Shh! We're Writing the Constitution
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key points in linguistics.ppt
The document discusses major concepts in linguistics including descriptive versus prescriptive grammars, synchronic versus diachronic linguistics, langue and parole, competence and performance, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, and functionalism versus formalism. Descriptive grammars observe how language is actually used while prescriptive grammars prescribe rules for language use. Synchronic linguistics studies language at a single point in time whereas diachronic linguistics examines language changes over long periods of history.
Comp. literature final
Comparative Literature is the study and comparison of literature across linguistic and national boundaries. Some key points:
- It was first coined in 1848 to refer to studying different national literatures. It aims to provide broader perspectives than isolating single national literatures.
- It involves examining literary texts in multiple languages through investigating contrasts, analogies, influences between literary groups.
- Comparing works helps appreciate individual authors and genres more fully by placing them in wider contexts. Understanding multilingual writers requires comparing works in different languages.
- It plays a role in constructing literary theory by recognizing excellence and originality across canons. Comparisons illustrate connections and provide more balanced views than isolated analyses.
Literature and Culture. Strategies to overcome cultural problems in language ...
Using Literature in language classroom. Text selection and Problems while teching literature in language classroom. Impact of culture on literature. Strategies and solutions to overcome problems cultural problems
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This document provides background information on Vijay Tendulkar's play "Silence! The Court Is In Session". It discusses Tendulkar's life and influences, the origins of the play's idea in a Friedrich Durrenmatt short story, the genre of drama, traditions of Indian drama from Sanskrit to modern works, and objectives for studying the play in an undergraduate course. It encourages students to read the play before engaging with this study material.
Language and Communities
This document discusses language communities and key terms related to language use. It defines terms like monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual to describe people who use one, two, or three or more languages respectively. It also defines the concepts of domain as the topic of communication, and setting as the physical location. Examples are given of different language domains like family, education, and employment. The document also discusses diglossia where two variants of a language are used differently based on formality, and polyglossia which involves three or more languages. Stages of childhood bilingual acquisition are outlined. Key takeaways focus on understanding terms related to speech communities and language variations.
Verbal and non verbal communication skills
Verbal communication involves using speech to communicate with others, such as speaking at a concert. Non-verbal communication refers to communicating through gestures, body language, facial expressions, clothing and other means without words. The document provides examples of both verbal and non-verbal communication skills, such as speaking, sign language, body language, and eye contact. It also lists potential consequences of poor communication skills, such as lack of career opportunities, losing money, and inability to express oneself. Finally, it discusses Egan's theory of non-verbal communication cues like eye contact and posture that can help people feel involved in a conversation.
ENGLISH11 HAPTIC
Haptics refers to the study of touch in communication. Touch is an intimate and basic form of communication that allows others into our personal space. There are two unique qualities of haptic communication: touch makes the world feel real, and it conveys emotions physically. Touch benefits relationships by fulfilling our genetic need for contact, relieving stress, creating intimacy and bonds, and showing comfort. Types of touch include hugs, kisses, and holding hands, which can have different meanings depending on cultural contexts. Haptics is an important nonverbal form of communication through the sense of touch.
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key points in linguistics.ppt
The document discusses major concepts in linguistics including descriptive versus prescriptive grammars, synchronic versus diachronic linguistics, langue and parole, competence and performance, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations, and functionalism versus formalism. Descriptive grammars observe how language is actually used while prescriptive grammars prescribe rules for language use. Synchronic linguistics studies language at a single point in time whereas diachronic linguistics examines language changes over long periods of history.
Comp. literature final
Comparative Literature is the study and comparison of literature across linguistic and national boundaries. Some key points:
- It was first coined in 1848 to refer to studying different national literatures. It aims to provide broader perspectives than isolating single national literatures.
- It involves examining literary texts in multiple languages through investigating contrasts, analogies, influences between literary groups.
- Comparing works helps appreciate individual authors and genres more fully by placing them in wider contexts. Understanding multilingual writers requires comparing works in different languages.
- It plays a role in constructing literary theory by recognizing excellence and originality across canons. Comparisons illustrate connections and provide more balanced views than isolated analyses.
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Silence ! the court is in session (23 pages)
This document provides background information on Vijay Tendulkar's play "Silence! The Court Is In Session". It discusses Tendulkar's life and influences, the origins of the play's idea in a Friedrich Durrenmatt short story, the genre of drama, traditions of Indian drama from Sanskrit to modern works, and objectives for studying the play in an undergraduate course. It encourages students to read the play before engaging with this study material.
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This document discusses language communities and key terms related to language use. It defines terms like monolingual, bilingual, and multilingual to describe people who use one, two, or three or more languages respectively. It also defines the concepts of domain as the topic of communication, and setting as the physical location. Examples are given of different language domains like family, education, and employment. The document also discusses diglossia where two variants of a language are used differently based on formality, and polyglossia which involves three or more languages. Stages of childhood bilingual acquisition are outlined. Key takeaways focus on understanding terms related to speech communities and language variations.
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Verbal communication involves using speech to communicate with others, such as speaking at a concert. Non-verbal communication refers to communicating through gestures, body language, facial expressions, clothing and other means without words. The document provides examples of both verbal and non-verbal communication skills, such as speaking, sign language, body language, and eye contact. It also lists potential consequences of poor communication skills, such as lack of career opportunities, losing money, and inability to express oneself. Finally, it discusses Egan's theory of non-verbal communication cues like eye contact and posture that can help people feel involved in a conversation.
ENGLISH11 HAPTIC
Haptics refers to the study of touch in communication. Touch is an intimate and basic form of communication that allows others into our personal space. There are two unique qualities of haptic communication: touch makes the world feel real, and it conveys emotions physically. Touch benefits relationships by fulfilling our genetic need for contact, relieving stress, creating intimacy and bonds, and showing comfort. Types of touch include hugs, kisses, and holding hands, which can have different meanings depending on cultural contexts. Haptics is an important nonverbal form of communication through the sense of touch.
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This document discusses language and language teaching methods. It defines language as human vocal and auditory communication of emotions and ideas. Language has four main functions: informative, expressive, directive, and cultural. The four main language skills are reading, speaking, listening, and writing. Different approaches to teaching language include vocabulary, functional, and structural approaches. Direct and bilingual methods are also discussed. Qualities of an effective language teacher include mastery of the language, increasing student interest, understanding teaching objectives and purposes, and encouraging use of the language in daily life.
Limitations of Cultural Studies
Here I am sharing my presentation as a part of my academic activity of Sem- 2 M.A English. Submitted to Dr. Dilip Barad , MK Bhavnagar University.
I QUADERNI DELL'ISEA - LA GESTIONE DEI CONFLITTI.pdf
PUBBLICAZIONE AD USO DELLE ASSOCIAZIONI E DEI VOLONTARI PER AIUTARE A GESTIRE I CONFLITTI IN MODO PIU' CONSAPEVOLE E COSTRUTTIVO
Slips of tongue
Sigmund Freud discovered psychoanalysis as a therapy where he had patients freely speak to uncover the root causes of their psychological issues. Freud believed that slips of the tongue revealed unconscious desires. More recent research suggests slips of the tongue occur due to the complex mental processing involved in speech production, where concepts, words, and sounds are interconnected in networks in the brain, and errors can occur when these networks are confused or competing thoughts intrude. While the unconscious may play a role, current views differ from Freud's theory that slips of the tongue directly reveal repressed desires.
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This document provides an overview of discourse analysis including definitions, approaches, and how it relates to other fields. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language use beyond the sentence level, including how language functions in social and cultural contexts. Three main approaches are discussed: speech act theory which examines communicative acts, ethnography of communication which analyzes patterns of communication in cultures, and pragmatics which studies how context informs meaning. The document also explains how discourse analysis relates to other fields like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and pragmatics through their shared interests but different data sources.
Grice's theory of conversational implicature
Grice's theory of implicature examines how speakers imply meanings beyond what is literally said through utterances. It distinguishes between what is said, based on literal meaning of words, and what is implicated or suggested. Grice provides an example where a speaker implies something different by saying "he hasn't been to prison yet." His theory also differentiates between conventional implicatures from literal meanings of words and conversational implicatures derived from cooperation between speakers. Grice proposes a cooperative principle and maxims like quality and quantity that speakers generally follow but can flout to generate implicatures. When maxims are flouted, hearers can infer additional intended meanings or implicatures.
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Discourse analysis involves studying language use above the sentence level. It examines how language is structured and functions in real communication between speakers and listeners or writers and readers. There are various approaches to discourse analysis, such as studying conversational sequences, sociolinguistic meanings created in interactions, and how discourse constitutes cultural objects or realizes social actions. Analysing discourse requires considering factors like context, participants, and the implications of utterances for what follows in a discussion. While labor-intensive, discourse analysis provides insights into how language shapes social life and realities.
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What is cultural studies
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Claude Levi-Strauss
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Cultural Terms in Translation: Techniques and Gaps
The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Discourse Analysis
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
Cooperative principle
This document discusses the cooperative principle and Grice's maxims of conversation. It provides definitions and examples of the cooperative principle, which describes how people achieve effective communication through cooperation. It outlines Grice's four maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Examples are given of conversations that follow the maxims through clear, truthful and relevant responses. Examples are also provided of conversations that violate the maxims through ambiguous, unrelated or insincere responses. The document analyzes conversations from the play Waiting for Godot in terms of compliance with and violations of Grice's maxims.
Discourse analysis
The document discusses discourse analysis and related linguistic concepts. It defines discourse as language above the sentence level, including stretches of spoken language that are coherent and meaningful. It describes two approaches to analyzing discourse: structural, which looks at grammatical relationships between units, and functional, which examines how language performs different social functions. Recent approaches view discourse as a social practice shaped by and having implications for social structures. The document also discusses speech act theory, which proposes that utterances in dialogue perform actions, such as asking a question or making a promise.
DA and CDA.pptx
Discourse analysis is the study of language in use and how it constructs meaning and social interactions. It can analyze various text types like conversations and media. Discourse analysis examines linguistic features and how language relates to social context. Critical discourse analysis takes a more critical approach, explicitly analyzing power dynamics and how language can legitimize or challenge social inequalities. It aims to uncover hidden power structures in language used in politics, media, and other domains. While discourse analysis broadly studies language use, critical discourse analysis specifically investigates the role of language in shaping power relations and ideologies.
The ethnography of communication
This document discusses the key concepts and methods of sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication. It defines key terms like speech community, communicative competence, and units of analysis. It explains that the ethnography of communication analyzes patterns of language use in social contexts through observation and participation. Findings can help teachers understand cultural differences in communication and build bridges between home and school contexts.
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This document defines key math vocabulary terms including parallel, perpendicular, standard notation, reasonable, addend, variable, expression, equation, inequality, rule, solution, and adjacent. It provides a concise definition for each term focusing on the essential meaning in a math context. Terms are defined as nouns or adjectives and examples are given for some terms to illustrate their usage.
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Language ppt
This document discusses language and language teaching methods. It defines language as human vocal and auditory communication of emotions and ideas. Language has four main functions: informative, expressive, directive, and cultural. The four main language skills are reading, speaking, listening, and writing. Different approaches to teaching language include vocabulary, functional, and structural approaches. Direct and bilingual methods are also discussed. Qualities of an effective language teacher include mastery of the language, increasing student interest, understanding teaching objectives and purposes, and encouraging use of the language in daily life.
Limitations of Cultural Studies
Here I am sharing my presentation as a part of my academic activity of Sem- 2 M.A English. Submitted to Dr. Dilip Barad , MK Bhavnagar University.
I QUADERNI DELL'ISEA - LA GESTIONE DEI CONFLITTI.pdf
PUBBLICAZIONE AD USO DELLE ASSOCIAZIONI E DEI VOLONTARI PER AIUTARE A GESTIRE I CONFLITTI IN MODO PIU' CONSAPEVOLE E COSTRUTTIVO
Slips of tongue
Sigmund Freud discovered psychoanalysis as a therapy where he had patients freely speak to uncover the root causes of their psychological issues. Freud believed that slips of the tongue revealed unconscious desires. More recent research suggests slips of the tongue occur due to the complex mental processing involved in speech production, where concepts, words, and sounds are interconnected in networks in the brain, and errors can occur when these networks are confused or competing thoughts intrude. While the unconscious may play a role, current views differ from Freud's theory that slips of the tongue directly reveal repressed desires.
Discourse Analysis ppt
This document provides an overview of discourse analysis including definitions, approaches, and how it relates to other fields. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language use beyond the sentence level, including how language functions in social and cultural contexts. Three main approaches are discussed: speech act theory which examines communicative acts, ethnography of communication which analyzes patterns of communication in cultures, and pragmatics which studies how context informs meaning. The document also explains how discourse analysis relates to other fields like sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and pragmatics through their shared interests but different data sources.
Grice's theory of conversational implicature
Grice's theory of implicature examines how speakers imply meanings beyond what is literally said through utterances. It distinguishes between what is said, based on literal meaning of words, and what is implicated or suggested. Grice provides an example where a speaker implies something different by saying "he hasn't been to prison yet." His theory also differentiates between conventional implicatures from literal meanings of words and conversational implicatures derived from cooperation between speakers. Grice proposes a cooperative principle and maxims like quality and quantity that speakers generally follow but can flout to generate implicatures. When maxims are flouted, hearers can infer additional intended meanings or implicatures.
Deconstruction Theory by Jacques Derrida
An analysis of the literary theory of Deconstructionism (Post-Structuralism) initiated by Jacques Derrida.
08 09.4.what is-discourse-2
Discourse analysis involves studying language use above the sentence level. It examines how language is structured and functions in real communication between speakers and listeners or writers and readers. There are various approaches to discourse analysis, such as studying conversational sequences, sociolinguistic meanings created in interactions, and how discourse constitutes cultural objects or realizes social actions. Analysing discourse requires considering factors like context, participants, and the implications of utterances for what follows in a discussion. While labor-intensive, discourse analysis provides insights into how language shapes social life and realities.
Nonverbal Communication
This document discusses nonverbal communication, which is communication through behaviors other than words such as gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, and use of space. It describes the different functions of nonverbal communication such as reinforcing, substituting, or contradicting verbal messages. Various nonverbal codes are also explained like kinesics, oculesics, paralanguage, artifacts, proxemics, and haptics. The document concludes by discussing how culture, technology, and the situation can influence nonverbal communication.
Ethnicity and Multiculturalism
The document discusses the concepts of ethnicity and multiculturalism. It defines ethnicity as shared cultural characteristics that distinguish groups, such as ancestry, history, language, religion, and dress. Ethnicity is learned rather than inherited. Multiculturalism refers to the existence of diverse populations and the need to both respect differences and find common ground and shared values among citizens. A successful multicultural society celebrates both diversity and unity. It requires mutual respect for differences as well as common spaces and concepts of integration.
What is cultural studies
Cultural Studies is an interdisciplinary academic field that studies cultural phenomena through aspects like political economy, communication, sociology and literary theory. It focuses on how cultural aspects relate to issues of ideology, nationality, social class and gender. Cultural Studies analyzes cultural works as well as their means of production and distribution. It also studies popular culture and media and how they construct and circulate symbolic values and influence society.
Claude Levi-Strauss
Claude Levi-Strauss was a renowned 20th century French anthropologist and philosopher known for establishing structuralism. He studied myths from diverse cultures and found they shared more similarities than differences, with humans making sense of the world through binary oppositions. Levi-Strauss emphasized the importance of binary structures in myth systems and language. He believed that underlying all meaning-making and social life were reconciliations of common binary opposites, showing that patterns of human thought are fundamentally the same across societies.
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The article entitled Techniques and Gaps in Translation of Cultural Terms is an attempt to find out the techniques adopted in translates in cultural terms an observe gaps in the process of translation. The main purpose of this study has to evaluate the techniques of translation of cultural words and to find out the gaps. For this purpose, the researcher collected cultural terms as corpus of data for the study from Nepali cultural words and the corresponding translated words from the English language. They were categorized them into five different categories. Findings of the study shows that ten different techniques such as literal, addition, deletion, claque, back translation, borrowing, definition are to be found to have been employed in translating cultural words of the novel.
Discourse Analysis
The document provides an overview of discourse analysis, including its origin, importance, differences between text and discourse, linguistic functions, cohesive devices, interpersonal functions, conventions of conversations, cooperative principle, and background knowledge. It discusses how discourse analysis was first employed by Zelling Harris and defines discourse analysis as the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users.
Cooperative principle
This document discusses the cooperative principle and Grice's maxims of conversation. It provides definitions and examples of the cooperative principle, which describes how people achieve effective communication through cooperation. It outlines Grice's four maxims of quantity, quality, relation and manner. Examples are given of conversations that follow the maxims through clear, truthful and relevant responses. Examples are also provided of conversations that violate the maxims through ambiguous, unrelated or insincere responses. The document analyzes conversations from the play Waiting for Godot in terms of compliance with and violations of Grice's maxims.
Discourse analysis
The document discusses discourse analysis and related linguistic concepts. It defines discourse as language above the sentence level, including stretches of spoken language that are coherent and meaningful. It describes two approaches to analyzing discourse: structural, which looks at grammatical relationships between units, and functional, which examines how language performs different social functions. Recent approaches view discourse as a social practice shaped by and having implications for social structures. The document also discusses speech act theory, which proposes that utterances in dialogue perform actions, such as asking a question or making a promise.
DA and CDA.pptx
Discourse analysis is the study of language in use and how it constructs meaning and social interactions. It can analyze various text types like conversations and media. Discourse analysis examines linguistic features and how language relates to social context. Critical discourse analysis takes a more critical approach, explicitly analyzing power dynamics and how language can legitimize or challenge social inequalities. It aims to uncover hidden power structures in language used in politics, media, and other domains. While discourse analysis broadly studies language use, critical discourse analysis specifically investigates the role of language in shaping power relations and ideologies.
The ethnography of communication
This document discusses the key concepts and methods of sociolinguistics and the ethnography of communication. It defines key terms like speech community, communicative competence, and units of analysis. It explains that the ethnography of communication analyzes patterns of language use in social contexts through observation and participation. Findings can help teachers understand cultural differences in communication and build bridges between home and school contexts.
roland Barthes
This document provides an overview of Roland Barthes' work on mythologies and the production of myth. It discusses Barthes' understanding of how myths work on a semiotic level through signifiers and signifieds. It also outlines seven key rhetorical figures that Barthes sees as typical of bourgeois ideology in mythical rhetoric, such as neither/norism, the quantification of quality, and the privation of history. The document provides examples to illustrate several of these figures.
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