The document discusses single visit endodontics, outlining its evolution, case selection, advantages, disadvantages, and common myths compared to multiple visit endodontics. It highlights the benefits of single visit treatment including reduced bacterial contamination and increased patient convenience, while also addressing potential drawbacks such as clinician fatigue and challenges in complex cases. The document concludes that with proper technique and management, single visit endodontics can be an effective alternative to traditional methods.

1. Arjeet Ghosh
SINGLE
VISIT
ENDODONTICS
MULTIPLE
VISIT
ENDODONTICS

2. CONTENTS• Introduction
• Evolution Of Single Visit Endodontics
• Case Selection For Single Visit Endodntics
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Myths
• Adjuncts To Render Efficient And Faster Treatment In Single Visit
Endodontics
• Procedure For Single Visit Endodontics.
• Conclusion.

3. INTRODUCTION
• The main objective of endodontic therapy is thorough mechanical and
chemical debridement of the entire pulp cavity and its complete obturation
with an inert filling material.
• In other words, Endodontic success depends upon
- Localization Of Canals
- Proper Shaping And Cleaning Of Root Canal System,
- 3 D Obturation Of Canal System.
Mothanna AI Rahab. Single visit root canal treatment: Review Saudi Endodontic Journal, May-Aug 2012 ,Vol 2

4. • To achieve all these goals endodontic therapy used to be performed in
multiple visits to cope up with the complete infection and to make the
canals free of microbes, all together for the success of endodontic therapy.
• Multiple visit endodontics was an established norm in the field of
endodontics, but it has certain disadvantages like
- Inter appointment microbial contamination and flare ups,
- Prolonged time leading to patient fatigue
- Unable to provide esthetic restorations in time,
- Discontinued treatment leading to failures.
Mothanna AI Rahab. Single visit root canal treatment: Review Saudi Endodontic Journal, May-Aug 2012 ,Vol 2

5. DEFINITION
Single visit endodontic therapy can be defined as a conservative, non
surgical treatment of an endodontically involved tooth consists of complete
biomechanical preparation and obturation of the root canal system in
single visit.
Textbook of endodontics, first edition, Mithra N. Hegde, pa no- 445.

6. Richard E.Walton 2012, reported that
78% of respondents preferred 1- visit RCT,
7% preferred 2-visit RCT and
16% would follow their dentist’s recommendation.
Although most respondents preferred 1-visit RCT regardless of success
rates, many would prefer 2-visit RCT if its success rate were greater than
that of 1-visit RCT

7. EVOLUTION OF SINGLE VISIT ENDODONTICS
Dodge JS. 1880s Concept of a single-visit root canal treatment
Ferranti 1950s Use of diathermy for pulpal disinfection and
hydrogen peroxide for irrigation
Tosti 1970 Clinical study using a single-visit approach.
Rudner and oliet 1983 Described a concept and clinical technique
for treating teeth in a single visit.
Ashkenaz. P.J. 1984 Defined and enumerated the indications and
contraindications for single visit endodontics.

8. CASE SELECTION AS GIVEN BY OLIET INCLUDES
Positive patient acceptance
Absence of acute symptoms
Absence of continuous haemorrhage or
exudation
Absence of anatomical interferences
Availability of sufficient time to complete the
case
Absence of procedural difficulties
Text book of endodontics, Nisha Grag, 3rd edition

9. INDICATIONS
• Uncomplicated vital teeth.
• Fractured anteriors or bicuspid teeth where aesthetics is the concern.
• Teeth indicated for endodontic surgery.
• Non vital teeth with sinus tract.
• Patients who require sedation every time.
• Medically compromised patients who require antibiotic prophylaxis.
• Physically compromised patients who cannot come to dental clinics frequently.
Ashkenaz, P J. “One-visit endodontics.” Dental clinics of North America 28 4 (1984): 853-63 .

10. • Intentional root canal therapy.
• Patients requiring full mouth rehabilitation.
• Accidental/Mechanical pulp exposure.
• Vital pulp exposures because of trauma with symptomatic pulpitis.
• Vital pulp exposure because of caries with symptomatic pulpitis.
Ashkenaz, P J. “One-visit endodontics.” Dental clinics of North America 28 4 (1984): 853-63 .

11. CONTRAINDICATIONS
• Teeth with anatomic anomalies such as calcified and curved canals.
• Asymptomatic non vital teeth with periapical pathology and no sinus tract.
• Acute alveolar abscess cases with pus discharge.
• Patients who have acute apical periodontitis with severe pain on percussion.
Ashkenaz, P J. “One-visit endodontics.” Dental clinics of North America 28 4 (1984): 853-63 .

12. • Most of the re-treatment cases.
• Patients with allergies or previous flare ups.
• Teeth with limited access.
• Patients who are unable to keep mouth open for long duration such as
TMJ disorders.
Ashkenaz, P J. “One-visit endodontics.” Dental clinics of North America 28 4 (1984): 853-63 .

13. ADVANTAGES
Clinical Advantages-
• Clinicians have the most intimate awareness of canal morphology,
immediately following instrumentation and need not reorient themselves
with the peculiarities of particular teeth.
• No risk of bacterial regrowth and leakage of the temporary seal.
• No risk of flare-up induced by leakage of temporary seal.
Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume 17, Issue 11 Ver. 7 (November.
2018), PP 70-74.

14. • The small chance of a life threatening reaction is reduced by not repeating
procedure such as local anaesthetic injection.
• For patients at risk of contracting bacterial endocarditis, the American
Heart Association recommends completing as many procedures as
possible during the antibiotic course.
• Patient's pre-appointment anxiety and post operative discomfort are
limited to one episode.
Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume 17, Issue 11 Ver. 7 (November.
2018), PP 70-74.

15. Practice management advantages:
• Prosthetic work can begin without delay.
• The risk of cancelled appointments is reduced.
• The number of teeth that patients are willing to save may increase.
• Same patients will pay a premium to save time.
• Materials needed for separate visits (disposable bibs, suction tips,
anaesthetic and irrigation needles and rubber dams) are saved.
• Time is saved:There is no need to reappoint patient nor reconfirm
appointments.
Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume 17, Issue 11 Ver. 7 (November.
2018), PP 70-74.

16. Patients advantages:
• Patient convenience — Patient does not have to endure the
discomfort of repetitive local anesthesia, treatment procedure and no
additional appointments.
• Patient comfort — because of reduced number of visits and
injections.
• Reduced intra appointment pain — Mostly the mid treatment flare
ups are caused by leakage of the temporary cements.
Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume 17, Issue 11 Ver. 7 (November.
2018), PP 70-74.

17. • Restorative considerations — In single visit endodontics, immediate
placement of coronal restoration (post and core placements) ensure
effective coronal seal and esthetics.
• Economics — Extra cost of multiple visits, use of fewer materials and
comparatively less chair side time all increase the economics to both
patient as well as doctor.
• Minimises the fear and anxiety.
Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume 17, Issue 11 Ver.
7 (November. 2018), PP 70-74.

18. DISADVANTAGES
• Clinician fatigue with extended one -appointment operating time.
• Patient fatigue - The longer single appointment may be tiring and
uncomfortable for the patient.
• Flare-ups cannot easily be treated by opening the tooth for drainage
• Difficult cases with extremely fine, calcified, multiple canals may not be
treatable in one appointment without causing undue stress for both the
patient and the clinician.
• The clinician may lack the expertise to properly treat a case in one visit.
This could result in failures, flare-ups, and legal repercussions.
Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume 17, Issue 11 Ver.
7 (November. 2018), PP 70-74.

20. MYTH NO. 1
Post operative pain is greater when endodontic therapy is
completed in a single visit, especially in non vital teeth

21. • Bayram Incea, 2009 stated that Postoperative pain occurred in 107 (69.9%) and
106 (69.3%) teeth in the single- and multi-visit treatment groups, respectively.
There was no significant difference in postoperative pain between the two
groups (P>.OI).
Ince B, Ercan E, Dalli M, Dulgergil CT, Zorba YO, Colak H. Incidence of
postoperative pain after single- and multi-visit endodontic treatment
in teeth with vital and non-vital pulp. Eur J Dent. 2009 Oct;3(4):273-9.
Keskin C, Özdemir Ö, Uzun İ, Güler B. Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on
pain after single-visit root canal treatment. Aust Endod J. 2017 Aug;43(2):83
88.
• C. Keskin, 2015 reported that there was no difference in the incidence and
intensity of postoperative pain whether treatment was completed in a
single- or multiple-visits in teeth with vital or non-vital pulps.

22. • Ashish patil, 2016 reported that incidence of pain after endodontic
treatment being performed in one-visit or two-visits is not significantly
different experienced by the patients 48 hours after treatment in both
the groups.
Patil AA, Joshi SB, Bhagwat SV, Patil SA. Incidence of Postoperative Pain
after Single Visit and Two Visit Root Canal Therapy: A Randomized
Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 May;10(5):ZC09-12.

23. MYTH NO-2
There is less healing when endodontic therapy is completed
in a single visit, especially in non vital teeth.

24. • In a systematic review done by C. Sathorn, 2005 found that single-visit
root canal treatment appeared to be slightly more effective than
multiple visit, i.e. a 6.3% higher healing rate.
Paredes-Vieyra J , 2012 stated that meticulously instrumented single visit root
canal treatment can be as successful as a 2-visit treatment and found that
there was no significant difference in radiographic evidence of periapical
healing between I-visit and 2-visit root canal treatment.
C. Sathom et al. Effectiveness of single versus multiple visit endodontic
treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis: a systematic review and
International Endodontic Journal, 38, 347-355, 2005
Paredes-Vieyra J, Enriquez FJ. Success rate of single- versus
two-visit root canal treatment of teeth with apical
periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Endod. 2012

25. • Dorasani et al, 2013 reported that Both single-visit and multiple-visit-
treated teeth healed satisfactorily with no significant differences.
Dorasani G, Madhusudhana K, Chinni SK. Clinical and
radiographic evaluation of single-visit and multi-visit
endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical pathology: An
in vivo study. J Conserv Dent. 2013 Nov;16(6):484-8.
Vieyra, Jorge Paredes, Fabian Paredes Ocampo, Acosta and Seidi
Karin Nevarez Osuna. “Incidence of Flare-Ups and Apical Healing
after Single-Visit or Two Visits Treatment of Teeth with Necrotic
Pulp and Apical Periodontitis after a Two-Year Control Period. A
Randomized Clinical Trial.” (2018).
• Fabian Ocampo Acosta et al , 2018 stated that there was no significant
difference in radiographic evidence of periapical healing between single-
visit and two visits root canal treatment.

26. MYTH NO- 3
Post operative swelling is greater when endodontic therapy is
completed in a single visit.

27. • Postoperative pain or swelling are collectively described as flare-up,
which is probably one of the most concerning issues that dentists
practicing single-visit treatment mostly deal with.
• Trope defined flare up as "intolerable pain and/or swelling " .

28. According to the findings of his study:
(i) Teeth without apical periodontitis did not flare-up and may be treated in a
single visit;
(ii) Teeth with apical periodontitis but no previous root treatment can be treated
in a single visit, with a low probability of a flare-ups. (1.4 per cent)
(iii) Teeth with apical periodontitis which need retreatment the flare-up rate was
highest and single-visit root treatment would be inadvisable. (13.6 per cent),

29. Krishna prasad et al in 2013, stated that little or no significant difference
occurred between single visit versus multi visit endodontic therapy.

30. • There was a significant difference regarding the occurrence of flare- ups when
comparing treatment cases with retreatment cases 0.05).
• Moderate pain occurred in
5% of the treatment cases
16.67% of the retreatment cases.
• This study gave evidence that a meticulously instrumentation and irrigation
performed in a single-visit root canal treatment can be as successful as a two
visits treatment.

31. MYTH NO- 4
Canals are cleaned better, if an antibacterial medicament such
as Ca(OH)2 is left in the tooth.

32. • Ghoddusi ,2006 have reported that the clinical outcome of multiple-visit
endodontic treatment was better for teeth treated with the intracanal calcium
hydroxide than for those with root canals left empty.
• Despite the high alkalinity antibacterial properties of calcium
hydroxide, some bacteria species, such as E. faecalis and Candida
albicans have been found to be resistant to it.
Ghoddusi J, Javidi M, Zarrabi MH, Bagheri H. Flare-ups
incidence and severity after using calcium hydroxide
as intracanal dressing. N Y State Dent J. 2006 Jun-
Jul;72(4):24-8.

33. • Complete elimination of bacteria is not strictly necessary, and maximum reduction
of bacteria and effective canal filling may be sufficient in terms of healing, rather
than complete eradication.
• Moreover, the tooth may also be susceptible to reinfection through the temporary
filling and dressing.
• Gesi et al 2006, stated that with proper use of aseptic operating procedures, proper
instrumentation, and filling, an inter-appointment dressing with calcium hydroxide
does not seem to influence outcome.
Gesi A. Hakeberg M.Warfvinge J. Bergenholtz G. Incidence of periapical lesions
and clinical symptoms after pulpectomy - A clinical and radiographic evaluation
of I- versus 2-session treatment Oral Surg Oral Med Otal Pathol Oral
RadiolEndod.. 2006; 101: 379-388

34. MYTH NO. 5
Multiple-visit endodontics is safer than single-visit endodontics,
and multiple visits mean more careful treatment.

35. • For patients at the risk of contracting bacterial endocarditis AHA
recommends as many procedures as possible during antibiotic
prophylaxis.
• The small chance of a toxic reaction from medication ( analgesics,
antibiotics, or anesthetic ) is reduced by not using them repeatedly ( at
multiple appointments ) an by using a smaller dose ( enough for one
appointment )
• Multiple visit treatment is more likely to cause clinicians to forget
important aspects of canal morphology and landmark.

36. • Amy Wai-Yee Wong 2015 Summed it up best.“Recent studies have
shown that the success rate and prevalence of postoperative pain of
single-visit or multiple-visit treatment had no significant difference.The
chairside time for single-visit treatment was shorter than multiple-visit
treatment.”
Wong AW, Tsang CS, Zhang S, Li KY, Zhang C, Chu CH.
Treatment outcomes of single-visit versus multiple-
visit non-surgical endodontic therapy: a randomised
clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2015 Dec 19;15:162.

37. MYTH NO-6
Patients do not mind multiple appointments and are likely to
object to the fee if the procedure is completed in a single visit.

38. • Aside from cost, there are two other major barriers to patients visiting the
dentist:
Fear Of Pain
Time Required.
• Completing root canal therapy in one appointment limits fear of pain to
one incident and decreases the time required (the number of
appointments and total treatment time).
• Patients are more likely to, accept single-visit treatment.

39. ADJUNCTS TO RENDER EFFICIENT AND FASTER
TREATMENT IN SINGLE VISIT ENDODONTICS:
Pain control
Isolation
Access cavity preparation
Light and magnification
Use of irrigants

40. PAIN CONTROL
• It relaxes the patient and saves time.
• It is preferable to use a long acting local anaesthetic agent.
• It also helps to control post operative pain.
• Sometimes supplemental anaesthesia is indicated along with the
• These includes: 1. Local Infiltration
2. Intrapulpal injection
3. Intra osseous injection.

41. • Masoud Parirokh et al 2012 Stated that patients who received
bupivacaine as the anesthetic agent for single-visit endodontic
treatment of irreversible pulpitis in mandibular molars had
significantly less early postoperative pain and used fewer analgesics
than those who had lidocaine as the anesthetic.
Effect of Bupivacaine on Postoperative Pain for Inferior
Alveolar Nerve Block Anesthesia after Single-visit Root
Canal Treatment in Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis. JOE
— Volume 38, Number 8. August 2012

42. ISOLATION
• The use of the rubber dam is mandatory in root canal treatment.
• The rubber dam is used in endodontics because it ensures the
following:
1. Patient is protected from aspiration of instruments, tooth debris,
medicaments and irrigating solutions.
2. A surgically clean operating field is isolated from saliva, hemorrhage
and other tissue fluids.
3. Soft tissues are retracted and protected.
4. Visibility is improved.

43. ACCESS CAVITY PREPARATION
• Before access cavity preparation, Caries typically is removed early,
before the pulp chamber is entered.
• The roof of the pulp chamber is best perforated with a round bur.
A. NO. 2 bur - anterior and premolar teeth and a
No.4 should be used in molar teeth.
B. Once the roof is perforated, A round bur, a tapered fissure bur or a
safety tip diamond or carbide bur is used
C. Tapered, Flame shaped and round ended tapered diamonds are
excellent for endodontic access.

44. LIGHT AND MAGNIFICATION
• The use of high quality magnification in dentistry improves both the
quality and speed of treatment, hence suitable for single visit
endodontics.
• Magnification and illumination are particularly important in single visit
root canal therapy ,especially for
- Determining the location of canals, Negotiating constricted,
- Curved and calcified canals,
- Debriding and removing tissue and
- Calcifications from the pulp chamber.

45. • Surgical loupes, endodontic endoscopes, and DOM are some of the
commercially available instruments that can help the clinician accomplish
these goals.
• The head light provides line of straight lumination, which is shadow less
and avoids multiple adjustments to the traditional overhead dental
operating light.

46. USE OF IRRIGATION
• The concept of single visit root canal treatment is based on the entombing
theory, which the large number of microorganisms removed during cleaning
and shaping and the remaining bacteria entombed by the root canal
obturation, will therefore miss essential elements to survive and space.
• Although instrumentation of the root canal is the primary method of canal
debridement, irrigation is a critical adjunct.
• Especially in case of single visit endodontics, irrigation plays a critical role as
there is no scope of taking advantage of intracanal medicaments.
• Irrigation serves as a physical flush to remove smear layer, debris as well as
serving as a bactericidal agent, tissue solvent and lubricant.
Shuping GB, Orstavik D, Sigurdsson A, Trope M. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-titanium rotary
instrumentation and various medications. J Endod. 2000 Dec;26(12):751-5.

47. • Of all the currently used substances, sodium hypochlorite appears to be
the most ideal.
• NaOCl is effective against endodontic microorganisms, including those
difficult to eradicate from root canals such as Enterococcus,Actinomyces
and Candida organisms.
• NaOCl solutions are used in concentrations ranging from 0.5% to
5.25%.
• Studies have shown that in warming NaOCl to approximately 60℃
significantly increases the rate of effectiveness of tissue dissolution.

48. PROCEDURAL SEQUENCE OF SINGLE. VISIT
ROOT CANAL TREATMENT
Case selection
• Radiographic examination
Access opening
• Cleaning & shaping
Obturation
• Proper restoration
Text book of endodontics, Nisha Grag, 3rd
edition

49. • The incidence of mishaps was 7% in teeth treated in a single visit,
and the incidence increased significantly to 16.2% and 28.3% for teeth
treated in two and three visits, respectively.
• Single-visit treatment was significantly correlated with fewer mishaps

50. • Richard B, 1988 evaluated the incidence of failure following single-visit
endodontic therapy and reported that the endodontic failure rate was
found to be 5.2%.
Also, the incidence of failure was higher in those teeth with periapical
extension of pulpal disease which had no prior access opening.

51. CONCLUSION
• The aim of endodontic therapy to achieve resolution of disease means elimination of the
etiology (the bacteria).Therefore everytime we get free microorganism canals.
• The canals with vital pulps can be regarded as free of bacteria at the initiation of
treatment.
• In teeth with necrotic pulp and apical periodontitis and with complex anatomy of the teeth
and root canals creates an environment that is a challenge to the complete cleansing in
SVE. Therefore MVE may be more effective to achieve more bacteria negative canals.
• Regardless of number of sessions, an effective bacteriological control is mandatory.

52. REFERENCES
• Mothanna AI Rahab. Single visit root canal treatment: Review Saudi Endodontic Journal, May-
Aug 2012 ,Vol 2.
• Textbook of endodontics, first edition, Mithra N. Hegde, pa no- 445.
• Vela KC,Walton RE,Trope M,Windschitl P, Caplan DJ. Patient preferences regarding 1-visit
versus 2-visit root canal therapy. J Endod. 2012 Oct;38(10):1322-5.
• Ashkenaz, P J.“One-visit endodontics.” Dental clinics of North America 28 4 (1984): 853-63 .
• Single-Visit Versus Multiple-Visit Root Canal Treatment- A Review Article Dr. Pradnya V,Volume
17, Issue 11 Ver. 7 (November. 2018), PP 70-74.
• Ince B, Ercan E, Dalli M, Dulgergil CT, Zorba YO, Colak H. Incidence of postoperative pain after
single- and multi-visit endodontic treatment in teeth with vital and non-vital pulp. Eur J Dent.
2009 Oct;3(4):273-9.

53. • Keskin C, Özdemir Ö, Uzun , Güler B. Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on pain after single-visit
İ
root canal treatment. Aust Endod J. 2017 Aug;43(2):83-88.
• Patil AA, Joshi SB, Bhagwat SV, Patil SA. Incidence of Postoperative Pain after Single Visit and Two
Visit Root Canal Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 May;10(5):ZC09-
12.
• C. Sathom et al. Effectiveness of single versus multiple visit endodontic treatment of teeth with
apical periodontitis: a systematic review and International Endodontic Journal, 38, 347-355, 2005
• Paredes-Vieyra J, Enriquez FJ. Success rate of single- versus two-visit root canal treatment of teeth
with apical periodontitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Endod. 2012 Sep;38(9):1164-9.
• Dorasani G, Madhusudhana K, Chinni SK. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of single-visit and
multi-visit endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical pathology: An in vivo study. J Conserv
Dent. 2013 Nov;16(6):484-8.
• Vieyra, Jorge Paredes, Fabian Paredes Ocampo, Acosta and Seidi Karin Nevarez Osuna.
“Incidence of Flare-Ups and Apical Healing after Single-Visit or Two Visits Treatment of Teeth
with Necrotic Pulp and Apical Periodontitis after a Two-Year Control Period. A Randomized
Clinical Trial.” (2018).

54. • Trope M. Flare-up rate of single-visit endodontics. Int Endod J. 1991 Jan;24(1):24-6.
• Prasada, Lashkari. (2013). A comparative study of flare-ups in nonvital molars in single-visit
versus multi-visit endodontic treatment. endodontology. 25.
• Vieyra, Jorge Paredes, Fabian Paredes Ocampo, Acosta and Seidi Karin Nevarez Osuna.
“Incidence of Flare-Ups and Apical Healing after Single-Visit or Two Visits Treatment of Teeth
with Necrotic Pulp and Apical Periodontitis after a Two-Year Control Period. A Randomized
Clinical Trial.” (2018).
• Ghoddusi J, Javidi M, Zarrabi MH, Bagheri H. Flare-ups incidence and severity after using
calcium hydroxide as intracanal dressing. NY State Dent J. 2006 Jun-Jul;72(4):24-8.
• Gesi A. Hakeberg M.Warfvinge J. Bergenholtz G. Incidence of periapical lesions and clinical
symptoms after pulpectomy - A clinical and radiographic evaluation of I- versus 2-session
treatment Oral Surg Oral Med Otal Pathol Oral RadiolEndod.. 2006; 101: 379-388
• Wong AW,Tsang CS, Zhang S, Li KY, Zhang C, Chu CH.Treatment outcomes of single-visit
versus multiple-visit non-surgical endodontic therapy: a randomised clinical trial. BMC Oral
Health. 2015 Dec 19;15:162.

55. • Effect of Bupivacaine on Postoperative Pain for Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block Anesthesia after
Single-visit Root Canal Treatment in Teeth with Irreversible Pulpitis. JOE — Volume 38, Number
8. August 2012
• Shuping GB, Orstavik D, Sigurdsson A,Trope M. Reduction of intracanal bacteria using nickel-
titanium rotary instrumentation and various medications. J Endod. 2000 Dec;26(12):751-5.
• Text book of endodontics, Nisha Grag, 3rd edition
• Alsulaimani, Reem & Al-Manei, Kholod & Ababtain, Razan & Binrabba, Reem & Ashri, Nahid.
(2016).The Correlation between Endodontic Mishaps and Single-Visit Treatment in King Saud
University. International Journal of Dentistry and Oral Health.
• Pekruhn RB.The incidence of failure following single-visit endodontic therapy. J Endod. 1986
Feb;12(2):68-72.