The document provides information about teaching beginning reading, focusing on key domains of literacy instruction. It discusses oral language development, phonics and word recognition, phonological awareness, and fluency. For each domain, it describes the concepts and strategies for teaching them effectively at different ages and grade levels. It also provides examples of activities and materials that can be used to develop students' skills in these critical areas of literacy.
An introduction to critically important elements foreign English language teachers should know in helping students become 'literate' in English. The .pptx presentation here does not include the many sound and video files used to support the concepts, nor does it include the many handouts and other material developed for the course. Intended for teachers of young learners, the program upon which this course is based has also been adapted for young adult English language learners. Contact the author for further information. (Contact email is given at the end of the presentation.)
Feedback is encouraged and welcome!
An introduction to critically important elements foreign English language teachers should know in helping students become 'literate' in English. The .pptx presentation here does not include the many sound and video files used to support the concepts, nor does it include the many handouts and other material developed for the course. Intended for teachers of young learners, the program upon which this course is based has also been adapted for young adult English language learners. Contact the author for further information. (Contact email is given at the end of the presentation.)
Feedback is encouraged and welcome!
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
2 Basic Concepts and Terminology
“I have to admit, sometimes I get mixed up about all the jargon and terms surrounding reading and I know my fellow teachers do also,” says Julia, a reading specialist in an elementary school. “Occasionally I will get into a conversation with some other teachers and the discussion will turn to some reading skill or element such as digraphs. Although digraphs is the topic, diphthongs and blends are provided as examples of digraphs. Boy! It’s confusing. I don’t think students need to know all this special vocabulary, but I think I should. How else can we talk about these things unless we agree on what they are and what they mean?”
Our colleague Julia is absolutely correct. Any discussion of issues related to phonics, word recognition, reading fluency, and reading instruction needs to begin with an understanding of the basic concepts and terminology that frame these skills and issues. Without this understanding, productive interchanges of ideas about issues related to phonics, word recognition, and reading fluency are difficult and often confusing. With this in mind, in this chapter we identify and define some essential concepts related to phonics, word recognition, and reading fluency using language understandable to teachers, parents, and other school audiences. A more comprehensive and technical presentation of definitions can be found in The Literacy Dictionary (Harris and Hodges 1995).
· Affix A meaningful combination of letters that can be added to a base word in order to alter the meaning or grammatical function. Prefixes and suffixes are types of affixes.
· Prefix An affix that is added in front of a base word to change the meaning (e.g., predetermine, disallow).
· Suffix An affix that is added to the end of a base word that changes the meaning of the base word (e.g., instrumental, actor, containment).
· Alphabetic Principle The notion that in certain languages, such as English, each speech sound or phoneme can be represented by a written symbol or set of written symbols.
· Automaticity In reading, automaticity refers to the ability to recognize words in print quickly and effortlessly. It is a component of fluent reading and is marked by word recognition that is accurate and at an appropriate rate.
· Balanced Literacy Instruction Literacy instruction that is marked by an equal emphasis on the nurturing of reading through authentic reading experiences with authentic reading materials and more direct instruction in strategies and skills needed for successful reading. It is a
decision‐making approach through which the teacher makes thoughtful choices each day about the best way to help each child become a better reader and writer. A balanced approach is not constrained by or reactive to a particular philosophy. It is responsive to new issues while maintaining what research and practice has already shown to be effective. (Spiegel, 1998, p. 116)
· Consonants Refers to both letters and sounds. Consonant sound ...
Early literacy plays an important role to perform better in school. As a teacher, it is our responsibility to help our children to develop effective literacy skills. In this session, we will explore effective ways to facilitate children who will learn to read and read to learn.
This is totally about how we teach pronunciation. If you have any problem please discuss with me in comment session. if you likes.my work is beneficial for you please give me likes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
2 Basic Concepts and TerminologyI have to admit, sometimes I ge.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
2 Basic Concepts and Terminology
“I have to admit, sometimes I get mixed up about all the jargon and terms surrounding reading and I know my fellow teachers do also,” says Julia, a reading specialist in an elementary school. “Occasionally I will get into a conversation with some other teachers and the discussion will turn to some reading skill or element such as digraphs. Although digraphs is the topic, diphthongs and blends are provided as examples of digraphs. Boy! It’s confusing. I don’t think students need to know all this special vocabulary, but I think I should. How else can we talk about these things unless we agree on what they are and what they mean?”
Our colleague Julia is absolutely correct. Any discussion of issues related to phonics, word recognition, reading fluency, and reading instruction needs to begin with an understanding of the basic concepts and terminology that frame these skills and issues. Without this understanding, productive interchanges of ideas about issues related to phonics, word recognition, and reading fluency are difficult and often confusing. With this in mind, in this chapter we identify and define some essential concepts related to phonics, word recognition, and reading fluency using language understandable to teachers, parents, and other school audiences. A more comprehensive and technical presentation of definitions can be found in The Literacy Dictionary (Harris and Hodges 1995).
· Affix A meaningful combination of letters that can be added to a base word in order to alter the meaning or grammatical function. Prefixes and suffixes are types of affixes.
· Prefix An affix that is added in front of a base word to change the meaning (e.g., predetermine, disallow).
· Suffix An affix that is added to the end of a base word that changes the meaning of the base word (e.g., instrumental, actor, containment).
· Alphabetic Principle The notion that in certain languages, such as English, each speech sound or phoneme can be represented by a written symbol or set of written symbols.
· Automaticity In reading, automaticity refers to the ability to recognize words in print quickly and effortlessly. It is a component of fluent reading and is marked by word recognition that is accurate and at an appropriate rate.
· Balanced Literacy Instruction Literacy instruction that is marked by an equal emphasis on the nurturing of reading through authentic reading experiences with authentic reading materials and more direct instruction in strategies and skills needed for successful reading. It is a
decision‐making approach through which the teacher makes thoughtful choices each day about the best way to help each child become a better reader and writer. A balanced approach is not constrained by or reactive to a particular philosophy. It is responsive to new issues while maintaining what research and practice has already shown to be effective. (Spiegel, 1998, p. 116)
· Consonants Refers to both letters and sounds. Consonant sound ...
Early literacy plays an important role to perform better in school. As a teacher, it is our responsibility to help our children to develop effective literacy skills. In this session, we will explore effective ways to facilitate children who will learn to read and read to learn.
This is totally about how we teach pronunciation. If you have any problem please discuss with me in comment session. if you likes.my work is beneficial for you please give me likes.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. Getting Started in Teaching
Beginning Reading
Session No. 6
LILETTE T. DELA CRUZ
Learning Facilitator
DIVISION TRAINING ON
LITERACY INSTRUCTION
2. Let’s Do the Twist!
1. Read the silly tongue twister:
If a dog chews shoes, whose shoes
does he choose?
3. TERMINAL OBJECTIVE:
At the end of the session, the participants are
expected to design a plan in making an
effective reading instruction developing the
domains to be discussed
4. ENABLING OBJECTIVES:
A.Discuss essential elements in developing the domains
of literacy
B.Develop an instructional material addressing the four
domains of literacy
C.Show appreciation of the importance of the domains
of literacy through active participation
5. Can you read?
I abbing tu malappo, masappo
I talakag, makappag.
6. Goal of Literacy Instruction
CAN read CAN write
WILL read WILL write
7. Reading Development
STAGES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
Chall (1983, cited in Hermosa, 2002)
STAGE AGE/GRADE LEVEL
STAGE 0: Pre-reading Preschool (ages 6 months to
6 years)
STAGE 1: Initial Reading
and Decoding
Grade 1 to Beginning Grade
2
(ages 7 to 8 years)
STAGE 2: Confirmation and
Fluency
Grades 2 and 3 (ages 8 to 9
years)
8. Reading Development
STAGES OF READING DEVELOPMENT
Roskos, et. al. (2010)
STAGE AGE/GRADE LEVEL
STAGE 0: Emergent
Literacy
Birth to Preschool
STAGE 1: Decoding Beginning Grade 1
STAGE 2: Confirmation and
Fluency
End of Grades 1 to 3
9. Reading Development
• Children begin to become literate even before they start
formal schooling
• Literacy behaviors develop from infancy and the preschool
years
• Literacy behaviors differ in each stage and builds upon the
previous stage
10. Reading Development
• Literacy behaviors at this stage do not conform yet to the
conventional definition of reading and writing
• At the emergent literacy stage, children are already
forming reading and writing concepts and skills.
13. Oral Language
• One’s knowledge and use of the structure, meanings and
uses of the language
• At the most basic level, it means communicating with
other people
14. How do children learn to talk?
Through:
good speaking and listening models
an interactive environment
exposure to books and games
encouragement to play and make believe
An introduction to rhymes and songs
15. encouragement to talk in a variety of
situations with a variety of people
repetitive language (eg. rhymes, stories)
a purpose for talking
an expectation to communicate
opportunities to use and practice language
How do children learn to talk?
16. Oral language development across
the curriculum does not mean
teaching children to speak as much as
we mean improving their ability to
talk or communicate more effectively.
17. 3 Criteria for Oral Language Competence:
Holbrook (1983) sets out three criteria for oral
language competence:
clarity sensitivity
19. Relationship of Language and Literacy
Oral language development provides the foundation for literacy
development
Literacy acquisition is dependent on oral language abilities and
skills (Maurano)
Children need to use oral language to develop their powers of
reasoning and observation, prediction, sequencing and other skills
connected with reading.(FS Exploratory Phase 1997)
22. -relationships between the letters of
written language and the sounds of
spoken language.
-alphabetic principle — the idea that
letters and letter patterns represent the
sounds of spoken language.
PHONICS
23. •Systematic: the letter-sound relationship is
taught in an organized and logical sequence
•Explicit: the instruction provides teachers with
precise directions for teaching letter-sound
relationships
How phonic instruction should be:
24. •Mastery of the alphabet means knowing that
each letter—
has a name
has an upper and a lower case
is written in a certain way (handwriting)
has a distinct sound
25. A beginning reader should be able to do the
following:
Identify the letters of the alphabet.
Name each letter.
Sound each letter (if teaching reading in Filipino)
Sound each consonant (if teaching reading in
English)
Match the upper with the lower case letters.
26. Write all the letters of the alphabet, both the
upper and the lower case.
Give the letter that begins or ends the name of
a given object/picture.
Identify the letters in given words.
27. Some tips on teaching letter sounds:
•Teach letter names and letter sounds
together.
•Teach both upper and lower case.
•Teach letters with visual similarities
separately.
E.g. b and d, p and q
28. • Teach letters with the same point of
articulation separately.
E.g. /g/ and /k/; /t/ and /d/
• Start focusing on letters that appear in the
children’s names.
• Teach letter sounds in groups so children
can practice differentiating them.
30. Strategies in teaching word recognition
Through
• Word families (For example, at, cat, hat,
and fat are a family of words with the "at"
sound and letter combination in common.
31. Strategies in teaching word recognition
Through
• Onsets and rimes(For example, in the
word bat, b- is the onset, and -at is
the rime. In swim, sw- is the onset, and -im
is the rime.
32. Strategies in teaching word recognition
Through
• Structural analysis (Root words, prefixes,
suffixes) For example, let's say you have
the root word agree. Then, you add the
prefix 'dis' (which means not or opposite
of) to the word agree. That gives you the
word disagree, which means to not agree.
33. Strategies in teaching word recognition
Through
• Sight Words(it typically refers to the set of
words that keeps reappearing on almost
any page of text. “Who, the, he, were,
does, their, me, be” are a few examples.
34. Through
• Digraphs(Common vowel digraphs include
ai (rain), ay (day), ea (teach), ea (bread), ea
(break), ee (free), ei (eight), ey (key), ie
(piece), oa (road), oo (book), oo (room),
ow (slow), and ue (true)
Strategies in teaching word recognition
35. Through
• Consonant blends (bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fr, tr, fl,
gl, gr, pl, pr, sl, sm, sp and st.
Strategies in teaching word recognition
36. Phonological Awareness
refers to the understanding of different ways that
oral language can be divided into smaller segments
and manipulated (Cramer, E. in Schumm, J., 2006).
Phonological awareness involves work
with rhymes, syllables, onsets and rimes.
37. • Rhyme awareness
• Recognition of words that sound alike
• Word awareness
• Evident when a child:
is able to count words in a sentence
is able to track separate words in a text as each one is spoken without
necessarily being able to read each word
puts spaces between words when writing even when the words consist
only of random letter strings such as this
Level of Phonological Awareness
40. Five Basic Types of Phonemic Awareness
Tasks
Task 1. The ability to hear rhymes and
alliteration.
A. Rhyme:
Example:
Twinkle, twinkle little star,
How I wonder what you are
Up above the world so high
Like a diamond in the sky
42. 2.The ability to do oddity tasks
A. Phoneme Identity – recognizing the
common sound in different words.
Which are the same in these words?
bag, bed, box
men, fed, set
hop,map, lip
44. C. Phonemic Isolation – requires
recognizing individual sounds in words.
What is the first sound in sun?
What is the last sound in moon?
45. 3. The ability to orally blend words and
split syllables
Ex. Say the first sound of a word and then the
rest of the word. Say the word as a whole.
/s/…at sat
A. Syllables - ta…ble, pen…cil
47. C.Rime- predictable ending pattern
(/at/, /eg/, /an/, /ed/)
Example:
beg, leg, keg
man, can, tan
bed, fed, led
48. D. Phoneme blending – listening to a
sequence of separately spoken sounds
and combining them to form a
recognizable word.
What word is /h/ /a/ /t/ ?
49. 4. The ability to orally segment
words(including counting sounds)
Phoneme segmentation – breaking a word
into its sounds by tapping out or counting
the sounds.
How many sounds (phonemes) do you
hear in cat? bell? in sheep? in check?
50. 5.Phoneme manipulation /
Phoneme substitution
a. Stating the word that remains when
a specified phoneme is removed.
What is smile without the s?
51. b. Stating the word that is formed
when a specified phoneme is
added.
What is pot with a d at the
beginning?
54. COMPONENTS OF FLUENCY
Speed refers to reading rate, indicates how
fast one can read per minute.
Accuracy is the percentage of words read
correctly in one minute.
Expression refers to how students read using
the proper tone, pause and intonation
55. How students read:
The cat in/ the box fell/ in the well.
Nahulog ba sa/ balon ang/ pusa sa kahon?
May ahas na/ malaki sa/ paa ni lolo!
56. READING BEHAVIORS OF STRUGGLING READERS
a. Lacks recognition of many high-
frequency words at a glance
b. Slowly decodes words, usually letter by
letter
c. Lacks decoding skills appropriate for
the level
57. READING BEHAVIORS OF STRUGGLING READERS
d. Lacks of understanding of words that
are read
e. Ignores punctuations
f. Attempts to read fast but does not focus
on understanding what is read
g. Lacks self-monitoring while reading
58. READING BEHAVIORS OF STRUGGLING READERS
h. Reads fast but lacks understanding of
the text.
i. Reads with fluency if the text is read
silently before it is read aloud.
59. READING BEHAVIORS OF INDEPENDENT READERS
a. Reads with proper phrasing
b. Knowledgeable in using punctuations
marks for phrasing and intonation
c. Can read silently with comprehension
60. DIRECT APPROACH IN DEVELOPING FLUENCY
RECOM SYSTEM
1. Repeated Reading
Students read and reread passages
orally as they receive feedback and
guidance from teacher.
61. DIRECT APPROACH IN DEVELOPING FLUENCY
RECOM SYSTEM
2. Echo Reading
Students echo what the teacher says
from the displayed materials.
62. DIRECT APPROACH IN DEVELOPING FLUENCY
RECOM SYSTEM
3. Choral Reading
Students read in group as the teacher
listens to them.
63. DIRECT APPROACH IN DEVELOPING FLUENCY
RECOM SYSTEM
4. Observable Model
This is attained when the teacher pairs
a struggling reader to a proficient reader or
when a struggling reader sees and listens
to a model through audio or video.
64. MONITORING FLUENCY
1. Conduct a regular one-minute oral
reading of a text to learners quarterly.
2. Record the scores to track the progress
after employing the RECOM System
65. END GOAL SKILLS
1. Appropriate decoding skills and
strategies
2. Wide vocabulary of words that they
understand
3. A set of words they can read with
automaticity
66. END GOAL SKILLS
4. The ability to monitor how they read
5. Appropriate comprehension strategies
as they read
The motivation to read on their own and
with purpose
67. Let us analyze: What can you suggest?
Pedro tends to read fast that he
unconsciously omits reading a word, part
of a word, a phrase or a sentence.
68. Let us analyze: What can you suggest?
Mary oftentimes substitutes the words that
she reads. Example:
The children are playing in the ground.
Mary reads: The children are playing with
group.
69. Let us analyze: What can you suggest?
Lina always anticipates the words that she
reads. Hence she tends to insert words in
the sentences. Example:
The children are in school.
Lina reads: The children are in the school.
70. Drills on Fluency:
a. Write on word cards some words from
the story. Let them read the word.
b. Let them read some sight words from the
story.
c. Write the phrases on phrase cards or on
the board. Let them read these correctly.
71. Let’s do this:
Design a plan on how to make reading
instruction effective developing the domains
of literacy according to the level or grade you
are teaching
72. Let’s do this:
Grade Domains Learning
Material
Ex: Kindergarten Oral Language Wordless picture books
Grade 1 Word Recognition Individualized booklet of word
family
Facilitate the discussion by asking the following questions.
Did you find the tongue twister interesting or confusing? Why?
2. What do you think helped you in reading?
What is the goal of literacy instruction? Literacy instruction aims to develop children who CAN read and who CAN write. This is very clear to all teachers of literacy. However, this is just half of the goal of literacy instruction. The other and equally important aim is to develop children who WILL read and write. These are children who love reading and writing because they know how to use them for different purposes. Cultivating a positive attitude and disposition for reading and writing allows children to use them as tools for understanding and for managing their world better. In order to achieve this goal, teachers need to know what to teach and how to teach in a manner suited to the developmental and individual needs of learners.
Children develop and progress through different stages of learning to read and write all throughout their lives.
According to Chall (1983), young children go through a Prereading Stage (Stage 0) from 6 months to 6 years of age, an Initial Reading and Decoding Stage (Stage 1) from ages 7-8 years and the Confirmation and Fluency Stage (Stage 2) from ages 8-9 years.
Another perspective is that of Roskos, et al (2010) which states that young children also go through three stages of literacy development: Emergent Literacy from birth to preschool, Decoding Stage starting at Beginning Grade 1 and Confirmation and Fluency from the end of Grade 1 to Grade 3.
What this tells us is that children learn to become literate even before they start formal schooling. They already develop literacy behaviors from the time they were infants and preschoolers. However, these literacy behaviors differ in each stage and each one builds upon the previous stage.
Note that these behaviors do not conform yet to the conventional definition of reading and writing BUT they are already considered literacy behaviors. At the emergent literacy stage, children are already forming reading and writing concepts and skills. These are necessary building blocks for later learning of more complex reading and writing skills.
The best evidence of oral language competence is student talk. Oral language or talk is the child’s thoughts put into words. Children are able to progress from uttering one-word sentences to short ones to more complicated ones when they are presented with models of good language (such as high quality stories and teacher talk) and are themselves given enough opportunity to engage in talk. Oral language development is the precursor to vocabulary development and grammar awareness.
Constant correction of a child’s speech is usually unproductive.
Children are taught, for example, that the letter n represents the sound /n/, and that it is the first letter in words such as nose, nice and new. When children understand sound–letter correspondence, they are able to sound out and read (decode) new words.