney.
73. Figure 23-4Electron micrographs of resting and activated lymphocytes
The resting lymphocyte in (A) could be a T cell or a B cell, for these cells are difficult to distinguish morphologically
until they have been activated. The activated B cell (a plasma cell) in (B) is filled with an extensive rough
endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is distended with antibody molecules. The activated T cell in (C) has relatively
little rough ER but is filled with free ribosomes. Note that the three cells are shown at the same magnification. (A,
courtesy of Dorothy Zucker-Franklin; B, courtesy of Carlo Grossi; A and B, from D. Zucker-Franklin et al., Atlas of
Blood Cells: Function and Pathology, 2nd ed. Milan, Italy: Edi. Ermes, 1988; C, courtesy of Stefanello de Petris.)
74.
75.
76.
77. Figure 23-6Two types of experiments that
support the clonal selection theory
For simplicity, cell-surface receptors are shown
only on those lymphocytes committed to respond
to antigen A; in fact, however, all T and B cells
have antigen-specific receptors on their surface.
The experiments shown have been carried out
mainly with B cells since T cells recognize an
antigen only when it is bound to the surface of a
host cell, as we discuss later.