The document summarizes the results of profiling amidohydrolase enzymes and analyzing physicochemical properties of soil samples collected from various locations in North Gujarat, India. Amidohydrolase enzymes like amidase and L-asparaginase were assayed in the soil samples. Various physicochemical parameters of the soil like color, pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, chloride, calcium carbonate and total hardness were also analyzed. The results showed variation in enzyme activities and physicochemical properties across different sampling locations.
The document discusses salt-free dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes using cationic agents. It aims to study the feasibility of using cationic agents instead of salt for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes. Various cationic agents are used to pretreat cotton via exhaust and pad-dry methods, followed by exhaust dyeing without salt. Dye exhaustion and color yield are compared for different cationic agents and pretreatment methods. Results show that pretreatment with cationic agents increases dye exhaustion and color yield compared to dyeing with salt. Tinofix ECO gives the highest dye exhaustion and color yield for most dyes tested. The study suggests cationic agents can enable salt-free dyeing of cotton with reactive
The document describes experiments to isolate and characterize acid phosphatase from wheat germ. It outlines the objectives, introduction, materials and methods used which included fractionating the wheat germ extract through ammonium sulfate precipitation and measuring protein concentration via BCA assay. The results showed the highest protein concentrations in Fractions II and V but SDS-PAGE analysis did not show clear bands, suggesting acid phosphatase was not successfully isolated. Possible sources of error are acknowledged.
This document describes a study to isolate and screen methyl parathion degrading Aspergilli from soil. The key objectives were to:
1) Isolate and screen Aspergillus fungi that produce methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH), an enzyme that breaks down methyl parathion.
2) Compare the methyl parathion degradation potential of 7 Aspergillus niger isolates.
3) Quantify MPH production by determining enzyme activity levels.
Various soils were used to isolate fungi, which were screened on media containing methyl parathion. The most promising isolates were tested in broth for their ability to degrade methyl parathion at different concentrations, with
Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify t...ijtsrd
This article offers an optimal method of activation for industrial application of alkaline bentonite of Navbakhor and results of its testing. Bayjanov Islam | Kurambaev Sherzod | ?xmedova Shahlo"Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify the Local Plant Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17159.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/17159/creating-a-method-for-activating-alkaline-bentonite-of-navbakhor-to-justify-the-local-plant-oils/bayjanov-islam
DETERMINE THE Km and vmax OF THE ACIDIC PHOSPHATASEKhusboo Haarshee
This document describes an experiment to determine the Km and Vmax of acidic phosphatase from bean sprouts. Acidic phosphatase was extracted from bean sprouts and its activity was measured using a substrate that is hydrolyzed to release phenol. A standard curve was developed to correlate phenol concentration with absorbance. Initial velocities were measured at different substrate concentrations to generate a Lineweaver-Burk plot from which Km and Vmax could be extrapolated from the slope and intercepts. The results showed the Km, Vmax, and derived kinetic parameters of the acidic phosphatase.
Formulae for Enzyme based cosmetic productsMurray Hunter
Formulae for enyme based cosmetic and cleaning products - dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent, shampoo, hair conditioner, shower gel, soap, and a basic enzyme formula. (These are basic formulae just to demonstrate the use of basic village made enzymes in cosmetic and household products - a cosmetic product can be made totally naturally without feedstock based surfactants and other materials - please contact author for information.) These formulations are intended to help "kickstart" village based/kampong industries in SE Asia.
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of methylene blue from aque...suresh899
1) Activated carbon was prepared from Murraya koenigii stems and used to adsorb methylene blue from an aqueous solution.
2) The activated carbon had a specific surface area of 508 m2/g and was characterized as mainly microporous with some mesopores present.
3) Equilibrium studies showed that the adsorption of methylene blue onto the activated carbon fit the Langmuir isotherm model best, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g.
4) Kinetic studies found that the adsorption of methylene blue followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
The document discusses salt-free dyeing of cotton with reactive dyes using cationic agents. It aims to study the feasibility of using cationic agents instead of salt for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes. Various cationic agents are used to pretreat cotton via exhaust and pad-dry methods, followed by exhaust dyeing without salt. Dye exhaustion and color yield are compared for different cationic agents and pretreatment methods. Results show that pretreatment with cationic agents increases dye exhaustion and color yield compared to dyeing with salt. Tinofix ECO gives the highest dye exhaustion and color yield for most dyes tested. The study suggests cationic agents can enable salt-free dyeing of cotton with reactive
The document describes experiments to isolate and characterize acid phosphatase from wheat germ. It outlines the objectives, introduction, materials and methods used which included fractionating the wheat germ extract through ammonium sulfate precipitation and measuring protein concentration via BCA assay. The results showed the highest protein concentrations in Fractions II and V but SDS-PAGE analysis did not show clear bands, suggesting acid phosphatase was not successfully isolated. Possible sources of error are acknowledged.
This document describes a study to isolate and screen methyl parathion degrading Aspergilli from soil. The key objectives were to:
1) Isolate and screen Aspergillus fungi that produce methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH), an enzyme that breaks down methyl parathion.
2) Compare the methyl parathion degradation potential of 7 Aspergillus niger isolates.
3) Quantify MPH production by determining enzyme activity levels.
Various soils were used to isolate fungi, which were screened on media containing methyl parathion. The most promising isolates were tested in broth for their ability to degrade methyl parathion at different concentrations, with
Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify t...ijtsrd
This article offers an optimal method of activation for industrial application of alkaline bentonite of Navbakhor and results of its testing. Bayjanov Islam | Kurambaev Sherzod | ?xmedova Shahlo"Creating a Method for Activating Alkaline Bentonite of Navbakhor to Justify the Local Plant Oils" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd17159.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/chemical-engineering/17159/creating-a-method-for-activating-alkaline-bentonite-of-navbakhor-to-justify-the-local-plant-oils/bayjanov-islam
DETERMINE THE Km and vmax OF THE ACIDIC PHOSPHATASEKhusboo Haarshee
This document describes an experiment to determine the Km and Vmax of acidic phosphatase from bean sprouts. Acidic phosphatase was extracted from bean sprouts and its activity was measured using a substrate that is hydrolyzed to release phenol. A standard curve was developed to correlate phenol concentration with absorbance. Initial velocities were measured at different substrate concentrations to generate a Lineweaver-Burk plot from which Km and Vmax could be extrapolated from the slope and intercepts. The results showed the Km, Vmax, and derived kinetic parameters of the acidic phosphatase.
Formulae for Enzyme based cosmetic productsMurray Hunter
Formulae for enyme based cosmetic and cleaning products - dishwashing liquid, laundry detergent, shampoo, hair conditioner, shower gel, soap, and a basic enzyme formula. (These are basic formulae just to demonstrate the use of basic village made enzymes in cosmetic and household products - a cosmetic product can be made totally naturally without feedstock based surfactants and other materials - please contact author for information.) These formulations are intended to help "kickstart" village based/kampong industries in SE Asia.
In the present study, activated carbon is prepared from Murraya koenigii Stems (MKST) and used for the adsorption of methylene blue
from aqueous solution. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms were used to characterize the pore properties of the activated carbon including
the BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter. The specific surface area of the prepared carbon is 508 m2/g. Batch mode experiments
were conducted to study the effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of methylene blue. The equilibrium data fits well with Langmuir
model with monolayer adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudosecond
order models. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to pseudo-second order kinetics with a good correlation. The results
show that methylene blue interacts strongly with the prepared activated carbon and hence the adsorbent is good for the removal of
methylene blue from aqueous solution.
Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of methylene blue from aque...suresh899
1) Activated carbon was prepared from Murraya koenigii stems and used to adsorb methylene blue from an aqueous solution.
2) The activated carbon had a specific surface area of 508 m2/g and was characterized as mainly microporous with some mesopores present.
3) Equilibrium studies showed that the adsorption of methylene blue onto the activated carbon fit the Langmuir isotherm model best, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 123.46 mg/g.
4) Kinetic studies found that the adsorption of methylene blue followed pseudo-second order kinetics.
ISOLATION AND ESTIMATION OF GLYCERRHIZIN AND PHYLLANTHINnaseefa
This document discusses the isolation and estimation of two phytoconstituents - glycerrhizin from liquorice root and phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus. It describes the biological sources, chemical constituents, isolation methods including acid precipitation, alcohol extraction and ammonia extraction for glycerrhizin. For phyllanthin, the isolation involves extraction with petroleum ether followed by column chromatography. Estimation methods discussed are TLC densitometry, colorimetric and HPLC methods for glycerrhizin and TLC and HPLC for identifying and estimating phyllanthin.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physicochemical properties of clay mineral from Nteje, Nigeria after activation with sulfuric acid. The clay was treated with sulfuric acid at concentrations ranging from 2-7 mol/L. Characterization showed acid activation modified the chemical composition by exchanging octahedral cations for hydrogen ions, altering the crystalline structure and increasing surface area over three times that of the raw sample. Bleaching tests using the activated clays showed adsorption capacity and color removal from palm oil increased, with the 6 mol/L activated clay achieving 92.5% removal compared to 43.4% for the raw clay. The results indicate acid activation enhanced the adsorptive properties of the Nte
This document discusses methods for determining available phosphorus in soil. There are two main methods - Bray's method for acid soils, which uses ammonium fluoride and hydrochloric acid to extract phosphorus, and Olsen's method for neutral/alkaline soils, which uses sodium bicarbonate. The extracted phosphorus reacts with ammonium molybdate in an acid solution to form a blue complex, the intensity of which can be measured to determine phosphorus concentration. Proper extraction and color development procedures are outlined to accurately quantify available phosphorus in soil samples.
Different methods of phosphorus determination in plantsNamitaPradhan6
The document describes different methods for determining phosphorus content in plants, including colorimetry and ICP methods. The colorimetry method involves digesting a plant sample with acids, then adding reagents to produce a yellow color whose intensity is measured spectrophotometrically to determine phosphorus levels. The ICP method uses inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine phosphorus after complete digestion of a plant sample with acid mixtures. Several digestion techniques are outlined, including dry ashing and wet mineralization with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and perchloric acid. References on phosphorus determination methods are also provided.
Isolation, identification & estimation by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
This document discusses the isolation, identification, and analysis of phytoconstituents from various plant sources. It provides details on four methods for isolating diosgenin from fenugreek, including alcoholic extraction, acid hydrolysis, fermentation with acid hydrolysis, and incubation with acid hydrolysis. It also discusses the isolation of atropine from Atropa belladonna through ethanol extraction and acid-base partitioning. Methods for isolating reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina roots include benzene extraction, acid-base partitioning, and chromatography. Identification tests and analytical techniques like TLC, HPTLC, and GC-MS are also summarized.
Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
The document provides information on the phytochemical screening and analysis of various herbal drugs and compounds. It discusses the isolation, identification, and estimation methods for several anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, as well as the isolation of compounds like diosgenin from fenugreek, rutin, atropine, reserpine, morphine, ephedrine, and caffeine. Various extraction, hydrolysis, chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques are described for isolating and analyzing the chemical constituents from different plant materials.
This document presents methods for analyzing various fermented products such as wine, spirits, beer, and vinegar. It discusses spectrophotometric methods for determining tannins and total acidity in wines. It also describes procedures for determining extracts, sulphur dioxide, ethyl alcohol, total acidity, and methyl alcohol content. The methods include titration, distillation, and spectrophotometric techniques. Standards from IS and AOAC are referenced for alcohol analysis methods.
The document describes the isolation, purification, and assay of acid phosphatase from wheat germ. The objectives were to purify acid phosphatase from wheat germ and determine its protein concentration using a BCA protein assay. Wheat germ was suspended in buffer and centrifuged to obtain 6 fractions which were further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The BCA assay was used to quantify the protein concentration in each fraction by measuring absorbance.
The document provides instructions for preparing sodium phosphate buffers at different pH levels. It describes adding specific volumes of 1M sodium phosphate stock solutions to water according to a table, adjusting the pH with NaOH or phosphoric acid if needed, and diluting the solution to a final volume of 50mL in a volumetric flask. The buffers are intended to be 0.1M solutions of sodium phosphate at pH levels ranging from 5.8 to 8.0 at 25 degrees Celsius.
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
The document describes an experiment that uses thin layer chromatography to separate pigments from kamote tops. Students grind kamote leaves with acetone to extract pigments. The extract is applied to a TLC plate and developed in a solvent mixture. This causes the pigments to travel up the plate at different rates. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, B-carotene, and xanthophylls are separated. Students measure the distance each pigment travels and calculate its Rf value to identify the pigments.
Isolation Extraction Estimation of ArtemisininAFSATH
This document summarizes the extraction and quantification of artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua. The plant material is extracted using solvents like methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate. The extract is then partitioned and purified through chromatography. Artemisinin content is estimated using two methods - TLC densitometry and HPLC. Both methods involve developing a calibration curve to determine the concentration of artemisinin in the test samples. Artemisinin extracted from A. annua is used effectively to treat malaria and other diseases.
The document describes various life science products for sample preparation and analysis, including:
1) MonoSpin SPE columns for solid phase extraction of small volume samples.
2) MonoTip pipette tip SPE for efficient concentration and purification of peptide and protein samples.
3) Titansphere Phos-TiO kits for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from protein digests.
4) MonoSpin ProA and ProG kits for rapid antibody purification using monolithic silica spin columns.
5) MonoCap high resolution LC columns for high efficiency peptide and protein separation.
Vini Shukla completed a chemistry project to determine the amount of acetic acid in different types of vinegar using titration. The student titrated samples of household vinegar, wine vinegar, and fruit vinegar with a sodium hydroxide solution. By calculating the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to reach the endpoint with the indicator phenolphthalein, the student was able to determine the concentration of acetic acid in each vinegar. The results found wine vinegar had the highest concentration at 72 g/L, followed by fruit vinegar at 48 g/L, and household vinegar had the lowest at 40.5 g/L. The student expressed gratitude to the chemistry teacher for guidance on the project.
Extraction, isolation & estimation of ephedrine KUNAL KELZARKAR
This document describes the extraction, isolation, and estimation of ephedrine from Ephedra gerardiana and other Ephedra species. It involves powdering the dried stems and extracting with petroleum ether and aqueous alcohol. The extract is made alkaline and filtered to obtain a dry ephedrine residue. Estimation of ephedrine involves thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography with solvent systems and visualization with ninhydrin reagent. Ephedrine content was estimated to be a maximum of 2.60% using a calibration curve. Ephedrine is used as a bronchodilator for asthma and to treat low blood pressure, with oral and parenteral doses provided.
Beer is an incredibly complex beverage containing more than 3000 different compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, ions, microbes, organic acids, and polyphenols, among others.Some of the analytical methods used for quality control are presented
This document provides instructions for using a chemical product called GDA for leaching gold from ore. It can be applied to various ore types using heap, tank, or carbon leaching processes. GDA is supplied as a grey lump that dissolves in water. The product works best under alkaline conditions maintained between pH 11-12 by adding substances like lime or sodium hydroxide. Dosage amounts depend on ore properties and grade, typically 0.1-0.5kg per g/t of gold. Proper concentration is determined through testing and calculated using provided formulas. Instructions are given for soaking and agitation leaching tests to evaluate extraction rates over time.
This document provides an overview of anti-cancer treatments. It discusses the types of cancer and their causes. The goals of cancer treatment are outlined as curative, palliative, or adjuvant. Major treatment types include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, gene therapy, and recombinant DNA approaches. Each treatment has benefits but also side effects. The document emphasizes that cancer prevention through lifestyle choices like not smoking and a healthy diet can help reduce cancer risks.
This document summarizes different types of DNA ligase enzymes including their sources, mechanisms, and applications. It discusses bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase, E.coli DNA ligase, Taq DNA ligase, T4 RNA ligase, and mammalian ligases. The mechanism of DNA ligase involves three steps - adenylation of the enzyme using ATP, transfer of AMP to the DNA donor strand, and formation of a phosphodiester bond between the donor and acceptor strands. The types of ligases vary in their substrate specificities and thermal stabilities, making each useful for different molecular biology applications like cloning and DNA amplification.
The document discusses nanopores for DNA sequencing. It begins by defining nanopores as small holes typically 100 nm or smaller that can be used to identify molecules passing through. It then discusses several methods for DNA sequencing using nanopores, including using the alpha-hemolysin protein nanopore and MspA protein nanopore to detect individual nucleotides. Graphene nanopores are also discussed as a promising new method to discriminate between different nucleotide base pairs through their interaction with the graphene. The document highlights the potential for nanopore sequencing to be direct, fast and inexpensive compared to other sequencing methods.
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles show promise in cancer diagnosis and treatment through targeted drug delivery. Nanoparticles are well-suited for these applications due to their small size, high surface area, and ability to control and target drug delivery. This can help reduce side effects while requiring lower dosages than traditional treatments. Many nanodevices like micelles, vesicles, dendritic polymers, and quantum dots are being developed and studied for use in drug delivery systems.
ISOLATION AND ESTIMATION OF GLYCERRHIZIN AND PHYLLANTHINnaseefa
This document discusses the isolation and estimation of two phytoconstituents - glycerrhizin from liquorice root and phyllanthin from Phyllanthus amarus. It describes the biological sources, chemical constituents, isolation methods including acid precipitation, alcohol extraction and ammonia extraction for glycerrhizin. For phyllanthin, the isolation involves extraction with petroleum ether followed by column chromatography. Estimation methods discussed are TLC densitometry, colorimetric and HPLC methods for glycerrhizin and TLC and HPLC for identifying and estimating phyllanthin.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the physicochemical properties of clay mineral from Nteje, Nigeria after activation with sulfuric acid. The clay was treated with sulfuric acid at concentrations ranging from 2-7 mol/L. Characterization showed acid activation modified the chemical composition by exchanging octahedral cations for hydrogen ions, altering the crystalline structure and increasing surface area over three times that of the raw sample. Bleaching tests using the activated clays showed adsorption capacity and color removal from palm oil increased, with the 6 mol/L activated clay achieving 92.5% removal compared to 43.4% for the raw clay. The results indicate acid activation enhanced the adsorptive properties of the Nte
This document discusses methods for determining available phosphorus in soil. There are two main methods - Bray's method for acid soils, which uses ammonium fluoride and hydrochloric acid to extract phosphorus, and Olsen's method for neutral/alkaline soils, which uses sodium bicarbonate. The extracted phosphorus reacts with ammonium molybdate in an acid solution to form a blue complex, the intensity of which can be measured to determine phosphorus concentration. Proper extraction and color development procedures are outlined to accurately quantify available phosphorus in soil samples.
Different methods of phosphorus determination in plantsNamitaPradhan6
The document describes different methods for determining phosphorus content in plants, including colorimetry and ICP methods. The colorimetry method involves digesting a plant sample with acids, then adding reagents to produce a yellow color whose intensity is measured spectrophotometrically to determine phosphorus levels. The ICP method uses inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to determine phosphorus after complete digestion of a plant sample with acid mixtures. Several digestion techniques are outlined, including dry ashing and wet mineralization with nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and perchloric acid. References on phosphorus determination methods are also provided.
Isolation, identification & estimation by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
This document discusses the isolation, identification, and analysis of phytoconstituents from various plant sources. It provides details on four methods for isolating diosgenin from fenugreek, including alcoholic extraction, acid hydrolysis, fermentation with acid hydrolysis, and incubation with acid hydrolysis. It also discusses the isolation of atropine from Atropa belladonna through ethanol extraction and acid-base partitioning. Methods for isolating reserpine from Rauwolfia serpentina roots include benzene extraction, acid-base partitioning, and chromatography. Identification tests and analytical techniques like TLC, HPTLC, and GC-MS are also summarized.
Isolation, industrial production of phytoconstituents by Pooja Khanpara POOJA KHANPARA
The document provides information on the phytochemical screening and analysis of various herbal drugs and compounds. It discusses the isolation, identification, and estimation methods for several anthraquinone glycosides found in senna, as well as the isolation of compounds like diosgenin from fenugreek, rutin, atropine, reserpine, morphine, ephedrine, and caffeine. Various extraction, hydrolysis, chromatography, and spectroscopic techniques are described for isolating and analyzing the chemical constituents from different plant materials.
This document presents methods for analyzing various fermented products such as wine, spirits, beer, and vinegar. It discusses spectrophotometric methods for determining tannins and total acidity in wines. It also describes procedures for determining extracts, sulphur dioxide, ethyl alcohol, total acidity, and methyl alcohol content. The methods include titration, distillation, and spectrophotometric techniques. Standards from IS and AOAC are referenced for alcohol analysis methods.
The document describes the isolation, purification, and assay of acid phosphatase from wheat germ. The objectives were to purify acid phosphatase from wheat germ and determine its protein concentration using a BCA protein assay. Wheat germ was suspended in buffer and centrifuged to obtain 6 fractions which were further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The BCA assay was used to quantify the protein concentration in each fraction by measuring absorbance.
The document provides instructions for preparing sodium phosphate buffers at different pH levels. It describes adding specific volumes of 1M sodium phosphate stock solutions to water according to a table, adjusting the pH with NaOH or phosphoric acid if needed, and diluting the solution to a final volume of 50mL in a volumetric flask. The buffers are intended to be 0.1M solutions of sodium phosphate at pH levels ranging from 5.8 to 8.0 at 25 degrees Celsius.
The document is a project report for manufacturing MEA TRIAZINE from paraformaldehyde and monoethanol amine. MEA TRIAZINE is used as H2S scavanger in crude oilfields.
The document describes an experiment that uses thin layer chromatography to separate pigments from kamote tops. Students grind kamote leaves with acetone to extract pigments. The extract is applied to a TLC plate and developed in a solvent mixture. This causes the pigments to travel up the plate at different rates. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, B-carotene, and xanthophylls are separated. Students measure the distance each pigment travels and calculate its Rf value to identify the pigments.
Isolation Extraction Estimation of ArtemisininAFSATH
This document summarizes the extraction and quantification of artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua. The plant material is extracted using solvents like methanol, hexane, and ethyl acetate. The extract is then partitioned and purified through chromatography. Artemisinin content is estimated using two methods - TLC densitometry and HPLC. Both methods involve developing a calibration curve to determine the concentration of artemisinin in the test samples. Artemisinin extracted from A. annua is used effectively to treat malaria and other diseases.
The document describes various life science products for sample preparation and analysis, including:
1) MonoSpin SPE columns for solid phase extraction of small volume samples.
2) MonoTip pipette tip SPE for efficient concentration and purification of peptide and protein samples.
3) Titansphere Phos-TiO kits for selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from protein digests.
4) MonoSpin ProA and ProG kits for rapid antibody purification using monolithic silica spin columns.
5) MonoCap high resolution LC columns for high efficiency peptide and protein separation.
Vini Shukla completed a chemistry project to determine the amount of acetic acid in different types of vinegar using titration. The student titrated samples of household vinegar, wine vinegar, and fruit vinegar with a sodium hydroxide solution. By calculating the volume of sodium hydroxide needed to reach the endpoint with the indicator phenolphthalein, the student was able to determine the concentration of acetic acid in each vinegar. The results found wine vinegar had the highest concentration at 72 g/L, followed by fruit vinegar at 48 g/L, and household vinegar had the lowest at 40.5 g/L. The student expressed gratitude to the chemistry teacher for guidance on the project.
Extraction, isolation & estimation of ephedrine KUNAL KELZARKAR
This document describes the extraction, isolation, and estimation of ephedrine from Ephedra gerardiana and other Ephedra species. It involves powdering the dried stems and extracting with petroleum ether and aqueous alcohol. The extract is made alkaline and filtered to obtain a dry ephedrine residue. Estimation of ephedrine involves thin layer chromatography and high performance thin layer chromatography with solvent systems and visualization with ninhydrin reagent. Ephedrine content was estimated to be a maximum of 2.60% using a calibration curve. Ephedrine is used as a bronchodilator for asthma and to treat low blood pressure, with oral and parenteral doses provided.
Beer is an incredibly complex beverage containing more than 3000 different compounds, including carbohydrates, proteins, ions, microbes, organic acids, and polyphenols, among others.Some of the analytical methods used for quality control are presented
This document provides instructions for using a chemical product called GDA for leaching gold from ore. It can be applied to various ore types using heap, tank, or carbon leaching processes. GDA is supplied as a grey lump that dissolves in water. The product works best under alkaline conditions maintained between pH 11-12 by adding substances like lime or sodium hydroxide. Dosage amounts depend on ore properties and grade, typically 0.1-0.5kg per g/t of gold. Proper concentration is determined through testing and calculated using provided formulas. Instructions are given for soaking and agitation leaching tests to evaluate extraction rates over time.
This document provides an overview of anti-cancer treatments. It discusses the types of cancer and their causes. The goals of cancer treatment are outlined as curative, palliative, or adjuvant. Major treatment types include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, gene therapy, and recombinant DNA approaches. Each treatment has benefits but also side effects. The document emphasizes that cancer prevention through lifestyle choices like not smoking and a healthy diet can help reduce cancer risks.
This document summarizes different types of DNA ligase enzymes including their sources, mechanisms, and applications. It discusses bacteriophage T4 DNA ligase, E.coli DNA ligase, Taq DNA ligase, T4 RNA ligase, and mammalian ligases. The mechanism of DNA ligase involves three steps - adenylation of the enzyme using ATP, transfer of AMP to the DNA donor strand, and formation of a phosphodiester bond between the donor and acceptor strands. The types of ligases vary in their substrate specificities and thermal stabilities, making each useful for different molecular biology applications like cloning and DNA amplification.
The document discusses nanopores for DNA sequencing. It begins by defining nanopores as small holes typically 100 nm or smaller that can be used to identify molecules passing through. It then discusses several methods for DNA sequencing using nanopores, including using the alpha-hemolysin protein nanopore and MspA protein nanopore to detect individual nucleotides. Graphene nanopores are also discussed as a promising new method to discriminate between different nucleotide base pairs through their interaction with the graphene. The document highlights the potential for nanopore sequencing to be direct, fast and inexpensive compared to other sequencing methods.
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles show promise in cancer diagnosis and treatment through targeted drug delivery. Nanoparticles are well-suited for these applications due to their small size, high surface area, and ability to control and target drug delivery. This can help reduce side effects while requiring lower dosages than traditional treatments. Many nanodevices like micelles, vesicles, dendritic polymers, and quantum dots are being developed and studied for use in drug delivery systems.
Nanoparticles for drug delivery by shreyaShreya Modi
This document discusses the advancement of nanotechnology and nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis and drug delivery. It outlines several challenges in developing effective nanoscale drug delivery systems, as well as properties of nanomaterials that make them suitable for drug delivery. Various nanodevices are described that could be used for targeted drug delivery, including liposomes, nanoshells, dendrimers, micelles, nanowires, nanotubes, quantum dots, and potential future nanorobots. Advantages of nanoparticle drug delivery systems include smaller size, higher bioavailability, and ability to target drugs directly to cells and nuclei. The only disadvantage mentioned is difficulty determining proper dosages.
How nanotechnology affect biodiversity and ecosystem by shreya modiShreya Modi
This document discusses how nanotechnology can help address issues related to biodiversity and ecosystems. It describes how nanotechnology can help develop sustainable energy sources, treat wastewater, aid in oil spill cleanup, and enable better and more affordable medical treatment. The document provides multiple examples of how nanomaterials and nanoscale processes are already being used or explored to solve environmental problems and support human health and well-being while reducing environmental impacts.
Physicochemical properties of metal nanoparticle by shreya modiShreya Modi
The document discusses the physico-chemical properties of nanosized metal particles and how they differ from bulk metals of the same composition. Key points include:
- Properties like size, surface area, optical properties, melting point, and band gap behave differently at the nanoscale level compared to bulk due to effects like higher surface area to volume ratio and quantum confinement.
- Historically, metal nanoparticles were used to stain glass as far back as ancient times, but study of their unique properties is more recent.
- Properties change with particle size, as size decreases properties transition from continuous to discrete electronic states.
- Higher surface area leads to greater reactivity despite composition being the same as bulk.
The document provides an overview of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. CVD involves reacting vapor phase chemicals in a chamber to form a thin solid film on a substrate. It can be used to deposit a variety of materials. PVD physically vaporizes a solid material in a chamber and allows it to condense as a thin film on a substrate. Both processes are used to apply thin coatings with improved properties for applications such as semiconductors, protective coatings, and medical and aerospace components.
The document provides an overview of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) processes. CVD involves reacting vapor phase chemicals in a chamber to form a thin solid film on a substrate. It can be used to deposit a variety of materials. PVD involves physically vaporizing a material in a chamber and re-depositing it as a thin film on a substrate. It has various variants like sputtering and evaporative deposition. Both CVD and PVD are used to deposit thin films for applications like semiconductor devices, coatings, optical fibers and composites.
The document summarizes the isolation, characterization, and identification of an L-glutaminase producing soil organism. Various enrichment media were used to isolate the organism, which was found to be a small, pale yellow, gram-negative short rod. Biochemical tests revealed that the isolate is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. The isolate was able to produce L-glutaminase and grew on minimal glutamine agar. Physicochemical analysis of the soil sample found minerals like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. The isolated organism shows potential for industrial L-glutaminase production.
The document summarizes the results of profiling amidohydrolase enzymes and analyzing physicochemical properties of soil samples collected from various locations in North Gujarat, India. Amidohydrolase enzymes like amidase and L-asparaginase were assayed in the soil samples. Various properties of the soil samples like color, pH, organic carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, chloride, calcium carbonate and total hardness were also analyzed. The results showed variability in enzyme activities and physicochemical properties across the different soil sampling locations.
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The document discusses the use of nanobioremediation to clean up environmental pollution. It proposes using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to enhance the ability of microorganisms to remediate contaminants. Key points:
1) Nanoparticles and genetic engineering can be used to modify microbial cells to increase their ability to degrade various pollutants like heavy metals and organic compounds through increased enzyme production and substrate specificity.
2) Immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes onto nanoparticles increases their stability and reusability, improving bioremediation efficiency.
3) A radioresistant bacterium called Deinococcus radiodurans has been genetically engineered to remediate multiple contaminants found in radioactive waste, providing a single
The document discusses the use of nanobioremediation to clean up environmental pollution. It proposes using genetic engineering and nanoparticles to enhance the ability of microorganisms to remediate contaminants. Key points:
1) Nanoparticles and genetic engineering can be used to modify microbial cells to increase their ability to degrade various pollutants like heavy metals and organic compounds through increased enzyme production and substrate specificity.
2) Immobilizing microbial cells and enzymes onto nanoparticles increases their stability and reusability, improving bioremediation efficiency.
3) A radioresistant bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans, has been genetically engineered to remediate multiple contaminants found in radioactive waste, providing a
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3. AMIDOHYDROLASE ENZYME
• Amidohydrolases are type of hydrolase enzyme that acts
upon C-N bond in amide.
• They are categorized under EC number EC 3.5.1 and
3.5.2.
• They are called deaminase, deamidizing enzymes.
• Eg.,
• L-asparginase,
• L-glutaminase,
• Amidase, etc…
• Amidohydrolases involve in subsequent ammonification
from amino acids to ammonia
4. INTRODUCTION
• Amidase is the enzyme that catalyses the
hydrolyses of amides, and Produces Ammonia
and the corresponding Carboxylic acid.
• Amidase acts on C-N bonds in linear amides.
• E.C. No.- 3.5.1.4
RCONH2 + H2O Amidase NH3 + RCOOH
5. PRINCIPLE
• This method involves determination of the NH4 -N
released by amidase activity When Soil is incubated with
buffered (0.1 M Tris Hydroxy methyl Amino methane)
THAM. , (pH 8.5).
• The Ammonium released is determined by a rapid
procedure involving treatment of the incubated soil
sample with 2.5 M KCl Containing an amidase inhibitor
(Uranyl acetate) and steam distillation of an aliquot of
the resulting suspension with MgO for 3.3 min.
6. CHEMICALS
• Toluene
• Tris sulphuric acid buffer (0.1 m, pH 8.5)
• Amide solution (0.5 M)
• Potassium chloride (2.5 M) – uranyl acetate
(0.005 M ) solution
• Reagents for determination of Ammonia
Magnesium oxide
Boric acid indicator solution
0.0025 M H2SO4
8. PROCEDURE
Take 50ml volumetric flask
Add 5g moist soil
Add 0.2ml Toluene and 9ml Tris buffer
Mix it well
Add 1 ml 0.5M Amide solution
9. Mix well for few second
Stopper the flask
Incubate for 2 hrs at 37◦C
Add approximate 35ml KCl-UO2(C2H3O2)2:2H2O
Swirl the flask and cool at room temperature
10. Make final volume 50ml by addition of
KCl-UO2(C2H3O2)2:2H2O
Mix the content thoroughly
11. PROCEDURE FOR CONTROL
Take 50ml volumetric flask
Add 5g moist soil
Add 0.2ml Toluene and 9ml Tris buffer
Mix it well
Stopper the flask
12. Incubate for 2 hrs at 37◦C
Add approximate 35ml KCl-UO2(C2H3O2)2:2H2O
Add 1 ml 0.5M Amide solution
Swirl the flask and cool at room
temperature
13. Make final volume 50ml by addition of
KCl-UO2(C2H3O2)2:2H2O
Mix the content thoroughly
14. ESTIMATION OF RELEASED AMMONIA
Take a Erlenmeyer flask
Pipette 5ml boric acid
Put it in its special place
Pipette 20ml of the resulting soil
suspension into a 100ml distillation flask
15. Add 0.2g MgO
Steam distillate content until 30ml of
distillate are collected in the flask
Titrate the distillate with 0.005M H2SO4
16. INTRODUCTION
• The enzyme L-asparginase has important role
in nitrogen mineralization of soil.
• L-asparginase activity was first detected by
Drobni’k(1956).
Some evidence suggest that, a portion of
released NH4+ comes from hydrolysis of amide
( Asparginase and glutaminase)residues in soil
organic matter.
• E.C. No- 3.5.1.1.
17. Cont….
• It catalyses the hydrolysis of L-aspargine,
which produce L-aspartic acid and ammonia.
18. PRINCIPLE
• Frankenberger and Tabatabai(1991a) developed a
simple, precise and sensitive method to assay L-
asparginase activity in soils.
• This method uses steam distillation to determine
the NH4+ produced by L-asparginase activity
when soil is incubated at 37˚ C for 2hrs.
• The procedure developed gives quantitative
recovery of NH4-N added to soils and does not
cause chemical hydrolysis of L-aspargine.
21. Cont……
• Boric acid indicator solution
• 0.05M NaOH
• Ammonium standard soluton
• 95% ehanol
• Distiller water
22. CALCULATION
C × 50
L-asparginase activity =
dwt × 5
Where, C = measured NH4-N mL 1
dwt = dry weight of 1g moist soil
5 = Weight of used soil in test
50 = Total volume of soil suspension
23. PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
No Parameter Method Used
1 Colour Munsell’s Soil Colour Chart
2 pH pH Meter
3 Calcium carbonate Rapid Titration method
4 Organic carbon Walkley and Black’s method
5 Phosphorus Fiske and Subbarow’s Method
6 Sulfur Spectrophotometric method
7 Total hardness EDTA titration method
8 Inorganic nitrogen Dumas method
9 Chloride Mohr’s method
10 Bicarbonate Titration method
26. COLOUR
DISTRICT PLACE COLOR
SABARKANTHA HIMATNAGAR DARK BLACK
TALOD BROWN
MODASA BROWN
MEHSANA VIJAPUR BROWN BLACK
VISNAGAR BLACK
TARABH BROWNISH
YELLOW
PATAN NEDARA BROWN BLACK
CHANASMA BLACK
ADIYA BROWNISH
YELLOW
36. CONCLUSION
• According to the data of Amidase enzyme activity, all
samples of soil give high concentration of Amidase in
10cm depth expect Nedra from Patan district..
• In the case of L-Asparginase activity samples given
least varied in 10cm depth.
• Amidase and L-Asparginase enzyme activity shown
decreases as depth increases.
• Soil analysis data from
Carbon, Chloride, Carbonate, Sulfur, Bi-Carbonate, etc…
are in high amount in most of all samples of soil.
37. REFERENCES
• Nannipieri, P., E. Kandeler and P. Ruggiero. (2002).
Enzyme activities and microbiological and
biochemical processes in soil. p. 7–8. In R.G. Burns
and R.P. Dick (ed.) Enzymes in the environment:
Activity, ecology, and applications. Marcel
Dekker, New York.
• Tabatabai MA, Bremner JM (1971). Michaelis
constants of soil enzymes. Soil Biol. Biochem. 3: 317-
323.
• APHA, Standard Methods for Water and Waste
Water Analysis, New York. (1992)