The document discusses different types of laminar flexible materials, including fabrics, non-woven fabrics, polymeric films, and multilayer films. It describes various textile fibers that can be used to produce these materials, categorizing fibers by their origin as animal, vegetal, mineral, artificial, or synthetic. Specific fiber examples like wool, silk, cotton, and synthetic polymers are mentioned. Different types of fabrics are also classified, such as woven fabrics with rectilinear threads, Jacquard fabrics with complex patterns, and knitted fabrics with curvilinear threads.
A nonwoven is defined as a sheet or web of natural and/or manufactured fibers that are bonded together without weaving or knitting. Nonwovens are formed by laying fibers onto a web-former and then bonding them together through chemical, mechanical, or thermal processes. Unlike woven fabrics, nonwovens do not require spinning or weaving, and are often lower cost and more disposable. Nonwovens have applications in industries like medical, automotive, agriculture, and more. They fall at the intersection of paper, textiles, and chemicals due to their varied raw materials and production processes.
textile world is a most popular blog all over the internet. all types of textile information are available here.
visit my website -http://textileworldbds.blogspot.com
- Parking lot utilization and revenue generated does not correlate directly with commuter rail ridership. However, a correlation between lot utilization and revenue generation does exist. As utilization increased between 2012-2014, so did parking revenue, despite a decline in ridership.
- A correlation between parking facility utilization and commuter rail ridership may exist at stations located 40-50 miles from Boston that serve as regional transit hubs, like Middleboro and South Attleboro.
- Factors like parking fees, economic conditions, and total commute costs all likely contributed to declines in both ridership and parking lot utilization after 2009 fee increases. Further study is needed to understand these relationships.
La planta industrial CONMAR S.A.C. procesa y exporta una gran variedad de productos marinos congelados como pescados, cefalópodos y moluscos univalvos. El documento describe el proceso de producción de la planta, incluyendo la recepción de la materia prima, salinización, empaque y congelación. También cubre aspectos generales como la ubicación, visión, organización y capacidad de producción de la empresa.
Psy 118 paper #3 psychology of prison rape msgjrSammie Gillaspie
This document discusses rape in prison and the reasons it occurs. Rape is used as a form of currency or power within prison hierarchies. Victims often do not report assaults due to embarrassment and threats from attackers. Being raped in prison can lead to long-term psychological trauma for victims, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, which makes adjustment after release difficult. Rape is used to extort victims and force them into servitude through threats or providing favors to attackers. The psychological and emotional impacts of prison rape can be severely damaging and long-lasting for victims.
It seems as if the sweetness of themselves jumping into the basket at the supermarket. And along with them - a set of "pests" such as sugar, flavors or oil. Yield - cook at home, about the recipes we have already taken care of!
http://theyummyrecipesblog.com/category/dessert
Sterling, ZF x Pept x Behav, Br Beh Res (2015)Mara Sterling
This study developed a model of voluntary ethanol consumption in zebrafish by presenting ethanol mixed with gelatin, which the fish readily consumed. The fish were trained to consume stable levels of 10% or 20% ethanol mixed with gelatin. This ethanol-gelatin intake led to pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol concentrations that correlated with amount consumed. Ethanol intake increased locomotion and aggression while decreasing anxiety, and also increased expression of the orexigenic peptides galanin and orexin in the hypothalamus. This model provides a way to study mechanisms controlling ethanol intake and abuse using genetics, pharmacology, and other techniques in zebrafish.
A nonwoven is defined as a sheet or web of natural and/or manufactured fibers that are bonded together without weaving or knitting. Nonwovens are formed by laying fibers onto a web-former and then bonding them together through chemical, mechanical, or thermal processes. Unlike woven fabrics, nonwovens do not require spinning or weaving, and are often lower cost and more disposable. Nonwovens have applications in industries like medical, automotive, agriculture, and more. They fall at the intersection of paper, textiles, and chemicals due to their varied raw materials and production processes.
textile world is a most popular blog all over the internet. all types of textile information are available here.
visit my website -http://textileworldbds.blogspot.com
- Parking lot utilization and revenue generated does not correlate directly with commuter rail ridership. However, a correlation between lot utilization and revenue generation does exist. As utilization increased between 2012-2014, so did parking revenue, despite a decline in ridership.
- A correlation between parking facility utilization and commuter rail ridership may exist at stations located 40-50 miles from Boston that serve as regional transit hubs, like Middleboro and South Attleboro.
- Factors like parking fees, economic conditions, and total commute costs all likely contributed to declines in both ridership and parking lot utilization after 2009 fee increases. Further study is needed to understand these relationships.
La planta industrial CONMAR S.A.C. procesa y exporta una gran variedad de productos marinos congelados como pescados, cefalópodos y moluscos univalvos. El documento describe el proceso de producción de la planta, incluyendo la recepción de la materia prima, salinización, empaque y congelación. También cubre aspectos generales como la ubicación, visión, organización y capacidad de producción de la empresa.
Psy 118 paper #3 psychology of prison rape msgjrSammie Gillaspie
This document discusses rape in prison and the reasons it occurs. Rape is used as a form of currency or power within prison hierarchies. Victims often do not report assaults due to embarrassment and threats from attackers. Being raped in prison can lead to long-term psychological trauma for victims, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, which makes adjustment after release difficult. Rape is used to extort victims and force them into servitude through threats or providing favors to attackers. The psychological and emotional impacts of prison rape can be severely damaging and long-lasting for victims.
It seems as if the sweetness of themselves jumping into the basket at the supermarket. And along with them - a set of "pests" such as sugar, flavors or oil. Yield - cook at home, about the recipes we have already taken care of!
http://theyummyrecipesblog.com/category/dessert
Sterling, ZF x Pept x Behav, Br Beh Res (2015)Mara Sterling
This study developed a model of voluntary ethanol consumption in zebrafish by presenting ethanol mixed with gelatin, which the fish readily consumed. The fish were trained to consume stable levels of 10% or 20% ethanol mixed with gelatin. This ethanol-gelatin intake led to pharmacologically relevant blood ethanol concentrations that correlated with amount consumed. Ethanol intake increased locomotion and aggression while decreasing anxiety, and also increased expression of the orexigenic peptides galanin and orexin in the hypothalamus. This model provides a way to study mechanisms controlling ethanol intake and abuse using genetics, pharmacology, and other techniques in zebrafish.
This document summarizes the yarn manufacturing process and common defects that can occur. It discusses the 7 main departments in yarn manufacturing: (1) blow room, (2) carding, (3) drawing, (4) roving, (5) spinning, (6) winding, and (7) inspection and packaging. The blow room is the initial stage where cotton bales are opened and cleaned. Yarn defects most often occur during winding, the final stage where packages of yarn are created for customers. Managing defects is important for companies to improve quality and profits.
Reference books of textile technologies weavingSamrat Dewan
The document discusses sectional warping, which involves winding warp threads onto a dresser or drum in parallel sections. The number of sections depends on the creel capacity. Each section contains the same number of threads, with the last section sometimes containing fewer threads. The width of each section is calculated based on the total number of sections and the reed width. A warping machine contains a creel, dresser, trolley, and warping carriage. The carriage guides the threads onto the dresser using a comb, metering roller, and levelling roller to ensure even tension and winding of the sections.
The document summarizes different types of fabrics including their construction methods, properties, and applications. It discusses natural fabrics like cotton and silk as well as synthetic fabrics such as polyester. Different construction techniques are outlined, including weaving, knitting, crocheting, and lace making. The summary provides an overview of the key information covered in the long document.
The document discusses the history and development of textile manufacturing from ancient times to modern innovations. It describes how early textiles were made from natural plant and animal fibers that were spun and woven. In the 20th century, artificial fibers made from petroleum supplemented these natural fibers. Today, man-made fibers have replaced many natural fibers and are used across many industries. New high-performance fibers like Kevlar, carbon fiber, and fiberglass have unique properties that enable new applications and technologies.
The document discusses cotton and polyester fibers, debunking common myths about each. It notes that while cotton is often considered natural and environmentally friendly, cotton production requires large amounts of resources. Polyester, while derived from oil, accounts for a small portion of oil usage globally and production has improved environmental footprints. Both industries have potential to innovate further to reduce impacts. The document provides details on production and properties of various natural and synthetic fibers.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Bdft i, ftmu, unit-i, iii, textile fiber & yarn classification,Rai University
The textile industry in India is an important sector that provides significant employment. It is the second largest industry in India, employing over 35 million people. India has a long history of textile production, with evidence of weaving and spinning cotton dating back 4,000 years. India exports cotton textiles and silk through trade routes to other civilizations like Egypt and China. India produces many natural fibers like cotton, silk, jute, and wool, with cotton being the most important at 60% of production. The textile industry also includes man-made fibers. Fibers can be classified by type, length, and size.
The document discusses the history and development of textiles from ancient times to modern innovations in materials. It describes how textiles transitioned from being made only of natural fibers like plant and animal materials to incorporating man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, polyester, fiberglass, Kevlar, and carbon fiber. These new high-performance fibers have enabled lighter, stronger fabrics that enable applications in areas like aerospace, transportation, sports equipment, protective clothing, and more.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the global textile industry. It discusses the evolution from ancient spinning and weaving techniques to modern industrial processes. Key events mentioned include the inventions that drove the first and second industrial revolutions, such as the spinning jenny and water frame. The document also summarizes current global textile production statistics and Bangladesh's role as a major exporter, particularly of garments. Bangladesh has become the second largest exporter of ready-made garments after China.
Issues faced by the textile sector in pakistanPawankumarpkl
The research has been done to analyze the problems of the textile industry in Pakistan and the recommendations has been given by us how to cope up or solve the issues of the textile industry in the country. The research shows the major problems faced by the textile industry in Pakistan. The problems faced that are barriers in the textile industry have been analyzed critically in the report. The brunt of current problems have been shown in the report. The research also shows the effects of economic policies and taxation regulations on the textile industry.
This document discusses how nanotechnology can be used to create unique textiles with novel properties. It provides examples of how carbon nanotubes can be used to create ballistic-resistant fabrics and self-healing liquid armor. The document also speculates how polymers could be imbued with sensing capabilities and used to aid spinal cord repair. Throughout, it uses the hypothetical example of giving Superman a protective yet flexible nanosuit to illustrate potential applications of nano-textiles.
Warp knitting and crochet machines are used to produce a huge range of warp knitted fabrics (warp knits) for clothing, household textiles and technical textiles. Warp knitting machines are either single needle bar machines or double needlebar machines and are available in a wide range of gauges and widths, Modern machines are electronically controlled in terms of patterning, beam let-off and fabric take-up.
Wool is a protein fiber obtained from sheep and other animals used to make yarn, fabrics and clothing. The wool extraction process begins with shearing sheep annually, followed by washing, grading, scouring, carding and spinning the fibers into yarns. Yarns are then woven into fabrics using two main weaves - plain or twill. Finishing processes like fulling and decating are applied before dyeing the wool fabrics. Australia is the largest global producer of wool, followed by China, the US, New Zealand, and others. Quality control focuses on sight, feel and measurement of wool products at various stages of production.
This document provides information for a workshop on identifying fibres and fabrics, including:
- An agenda that covers identifying common fibres, fabric structures, and basic microscopy.
- Descriptions of many natural and man-made fibres, including their microscopic appearance. Fibres discussed include silk, wool, linen, cotton, rayon, and synthetics like nylon and polyester.
- Explanations of common weave structures like plain, twill, satin and their variations. Also non-woven structures like felt, knitting and crochet.
- Instructions for setting up and using a light microscope to examine fibre samples.
The goal is to teach participants to distinguish fibre
JULANEVERNIQUE aims to be the strongest merchandising textile company in the country and provide the best service to customers. The company's vision is to be well-known and trusted for merchandising textile. It offers various types of textiles including cotton, wool, silk, nylon, and polyester. Textiles are made from natural or manufactured fibers that are twisted into yarns and then woven or knitted into fabrics.
This document discusses textiles and fibers. It describes the two main types of fibers as natural fibers like cotton, wool, silk, flax and ramie, and man-made fibers like rayon, acrylic and polyester which are created in a laboratory. It explains the process for making rayon from cellulose and the use of a spinnerette to produce fibers from thick liquids. The textile industry converts fibers into yarns then fabrics through weaving, knitting or other methods. It regulates fabrics through laws on flammability and care labeling.
This document provides an overview of Julanevernique, a merchandising textile company. It lists the company's leadership team and states its mission is to be the strongest textile company in the country by satisfying customers. The vision is to be well-known and trusted for textile merchandising. It also lists some competitors and the main types of textiles offered, including cotton, wool, silk, nylon and polyester.
A natural or manmade substance that is substantially longer than it is wide is known as fibre (from the Latin word fibra. Fibres are frequently utilised to create other materials. Fibres are frequently used in the strongest engineering materials, such as carbon fibre and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
Wool is obtained from sheep and other animals like goats and comes in various forms. It has a long history dating back thousands of years and has many uses including clothing, blankets, carpets, insulation and more. Wool is a renewable resource, breathable and provides temperature regulation. It is more expensive than cotton due to the resources required to breed and care for sheep that produce the wool.
The document discusses design for assembly (DFA) principles and techniques. It explains that DFA aims to reduce assembly costs through strategies like minimizing component count, integrating parts where possible, and simplifying assembly operations. Some key DFA guidelines discussed include designing parts that can be inserted from above without tools, are self-aligning, involve only simple linear motions, and lock immediately into place. The document also notes that automated manufacturing processes inherently support DFA goals by avoiding manual labor.
Sergio Antonio Salvi, The Environmental Emergency (lecture extract)Sergio Antonio Salvi
1) The document discusses the environmental emergency facing the Earth, noting that the planet's resources are limited while the human population and consumption levels continue increasing rapidly.
2) It states that human societies are having a strong negative impact on the planet and that we need to change our development model to one that is sustainable in order to ensure a future for coming generations.
3) Statistics are presented on topics like human population growth, consumption of food and energy resources, deforestation, pollution-related deaths, and fossil fuel production to illustrate the environmental challenges.
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This document summarizes the yarn manufacturing process and common defects that can occur. It discusses the 7 main departments in yarn manufacturing: (1) blow room, (2) carding, (3) drawing, (4) roving, (5) spinning, (6) winding, and (7) inspection and packaging. The blow room is the initial stage where cotton bales are opened and cleaned. Yarn defects most often occur during winding, the final stage where packages of yarn are created for customers. Managing defects is important for companies to improve quality and profits.
Reference books of textile technologies weavingSamrat Dewan
The document discusses sectional warping, which involves winding warp threads onto a dresser or drum in parallel sections. The number of sections depends on the creel capacity. Each section contains the same number of threads, with the last section sometimes containing fewer threads. The width of each section is calculated based on the total number of sections and the reed width. A warping machine contains a creel, dresser, trolley, and warping carriage. The carriage guides the threads onto the dresser using a comb, metering roller, and levelling roller to ensure even tension and winding of the sections.
The document summarizes different types of fabrics including their construction methods, properties, and applications. It discusses natural fabrics like cotton and silk as well as synthetic fabrics such as polyester. Different construction techniques are outlined, including weaving, knitting, crocheting, and lace making. The summary provides an overview of the key information covered in the long document.
The document discusses the history and development of textile manufacturing from ancient times to modern innovations. It describes how early textiles were made from natural plant and animal fibers that were spun and woven. In the 20th century, artificial fibers made from petroleum supplemented these natural fibers. Today, man-made fibers have replaced many natural fibers and are used across many industries. New high-performance fibers like Kevlar, carbon fiber, and fiberglass have unique properties that enable new applications and technologies.
The document discusses cotton and polyester fibers, debunking common myths about each. It notes that while cotton is often considered natural and environmentally friendly, cotton production requires large amounts of resources. Polyester, while derived from oil, accounts for a small portion of oil usage globally and production has improved environmental footprints. Both industries have potential to innovate further to reduce impacts. The document provides details on production and properties of various natural and synthetic fibers.
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Bdft i, ftmu, unit-i, iii, textile fiber & yarn classification,Rai University
The textile industry in India is an important sector that provides significant employment. It is the second largest industry in India, employing over 35 million people. India has a long history of textile production, with evidence of weaving and spinning cotton dating back 4,000 years. India exports cotton textiles and silk through trade routes to other civilizations like Egypt and China. India produces many natural fibers like cotton, silk, jute, and wool, with cotton being the most important at 60% of production. The textile industry also includes man-made fibers. Fibers can be classified by type, length, and size.
The document discusses the history and development of textiles from ancient times to modern innovations in materials. It describes how textiles transitioned from being made only of natural fibers like plant and animal materials to incorporating man-made fibers like rayon, nylon, polyester, fiberglass, Kevlar, and carbon fiber. These new high-performance fibers have enabled lighter, stronger fabrics that enable applications in areas like aerospace, transportation, sports equipment, protective clothing, and more.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the global textile industry. It discusses the evolution from ancient spinning and weaving techniques to modern industrial processes. Key events mentioned include the inventions that drove the first and second industrial revolutions, such as the spinning jenny and water frame. The document also summarizes current global textile production statistics and Bangladesh's role as a major exporter, particularly of garments. Bangladesh has become the second largest exporter of ready-made garments after China.
Issues faced by the textile sector in pakistanPawankumarpkl
The research has been done to analyze the problems of the textile industry in Pakistan and the recommendations has been given by us how to cope up or solve the issues of the textile industry in the country. The research shows the major problems faced by the textile industry in Pakistan. The problems faced that are barriers in the textile industry have been analyzed critically in the report. The brunt of current problems have been shown in the report. The research also shows the effects of economic policies and taxation regulations on the textile industry.
This document discusses how nanotechnology can be used to create unique textiles with novel properties. It provides examples of how carbon nanotubes can be used to create ballistic-resistant fabrics and self-healing liquid armor. The document also speculates how polymers could be imbued with sensing capabilities and used to aid spinal cord repair. Throughout, it uses the hypothetical example of giving Superman a protective yet flexible nanosuit to illustrate potential applications of nano-textiles.
Warp knitting and crochet machines are used to produce a huge range of warp knitted fabrics (warp knits) for clothing, household textiles and technical textiles. Warp knitting machines are either single needle bar machines or double needlebar machines and are available in a wide range of gauges and widths, Modern machines are electronically controlled in terms of patterning, beam let-off and fabric take-up.
Wool is a protein fiber obtained from sheep and other animals used to make yarn, fabrics and clothing. The wool extraction process begins with shearing sheep annually, followed by washing, grading, scouring, carding and spinning the fibers into yarns. Yarns are then woven into fabrics using two main weaves - plain or twill. Finishing processes like fulling and decating are applied before dyeing the wool fabrics. Australia is the largest global producer of wool, followed by China, the US, New Zealand, and others. Quality control focuses on sight, feel and measurement of wool products at various stages of production.
This document provides information for a workshop on identifying fibres and fabrics, including:
- An agenda that covers identifying common fibres, fabric structures, and basic microscopy.
- Descriptions of many natural and man-made fibres, including their microscopic appearance. Fibres discussed include silk, wool, linen, cotton, rayon, and synthetics like nylon and polyester.
- Explanations of common weave structures like plain, twill, satin and their variations. Also non-woven structures like felt, knitting and crochet.
- Instructions for setting up and using a light microscope to examine fibre samples.
The goal is to teach participants to distinguish fibre
JULANEVERNIQUE aims to be the strongest merchandising textile company in the country and provide the best service to customers. The company's vision is to be well-known and trusted for merchandising textile. It offers various types of textiles including cotton, wool, silk, nylon, and polyester. Textiles are made from natural or manufactured fibers that are twisted into yarns and then woven or knitted into fabrics.
This document discusses textiles and fibers. It describes the two main types of fibers as natural fibers like cotton, wool, silk, flax and ramie, and man-made fibers like rayon, acrylic and polyester which are created in a laboratory. It explains the process for making rayon from cellulose and the use of a spinnerette to produce fibers from thick liquids. The textile industry converts fibers into yarns then fabrics through weaving, knitting or other methods. It regulates fabrics through laws on flammability and care labeling.
This document provides an overview of Julanevernique, a merchandising textile company. It lists the company's leadership team and states its mission is to be the strongest textile company in the country by satisfying customers. The vision is to be well-known and trusted for textile merchandising. It also lists some competitors and the main types of textiles offered, including cotton, wool, silk, nylon and polyester.
A natural or manmade substance that is substantially longer than it is wide is known as fibre (from the Latin word fibra. Fibres are frequently utilised to create other materials. Fibres are frequently used in the strongest engineering materials, such as carbon fibre and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
Wool is obtained from sheep and other animals like goats and comes in various forms. It has a long history dating back thousands of years and has many uses including clothing, blankets, carpets, insulation and more. Wool is a renewable resource, breathable and provides temperature regulation. It is more expensive than cotton due to the resources required to breed and care for sheep that produce the wool.
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The document discusses design for assembly (DFA) principles and techniques. It explains that DFA aims to reduce assembly costs through strategies like minimizing component count, integrating parts where possible, and simplifying assembly operations. Some key DFA guidelines discussed include designing parts that can be inserted from above without tools, are self-aligning, involve only simple linear motions, and lock immediately into place. The document also notes that automated manufacturing processes inherently support DFA goals by avoiding manual labor.
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2) It states that human societies are having a strong negative impact on the planet and that we need to change our development model to one that is sustainable in order to ensure a future for coming generations.
3) Statistics are presented on topics like human population growth, consumption of food and energy resources, deforestation, pollution-related deaths, and fossil fuel production to illustrate the environmental challenges.
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2. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS”
CLASSIFICATION
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
As “laminar flexible materials” in this conference can be meant
those semifinished materials who present the “dimension Z”
(namely the thickness) estremely reduced, so that they are very
flexible, so flexible to be considered “functional materials”, since
they are not properly “structural” ones; because of their main
characteristic, they are mostly used as coating and for containing.
Hence in this class can be mentioned the following:
■ leather;
■ fabrics;
■ “non-woven” fabrics;
■ polymeric films and correlated “multilayer” films.
3. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS :
LEATHER: definition,
importance in the
past and criticity of
contemporary
application
Semifinished materials of “leather industry”, related to the so
called “leather goods” sector, “furs” included, are tecnically all
defined “leather”.
In this conference, even if the importance of leather in the human
history and evolution it is recognized, this raw material, and its
derivatives, is not eligible as “reference material”, considering
the consequences that the use of leather determines in terms of
“sensitive” animal sacrifice; this point of view has been widely
discussed in the contexts of “animalist” and “ecosofy” cultures
(cf., among others, the writings of Singer and Naess respectively).
Because of the above mentioned notes, leather in this conference is
not treated.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
4.
5. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TEXTILE FIBERS:
classification
Textile fibers are foundamental to produce fabrics, “non-woven”
fabrics and sometimes “reinforced” polymeric films.
Generally, they can be classified into four great categories,
depending on their origin, who can be:
■ animal;
■ vegetal;
■ mineral;
■ artificial and synthetical.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
6. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TEXTILE FIBERS:
ANIMAL ORIGIN
fibers
Animal origin textile fibers principally are wool and silk. As known
the former is got by the animals fur, especially ovines (from a
point of view, this production origin is the same of the leather one),
and the latter is derived by the silkworm.
These fibers, in spite of the concurrency of the vegetal ones as well
as the advent of synthetic, preserve a certain market. Surely their
production strongly depends on the breeding of the animals who
generate them (think of the mullberry tree colture, whose leaves is
the nutrition of silkworm, so flourishing in north Italy until the middle
of the last century).
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
9. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TEXTILE FIBERS:
VEGETAL ORIGIN
fibers
Industrially used vegetal origin fibers are much many than the
animal origin ones. Their raw materials are pratically extracted by
any vegetal organism. The most common are cotton (got by its
pod), flax (bark), hemp (bark), jute (bark), raffia (leaves), ramié
(bark), nettle (bark), hibiscus (bark), broom (bark), manila
(leaves), sisal (leaves), coconut tree (fruit), rubber tree (latex) and
others are plants coltivated for the purpose.
Also vegetal origin fibers suffer from synthetic ones concurrency,
anyway their market is much more wide. It is important to note that
their production concerns the soil exploiting and strongly
depends on their coltures, so that they compete with other
productions, often related to the human feeding...
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
11. Mineral origin textile fibers are basically the ones who can be
derived by metals (aluminium, silver, gold), glass –and silicates–,
carbon –graphite included– etc. Asbestos fiber, due to its toxicity,
is unused.
Metals, glass and carbon, together with their similar, by means of
special “spinning” procedures can be reduced into “threads”.
These fibers are used in special applications, like in the
“composite materials” field where both glass and carbon fibers
are far important.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TEXTILE FIBERS:
MINERAL ORIGIN
fibers
13. These textile fibers are divided into two categories: the artificial
origin fibers are those “chemically” transformed by “natural”
polymers (already existing in nature; for example viscose, derived
by cellulose as well as many other of either animal proteins or
vegetal proteins origin); the synthetic origin fibers instead are
based on the chemistry of polymeric materials (the typologies are
uncountable and coincide with the polymers families: PET, PA, PP,
PUR etc. in the various trademarks like, respectively, Terital, Nylon,
Meraklon, Elastane etc.).
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TEXTILE FIBERS:
ARTIFICIAL AND
SYNTHETIC ORIGIN
fibers
1/2
14. Polymers for their nature are macromolecules who can have a
very high molecular weight –such as “length”– so that they can be
“molecular fibers”. While considering the historical role of the
artificial fibers, synthetic ones present the enormous advantage to
be designed at molecular scale, furthermore in their fiber
“section” (like in “hollow fibers”); the result is the adaptability to
many applications; moreover they do not need any dyeing (they
are coloured “in mass”) and can be modified with infinit additives;
because of that potential the so called “technical suits” are almost
always made by means of synthetic fibers; in the future “nano-
fibers” could allow amazing characteristics.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TEXTILE FIBERS:
ARTIFICIAL AND
SYNTHETIC ORIGIN
fibers
2/2
16. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: fabrics
classification
There are many ways to classify fabrics, anyway the most used is
that based on the shape of thread “intersections”, that is the
result of either the weaving machine “weave”, or the particular
production technique type; therefore the following main fabrics
can be distinguished:
■ fabrics with rectilinear threads, also known as “woven warp
loom” (e. g. the so called “denim”);
■ fabrics with rectilinear “fabrics work” threads, also known as
“Jacquard” (e. g. the “damask”);
■ fabrics with curvilinear threads, also known as “knitted fabrics”
(e. g. the “jersey”);
■ fabrics with knotted threads, (e. g. the “nets”).
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
17. Fabrics with rectilinear threads are also known as “woven warp
loom”, because they are produced by means of the classic
weaving machine. In this machine the “heddles” are fundamental
organs whose aim is the separation of the different “warps”, so that
the “weft” can be inserted. They are constructed with at least two
“sets” of threads –”weft” and “warp”– and present simple
“patterns”; examples among these semifinished materials are
represented by the “canvas”, the “denim” –the fabric of jeans–, and
the “pied de poule”.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: fabrics
with rectilinear
threads (“woven
warp loom”)
20. Fabrics with rectilinear “fabrics work” threads are also known as
“Jacquard”, from the name of the inventor of the special weaving
machine with which they are produced: they are fabrics in which the
weave pattern presents a certain complexity (e. g. the “damask”);
in these weaving machines each thread of warp is controlled by a
single “mesh” of heddle, sometimes driven by the hole of a
punched card who houses the correlated counterweight; these
fabrics often are constructed onto a simple canvas, who is the
base of the fabric structure.
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TESSUTI: fabrics
with rectilinear
“fabrics work”
threads (“Jaquard”)
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
22. The fabrics with curvilinear threads are the so called “knitted
fabrics”: they are constructed with special machines (they are
called “knitting machines”), even with a single thread row. Often
the production plants are dedicated to a single kind of final
product , as it happens for example with socks production.
Depending on the process flow direction, it is used to classify knitted
fabric into two types: “weft knitting” and “warp knitting” (these
terms come from the traditional weaving technology, since in this
process “weft” and “warp” are not defined). An example among
these products is the “jersey”.
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: fabrics
with curvilinear
threads (“knitted
fabrics”)
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
25. Fabrics with knotted threads are produced by means of special
machines, and can be got even with a single row of thread: to
these category belong any kind of “net”, whose applications are
numberless, often extended to technical fields.
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: fabrics
with knotted threads
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
26.
27. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: weaving
machine weaving
A fabric produced by means of a weaving machine is the weaving
product of a fiber who is previously subject to “carding” and
“spinning”, if necessary; the former is mainly the orientation of the
fiber; the latter is the reduction of it either to “yarn” or “thread”; the
goal of those operations is to create a thread intersection who is
called “weave”. In the geometric configuration produced by the
weaving machine, the threads aligned alongside the weaving flow
are called “warp”, while the ones (if necessary just in one “set”)
aligned orthogonally are called “weft”. The semi finished fabric can
be subjected to “dyeing” (in case either the yarn or the thread
would have not been already coloured in mass) or “printing”, and
sometimes they can be “laminated” and “coupled” with other
flexible semi finished materials, mostly polymeric. In the
classification of weaving machined fabrics it is important to indicate
the “type of weave”.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
28. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: “weave”
scheme of a fabric
made by means of
weaving machine
(rectilinear thread
fabrics); the “weave”
is always got by the
intersection of
“warp” and “weft”
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
29. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: “weave”
scheme of a
“knitted” fabric
(curvilinear thread
fabrics); the thread (if
necessary just in one
“set”) is connected
by means of
“meshes”
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
31. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: weaving
machine scheme for
artisanal weaving
with “canvas weave”
(note that the
industrial machine is
based on the same
kinematic principles)
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
34. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: type of
weaves of weaving
machined fabrics
(rectilinear threads
fabrics)
“Rectilinear threads” fabrics can be produced creating different kinds
of “weaves”. The fundamental weaves are three: “canvas weave”,
“twill weave” (also known as “diagonal”), “satin weave”; from
these weaves others like “gauze”, “panama”, “hedgehog” etc. are
derived. As already said, when it is necessary to design complex
patterns, special weaves, so called “Jacquard” are prepared.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
35. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: CANVAS
weave of a fabric
It is the simplest
weave: weft and warp
alternate each other;
threads can assume
both different colour
and shape, even
grouped, creating very
simple textures, like
“checkered”
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
36. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
FABRICS: TWILL
weave (also known
as DIAGONAL) of a
fabric
It is very common:
weft thread passes
over two, maximum
four, warp threads,
creating the
characteristic
“diagonal texture”;
“denim” (jeans) and
“pied de poule” are
made with this weave
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
37.
38. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TESSUTI:
HEDGEHOG weave
of a fabric
This important weave
can be based both on
the canvas weave
and twill one: it is
added a weft thread
that, extracted in
shape of rings, can
be used this way
(woven “sponge”
effect) or, in case
these “rings” were
opened, either a “fur
effect” is reached
(“peluche”) or “velvet”
is got.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
39. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
TESSUTI: JAQUARD
weave of a fabric
Complex textures –
better to say “art
work”– need to be
prepared with
dedicated weaving
machines, in which
even each single
thread can be
controlled along the
weaving process
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
44. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“NON-WOVEN”
FABRICS: definition
and characteristics
A “non-woven” fabric, that is a “non-fabric”, is a semi finished flexible
laminar material similar to a fabric but got by means of different
intersection techniques in which thread is almost always
discontinuous and randomly worked. The peculiar characteristic
of these materials is that the “third dimension”, that is the thickness,
is not depending on the thickness of the thread, so that it can be
remarkable; this is possible because the cohesion of the fibers
does not depend on the intersection itself (like in the fabrics
weaves) but is correlated to other principles (simple adhesion,
thermal processes, adhesive substances etc.). Felt, wadding,
fiberglass mat, many glass fiber semi finished materials for
composites are example of this typology. Often they are used in
combination with fabrics and polymeric films.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
45. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“NON-WOVEN”
FABRICS: felt
This ancient material is
produced by means of
the so called “felting”
process, where the
main cause of the
fibers cohesion is the
friction induced by
the animal fur hair
scales (“adhesion”)
TECNOLOGIA DELLA
PRODUZIONE
Arch. Sergio Antonio Salvi
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
46. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“NON-WOVEN”
FABRICS : cotton
wadding
It is a widely used non-
woven material,
especially applied in
the health sector
(above all cotton wool)
and for paddings
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
47. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“NON-WOVEN”
FABRICS : non-
woven polypropylen
fiber
These semi finished
materials
characteristics are
related to their
polymers
TECNOLOGIA DELLA
PRODUZIONE
Arch. Sergio Antonio Salvi
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
48. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“NON-WOVEN”
FABRICS : glass fiber
strand mat”
These semi finished
materials are
fundamental for
composite materials
production
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
49. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
“NON-WOVEN”
FABRICS : glass fiber
strand mat”
“Dar” armchair with
seat and backrest
made of glass fiber
reinforced polyester
(des. Eams, prod.
Herman Miller
Collection, USA 1948)
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
50. LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
POLYMERIC FILMS
AND “MULTILAYER”
FILMS: production
sector and
characteristics
Polymeric films, above all “multi-layers”, are among the most
important products of the plastic materials industry.
Thermoplastic materials can be easily reduced into films and,
thanks to their phisical peculiarity, present the possibility to be
coupled in layers to every laminar flexible material (fabric, non-
woven, metal thin sheet, wood veneer etc.). In multilayers the
fundamental technological concept is that the functionality of
the semi finished material is the sum of the single layer
function (s). Polymeric based multi-layers are applied in almost all
industrial sectors, such as: building and civil works; boating;
furnishing; technical suits; footwear; toys; food and drinks
packaging; packaging in general etc.
PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
51. PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
POLYMERIC FILMS
AND “MULTILAYER”
FILMS:
thermoplastics
calendering
This technology one of
the most important
process to get thick
multilayers
Scheme of the
process
52.
53. PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
POLYMERIC FILMS
AND “MULTILAYER”
FILMS: film extrusion
Film extrusion is one
of the most important
process to get thin
multilayer films
Plant scheme and
detail of extrusion
die
56. PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
POLYMERIC FILMS
AND “MULTILAYER”
FILMS: products
examples
Matress “Transformer”,
who can be “shaped”
by means of a hand
operated vacuum
pump, and seat
“Torso”, inflatable by
means of a vacuum
cleaner whose flow
must be inverted
(respectively: des.
Arad, prod. One Off,
1983; des. Deganello,
prod. Cassina, 1982)
57. PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGIES
Sergio Antonio Salvi
LAMINAR FLEXIBLE
MATERIALS:
POLYMERIC FILMS
AND “MULTILAYER”
FILMS: products
examples
Multilayers made of
aramidic fibers
(Kevlar) and polymeric
films aimed to get
flexible composite
materials