This document provides an evaluation of the maritime chaparral section of the California Native Plant Conservation Garden at the University of California, Santa Cruz Arboretum. It describes the history of native plant conservation efforts at the Arboretum, the site location and conditions, and the different plant communities represented in the garden, including central coast maritime, Channel Islands, meadow, rare chaparral and shrublands. The evaluation inventories the plant species in the living collections and provides recommendations to enhance the representation of native plant diversity and support conservation efforts along California's central coast region.

1. An Evaluation of the Maritime Chaparral Section of the California Native Plant Conservation
Garden and Native Plant Program
The Arboretum at
University of California, Santa Cruz
By Steven Glascock
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Karen Holl - ENVS
Agency Sponsor: Brett Hall – UCSC Arboretum
Senior Internship
For Completion of B.A. Degree
Environmental Studies
UCSC
August 28, 2015

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Table of Contents
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….………..3
History of Native Plant Conservation at the UCSC Arboretum……………………….…..4
Native Plant Conservation in Central California………………………………….……….5
Site Description…………………………………………………………………………….7
Central Coast Maritime Region……………………………………………………………10
Channel Islands Region……………………………………………………………………11
Meadow Communities Region…………………………………………………………….12
Central Coast Rare Chaparral and Shrubland Communities Region……………….……..14
Evaluation of Living Collection and Recommendations for the
Central Coast Rare Chaparral and Shrubland Communities ..........................................…17
Rare and Endangered Plant Lists for the Central Western Coastal Region………….…....19
Northern California Rare and Endangered Shrubland Region…………………......……...20
Evaluation of Living Collections and Recommendations for the ……...…….………..…..23
Northern California Rare and Endangered Shrubland
Rare and Endangered Plant List for Northern California Coastal Region…………......….24
Critical Review and Recommendations for Living Collections………………..….…........25
General Recommendations for Promoting the Success of the……………………….…....29
Native Plant Program and the CNPCG
Closing Statement………………………………………………………………………..33
Regions of the California Native Plant Conservation Garden Map……………….…….36
California Native Plant Conservation Garden Displays by County Map………….….…37
Species Inventories……………………………………………………………..….…….38
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………….….….…52

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Acknowledgements: I would like to recognize those who helped me complete this Senior
Internship. First and foremost, I want to thank my mentor, Brett Hall. Brett’s expertise,
professionalism, and delivery of his vision across a broad spectrum of students and fellow
conservationists is inspirational. His commitment to educating students and directing the
Arboretum created an environment which fostered my growth as an undergraduate and launched
me into a future focused on conservation efforts. It is difficult to put into words how much I
appreciate the years I worked for Brett at the UCSC Arboretum. After many memorable
expeditions throughout California, countless lessons, and shared life experiences, I consider him
not only a mentor, but also a life-long friend. I would also like to thank my Restoration Ecology
professor and multi-term faculty advisor, Dr. Karen Holl. Her patience and guidance throughout
the internship process supported me throughout my educational journey at UCSC. She has
motivated and encouraged me to strive for professionalism in all aspects of the project and in all
that I do. The pride I take in this report is largely due to her ability motivate and inspire her
students to produce high quality works, and I am extremely grateful that she generously offered
to sponsor me for this internship.
I would also like to thank my family, friends, and fellow Arboretum community for their
continual support throughout the process of this senior exit requirement. To my mom, Julie
Glascock, teacher Linda Anderson, college advisor Sean Malone, GIS tutor Michael Bello, and
others who played their part in supporting me throughout my undergraduate experience, I extend
sincerest appreciation.

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History of Native Plant Conservation at the UCSC Arboretum: The UCSC
Arboretum, founded in 1964, has always focused on plant conservation. During the Arboretum’s
early years, trees and shrubs were planted in botanically organized groups, which led to broad
geographic separation by the mid-1970s. Further organization and mapping of plant
communities, habitat types, and ecological themes led to the development of different habitat
regions, primarily based on a combination of geography and plant communities (Figure 2). Prior
to this time, the Arboretum launched substantial collection building programs in South Africa,
California, and other biologically diverse regions around the Pacific Rim, including Australia,
New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Chile. It was during these rigorous collection regimes that the
Arboretum also began increasing its focus on native plants from Central and Northern California,
which promoted designation of an area now known as the California Native Plant Conservation
Garden (CNPCG). Located within one of the wildest and most topographically diverse areas
within the Arboretum, the area was casually known as “The Back Forty,” including over forty
acres of land devoted to native plant conservation. Over the past decades, collections of species
from threatened plant communities and an accumulation of rare endemics from California’s
coastal zone have grown into a beautiful display of the plant diversity found within California’s
central coast region.
In the early years, the founding Arboretum Director, Ray Collett and father of the UC
Natural Reserve System, Ken Norris, as well as Dean McHenry, Kenneth Thimann, Brett Hall,
and a few campus and environmental planners, served on a small committee which identified the
jointly managed 55 acre area for California native plants. Collett and Hall, in collaboration with
the others mentioned above, worked in the mid-1970s to develop this part of the Arboretum into
CNPCG. Forty acres of the fifty-five acres of this area was designated as jointly managed with

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the Campus Natural Reserve. The garden functions as a center for research and education at
UCSC and also serves as a staging area for education and field work in the regions represented
within the gardens (Hall, 2004).
The coastal chaparral section has grown to accommodate a diverse collection of species
from the coastal lowland and coastal upland chaparral plant communities in the Central Western
California Province, as well as rare species from other plant communities, including a
community from the Channel Islands, meadow communities, threatened chaparral, and shrubland
communities. For the duration of my senior internship, the unifying theme of native plant
conservation has been present in collection trips, propagation, plant care, and garden
maintenance, all of which are necessary components in the creation and preservation of a
conservation garden. The goal of this report is to evaluate the UCSC Arboretum’s representation
of the native plant diversity found along California’s central coast. Where possible, we continue
to make progress in conservation research both in the garden and in the wild. I start by describing
the history of the native plant conservation garden; provide an inventory of the living collections
located within the coastal chaparral representations; map pathways, irrigation, and the borders
between each representative county from the central coast region; and conclude with
recommendations regarding the future enhancement and management of the garden.
Native Plant Conservation in Central California: Central California’s coastline hosts a
variety of botanically unique habitats which vary due to differences in latitude, elevation, soil
composition, solar exposure, water availability, and temperature. These coastal habitats are
known to support remarkable levels of local endemism. For example, 30% of all of California’s
manzanitas (28 of 94) (Arctostaphylos spp.) are restricted to this coastal region (Hall, B. pers.
comm.). Unfortunately, however, a growing human population is exploiting natural resources,

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suppressing disturbance regimes, and altering the environment in unforeseen ways, ultimately
causing biodiversity loss across the globe. Due to the ecological complexity of these coastal
communities, the loss of one species can have cascading effects and lead to the damage of much
more than just one species (Hayes, 1991). Regardless of conservation efforts to save local
biodiversity by means of land acquisition, ecological disturbance regimes, or environmental legal
protection, it is predicted that as climate change escalates, habitats will become unsuitable and
plant species will be unable to adapt quickly enough to survive (Hannah, 2015). Even more
concerning is the fact that habitat fragmentation prevents these plant species from migrating to
more suitable habitats, which suggests the need for alternative methods of species conservation
much different from the classic idea of in situ conservation.
One possible alternative to in situ conservation is the creation of conservation gardens.
Inspired by the idea of ex situ plant conservation and supported by the Arboretum’s Native Plant
Program, the CNPCG at the UCSC Arboretum, and other conservation gardens alike, cultivate
various species from similar geographic regions on a landscape scale (Guerrant et al., 2006; Hall,
2011). For the central coast of California, locally endemic species are more frequently found in
the maritime and transitional zones, where a consistently present water availability gradient
associated with higher end-of-dry season water potentials has proven to support higher species
turnover rates from coast-to-interior sites (Vasey et al., 2012). As a critical tool for species
conservation, “ex situ conservation, at its crudest, may temporarily hold token examples of wild
plant diversity. At its best, it can play a critical role as one component of an integrated
conservation response supporting a primary objective: the retention and restoration of wild plant
diversity” (Guerrant et al., 2004). Located in the heart of the Central West Region [38°N latitude,
Sonoma County to 34°N latitude, Santa Barbara County (Davis et. al. 1998)] and between

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elevations of 435 and 495 feet above sea level, the CNPCG at the UCSC Arboretum is well
situated to demonstrate the variability of threatened species and habitat communities from the
California coast. This garden heavily emphasizes the diversity of the Arctostaphylos species
found within the coastal zone of central California, but also represents other endemic species
from this area. Maintaining the existing populations in this garden, while emphasizing habitat
communities from selected places along the California coast, can provide a variety of genetic
material of rare endemics, which can be used in future habitat restoration efforts (Hall, 2011).
One goal of the maritime chaparral conservation project is to invite other land owners to
participate and take on establishing one type of maritime chaparral association that is represented
in the wild. With time to fully establish under local conditions, the variable representation of
plants in conservation gardens may even produce viable seeds for future propagation (so long as
these cultivated populations are planted well away from naturally occurring populations to
reduce the risk of hybridization ) (Hall, pers. comm., 2015). Conservation gardens also serve as
both a unique habitat for local wildlife and a beautiful and educational representation of native
California flora. In order to improve the success of native plant conservation at the UCSC
Arboretum, the Native Plant Program and associated staff are focused on improving nursery
practice, maintaining and taking inventory of existing collections of native plants, and making
future recommendations to improve the conservation garden at the UCSC Arboretum.
Site Description: The CNPCG is located within 55 contiguous acres (22.25 ha) in the
northwestern section of the Arboretum and the southwestern portion of the Campus Natural
Reserve, with gentle to moderately steep hillsides facing east, south, and west. Elevation in this
area ranges from 435ft (132.6 m) at the southern fire road bordering the CNPCG to 600 ft (182.9
m) at the most northern plant in the Channel Islands representation. Average annual rainfall is

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about 35 inches. Summer temperature highs normally range between 70°F and 90° F,
occasionally reaching the mid-90s and rarely exceeding 100° F. Low temperatures approach, but
rarely fall below 35° F due to the garden’s proximity to the coast and its southerly exposure. The
elevation and geographical orientation of this garden provide a strong, consistent marine layer
which offers relief from the summer heat. Recent studies have demonstrated that low marine
cloud stratus (coastal fog), in collaboration with close proximity to the coast, are important
factors in coastal lowland (maritime) and coastal upland (transitional) chaparral species diversity
(Vasey et al., 2012). In fact, the maritime and transitional chaparral communities host over 90%
of all special status chaparral species in California’s central coast, despite only occupying only
about 18% of chaparral’s spatial distribution in the coast ranges of the Central West Region
(Vasey et al., 2014). This suggests that the micro-climate associated with lowland habitats of the
central coast supports higher levels of species diversity when compared to interior chaparral. Due
to its southerly exposure, geographic orientation along the California coastline, and close
proximity to the coast, the maritime chaparral section of the CNPCG is ideally located to foster a
wide variety of the endemic chaparral species associated with the Central West Region.
Soil diversity within the CNPCG consisting of mostly Felton and Pinto loams has been
mapped in the past by Rob Curry, Margaret Fusari, and their students, including the depth at
which the claypan is found (Hayes, 1991). During the summer dry season, when volumetric
water content varies the most from coast-to-interior sites, the claypan depth could prove
beneficial in explaining the stability of soil moisture content in maritime sites. In the dry season,
insignificant change in the water availability content in these maritime sites is understood to be
associated with the summer marine layer, which lessens the effects of evapotranspiration and
keeps water availability relatively stable despite the absence of rainfall during these months

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(Vasey et. al., 2012). Manzanitas (Arctostaphylos spp.) dominate the chaparral composition of
these maritime sites and slowly transition to chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) as distance
from the coast increases. Transitional sites are generally mixed, with ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.)
a relatively minor component in both habitat types (Vasey et al, 2012). Situated within range of
the summer marine layer influence, the compositional difference between chaparral species
dominance is critical to explaining the cultivated species present in the maritime chaparral
section of the CNPCG.
Positioned on former pasture land from Cowell Ranch in the late 1800s, the CNPCG
contains degraded coastal prairie and grasslands with patches of native bulbs and wildflowers,
including Lupinus nanus, Eschscholtzia californica, and healthy stands of Triteliea ixiodies,
Calochortus luteus, Brodiaea, and others (Hall, 2004). The garden is located between two small
drainage canyons which run off into the historic, abandoned reservoir in the Arboretum and are
home to breeding populations of the threatened California red-legged frog, Rana draytonii
(Casey, 2015; Hall, 2004). Aside from the red-legged frog, the CNPCG also serves as a habitat
for numerous other animal species, including the coyote, mountain lion, bobcat, deer, raccoon,
rabbit, squirrel, and several species of snakes, lizards, newts, and salamanders which rely on this
habitat. Avifauna associated with this area consists of different kinds of hummingbirds, quail,
raptors, thrashers, swallows, and others. A complete list of documented species and their
preferred habitat types at the UCSC campus can be found online in the UCSC Natural Reserve
database. Naturally occurring trees in the riparian zones and throughout the area are similar to
those found throughout University, including redwood, Douglas fir, Ponderosa pine, and mixed
evergreens, including madrone, bay, willows, coast live oaks, California buckeyes, and
hazelnuts, which also contribute to the overall theme of native plant conservation. The site is

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home to upwards of 30 naturally occurring Ponderosa pines, a number which has grown
significantly since the documentation of only two such occurrences in 1975 (Hall, 2004). The
Santa Cruz stands of Ponderosa pine are detached from the main montane distribution, and these
trees, in conjunction with others found just north in Marshall Fields and lower in Pogonip,
possibly comprise the most maritime ponderosa anywhere.
The CNPCG is organized into two broad regional divisions, the Central Western Region
and Northern California Region. The maritime chaparral section within the Central Western
Region is further divided by county. The primary plant communities in cultivation within the
core of this area, listed and numbered in correspondence to the regional map (Figure 1), are
central coast maritime (3), Channel Island (5), meadow communities (15), rare chaparral and
shrubland (27), and rare and endangered species (28). In addition, the CNPCG themes serve an
additional educational purpose by including plant community representations from the North
Coast Range, Klamath Range, Southern Cascades, and Sierra Nevada In order to properly
represent different plant communities from varying geographical locations along California’s
central coast, the Arboretum has carefully selected species of critical importance, either due to
local endemism, rarity, or unique display or form. Species representations in this garden are
further divided by local geographic regions within each county. For example, for the Santa Cruz
County section, representations range from Lockheed Chalks to Bonny Doon Sand Hills to
riparian areas within the Scotts Creek watershed. In the Monterey County section, Point Sur and
various areas along the Northern Big Sur coastline, near Point Lobos, Fort Ord, and Prunedale
are also well represented (Hall, 2004). The same applies San Luis Obispo County, but does,
however, lack significant representation in counties north of Santa Cruz. Through considerable
efforts in field documentation and inventorying of living collections, species lists from

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represented plant communities will help in discovering which species lack representation within
the CNPCG.
Central Coast Maritime Region: The Central Coast Maritime section represents a
significant portion of the work in the CNPCG during recent years. Sitting atop a terrace with
landscape views of the Pacific Ocean and Monterey Bay, primary features in this section of the
garden include maritime chaparral, coastal bluff, and coastal scrub communities. Relevant taxa
include species from genera Arctostaphylos, Artemisia, Ceanothus, Eriogonum, Lupinus,
Malacothamnus, Ribes, and Salvia, with heavier concentrations of the genus Arctostaphylos due
to its relatively higher levels of local endemism and threatened or endangered statuses. The
terrace spreads in direction from east to west, so the structure of the maritime chaparral section is
organized through southern county representation in the east, and northern county representation
in the west. Simply, walking east to west through the garden, one would begin in Ventura, Santa
Barbara, and San Luis Obispo sections and progress through Monterey and Santa Cruz sections,
ending in San Mateo, San Francisco, and Marin County representations. All the listed species
inventoried are from wild collections in their native provenance. Several of these taxa evolved in
similar maritime conditions from coastal habitats throughout the Central West Region. Flora of
the coastal lowlands in Central California remain to be some of the more threatened and
impacted plant communities in the state, often restricted to small populations by land
development and habitat fragmentation. Populations under the long term pressures of habitat
fragmentation inevitably face genetic diversity loss (Barr, 2015; Aguilar, 2008), which supports
the theory that central coast maritime communities should be of serious and immediate
conservation concern.

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The maritime chaparral section of the garden exhibits the floristic diversity of the
Swanton region near Davenport, endangered species from southern Santa Cruz and northern
Monterey County, as well as floristic sites from near Point Lobos, Fort Ord, Big Sur, Carmel,
Hearst Ranch, and Point Sal, among others. The largest county representation in the CNPCG is
Monterey County, where maritime chaparral collections dominate the species composition
within this section of the garden.
Channel Island Region: The Channel Island region is a section of the CNPCG located
immediately above southern California coastal county representations within the central coast
maritime region. Species represented in this section include Torrey pines (Pinus torreyana),
Santa Cruz Island oak (Quercus tomentella), island manzanita (Arctostaphylos insularis),
endangered island mahonia (Mahonia pinnata ssp. insularis), and lemonade berry (Rhus
integrifolia), among a few others not mentioned. Over the course of several decades, the UCSC
Arboretum staff has had a long history exploring and collecting from the Channel Islands, for
example, Stephen McCabe, who had recently discovered the Munchkin Liveforever (Dudleya
gnoma), from Santa Rosa Island, and Brett Hall, who collected and introduced the federally
endangered island barberry (Berberis pinnata ssp. insularis ‘Schnilemoon’) into horticultural
trade (this species is only known from five individuals on Santa Cruz Island and two individuals
in cultivation that no longer exist in the wild). An effort is being made to represent all islands
where possible, but a bulk of species comes from Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina
islands, with future collections for this region focused on San Nicholas and San Clemente
islands.
Worth noting is the Ken Norris memorial bench located immediately across the eastern
fire road bordering this region. This secluded bench is located above one of two drainage

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canyons in the CNPCG, overlooking the coastal riparian Eco-region. This portion of the garden’s
theme is the conservation of unique island biology and ecology. In order to fully capture the
diversity of the plant communities from the Channel Islands archipelago, recommendations for
future collections will be made in the discussion section of this report.
Meadow Communities Region: Grasslands, meadowlands, and coastal prairie represent
some of the rarest community types in California. These communities have undergone such
dramatic changes in land use that it is nearly impossible to quantify the historic percent cover of
native species. In relation to anthropogenic disturbances, predominantly burning regimes by
Native Americans followed by grazing practices of ranchers during the colonization of California
(Stromberg, 2007), the evolutionary history of prairie communities is of considerable interest and
a focus throughout the management of the CNPCG. Several native species inhabit the site, such
as Stipa puchra, Danthonia californica, Lupinus nanus, Brodiaea elegans, Brodiaea coronaria,
Triteleia ixiodes, Calorchortus luteus, Horkelia californica, and others. The site is not rich in
coastal prairie species, and is dominated by European invasive species from the colonization
period and more recent arrivels (e.g. Holcus lanatus). Given the presence of few natives among
several invasives, the opportunities for research and experimentation within this section are
abundant. For example, this past winter during a heavy rain event, students used propane torches
to carefully burn a 40’ by 40’ section of the meadow, which was then planted with Stipa pulchra
beside an equally sized plot which was cleared and planted with the same species. Results from
this experiment have yet to be fully quantified, but more experiments and similar research could
increase the understanding of coastal prairie ecology and possibly increase the public awareness
regarding this threatened community.

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Fire is a critical disturbance for maintaining the coastal prairie community, as coastal
scrub often colonizes coastal prairie in the absence of fire. Whereas coastal scrub is threatened
by the development of California’s coastline, the modern practice of fire suppression in the
wildland-urban interface has resulted in coastal scrub out-competing coastal prairie in the
absence of periodic burn regimes (Ford and Hayes, 2007), ultimately reducing coastal prairie
habitat. Until the 18th century, Native Americans practiced frequent burning as a means of
providing more sustainable harvests for species of interest. However, cultural suppression
following the Spanish colonization of California marked the beginning of the brush invasion into
coastal grasslands (Ford and Hayes, 2007). Since the colonial period, California’s coastal prairies
and grasslands have suffered severe biological invasions, and a lack of ecological understanding
and public recognition of these rare and threatened communities will only stimulate such
invasions.
Central Coast Rare Chaparral and Shrubland Communities Region: This region
features rare and endangered species and the plant associations they occur with from the central
coast. The area also cultivates collections from extraordinary populations, range extensions,
unusual occurrences, or any other characteristic which would distinguish them from their
conventional form.
The following species, organized in alphabetical order by scientific name, are listed either
by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service or by the State of California, Department of Fish and
Wildlife, Natural Diversity Database. A comprehensive list for the State of California is updated
quarterly by the California Natural Diversity Database. The distribution of these species has been
documented for California’s central coast region from Monterey and San Benito counties south
to Ventura County. Scientific names are those used in Baldwin et al., 2012, The Jepson Manual:

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vascular plants of California, UC Press, Berkeley. Where nomenclature has changed from the
name used initially in the listing process, they are referenced to their most current name (e.g.,
Arabis hoffmannii = Boechera hoffmannii).
The following list is credited to the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden:

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Evaluation of Living Collection and Recommendations for the Central Coast Rare
Chaparral and Shrubland Communities: The endangered, rare, and threatened species of
California’s central coast listed in Santa Barbara Botanic Garden’s survey contains 77 species,
all of which have native ranges within the county representations present in the CNPCG.
Excluding the species from the northern coastal scrub community, the CNPCG has 35 different
species listed by the California Native Plant Society as rare, endangered, or threatened. Similar
to the chaparral composition of the garden, these 35 species are heavily dominated by the genus
Arctostaphylos. In an attempt to increase the number of endemic species in the Central Coast
Maritime Region, I would recommend that future collection efforts focus on the completion of
the Manzanita representation within this garden, as well as an addition of other complimentary
chaparral genera, such as Ceanothus, Eriogonum, Fremontodendron, and Malacothamnus. This
requires the expansion of populations of species with few individuals, as well as field collections
of new species. Recommended focal species for future collections include Arctostaphylos
hookeri ssp. hearstiorum, Ceanothus hearstiorum, Eriogonum crocatum, Eriogonum
butterworthianum, Eriogonum giganteum ssp. compactum, Eriogonum ssp. timorum,
Fremontodendron mexicanum, Malacothamnus clementinus, and Malacothamnus fasciculatus
ssp. nesioticus. With the ongoing propagation and maintenance of existing populations, the
CNPCG has the infrastructure and resources needed to develop its weaknesses to become a
genetically diverse display of a range of species from coastal lowland and upland sites
throughout the Central Western Province. Inventoried sections of the CNPCG which occupy the
central coast maritime region are labeled as SBV.1, SLO 1, SLO 2, M1, M2, M3, and M4 (figure
3). These sections of the garden exhibit similar patterns of Arctostaphylos dominated vegetation,
interspersed with species from genera Ceanothus, Erigonum, Eriodictyon, Frangula,

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Fremontodendron, Garrya, Heteromeles, Lepichinia, Malacothamnus, Rhamnus, Ribes, Salvia,
and Vaccinium, and are as follows:
Rare and Endangered Species: Santa Barbara and Ventura County (SBV.1):
Arctostaphylos confertiflora - Santa Rosa Island Manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. gabrielensis - San Gabriel Manzanita
Arctostaphylos purissima - La Purissima Manzanita
Arctostaphylos rainbowensis - Rainbow Manzanita
Arctostaphylos refugioensis - Refugio Manzanita
Arctostaphylos rudis - Sand Mesa Manzanita
Berberis pinnata spp. insularis 'Schnilemoon' - Schnilemoon Island Barberry
Cercocarpus traskiae - Catalina Island Mountain Mahogany
Erigonum grande - Red buckwheat
Lyonothamnus floribundus ssp. aspleniifolius - Santa Cruz Island Ironwood
Quercus tomentella - Island oak
Rare and Endangered Species: San Luis Obispo County (SLO 1 and SLO 2):
Arctostaphylos cruzensis - Arroyo de la Cruz Manzanita
Arctostaphylos luciana - Santa Lucia Manzanita
Arctostaphylos morroensis - Morro Manzanita
Arctostaphylos obispoensis - Bishop Manzanita
Arctostaphylos pechoensis - Pecho Manzanita
Arctostaphylos pilosula - La Panza Manzanita
Arctostaphylos rudis - Sand Mesa Manzanita
Ceanothus cuneatus fasciculatus - Sand Buck Brush
Ceanothus hearstiorum - Hearst Ranch Buck Brush
Ceanothus maritimus - San Luis Obispo Ceanothus
Malacothamnus jonesii - Jones' Bush Mallow

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Rare and Endangered Species: Monterey County (M1-M5):
Arctostaphylos edmundsii - Little Sur Manzanita
Arctostaphylos gabilanensis - Gabilan Mountains Manzanita
Arctostaphylos hooveri - Hoover's Manzanita
Arctostaphylos montereyensis - Monterey Manzanita
Arctostaphylos pajaroensis - Pajaro Manzanita
Arctostaphylos pumila - Sandmat Manzanita
Ceanothus rigidus - Monterey Ceanothus
Rare and Endangered Species: Santa Cruz County (SC 1):
Arctostaphylos andersonii - Santa Cruz Manzanita
Arctostaphlyos andersonii andersonii - Santa Cruz Manzanita
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. gabrielensis - San Gabriel Manzanita
Arctostaphylos glutinosa - Schreiber's Manzanita
Arctostaphylos ohloneana - Ohlone Manzanita
Arctostaphylos silvicola - Bonny Doon Manzanita
Northern California Rare and Endangered Shrubland Region: This region includes
species considered from the northern California coastal region, and primarily includes coastal
scrub, but is often interspersed with chaparral and other grassland communities. There is a wide
array of scrub communities, but what sets coastal scrub apart from arid, interior scrub is the
maritime influence. Coastal scrub is further divided into “Northern Coastal Scrub” and “Central
Coastal Scrub,” with Northern Coastal Scrub occurring from southern Oregon to Monterey
County (Holland, 1986). Although northern coastal scrub is not particularly threatened, it is
important to represent this habitat in the CNPCG due to the once widespread occupation south of

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the city of Santa Cruz, which has become increasingly scarce due to the development of
agriculture near the coast (Hayes, 1991).
The following plant list can be credited to Wilma Follette and the Marin chapter of
CNPS. Follette led walks and compiled plant lists in Marin County for over 30 years, and much
of this documentation may not have been possible without her long term dedication. In addition
to native plants found in the region, invasive species are also listed and starred.

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Evaluation of Living Collections and Recommendations for the Northern California
Rare and Endangered Shrubland: The Northern California area of focus for future
development will represent San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin, and Sonoma Counties. In
comparison to the communities from the counties along the central coast, the general lack of
representation of rare endemics from the Northern California Province is evident, with the
exception of small stands of Morella californica and the Northern Coastal Scrub community. For
this area, which could potentially extend from the western border of the Santa Cruz County
representation all the way to the Moore Creek riparian zone, several species from maritime and
transition sites fit the theme of the garden on which to focus collections. This includes species
from the genera similar to those recommended for the central coast sections, which are
Arctostaphylos, Ceanothus, Eriogonum, and Malacothamnus. From these genera, I recommend
collecting species which fit the unifying theme of the CNPCG, primarily aimed at Arctostaphylos
and Ceanothus, including Arctostaphylos colombiana, Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. rosei,
Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. cordata, Arctostaphylos franciscana, Arctostaphylos glandulosa
ssp. cushingiana, Arctostaphylos imbricata, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Arctostaphylos
montaraensis, Arctostaphylos nummularia, Arctostaphylos regismontana, Arctostaphylos uva-

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ursi, Ceanothus crassifolius, Ceanothus cuneatus ssp. ramulosus, Ceanothus incanus, Ceanothus
leucodermis, Eriogonum nudum, Malacothamnus aboriginum, Malacothamnus arcuatus,
Malacothamnus clemantinus, Malacothamnus davidsonii, and Malacothamnus hallii. Given the
large number of species listed for potential collection, I believe that the prioritization should be
on collecting from rare or limited populations first, because of their higher chance of becoming
extinct in the near future, but care needs to be taken to not damage the existing in situ
populations. Few such populations occur in San Francisco, with only few known individuals
existing in the wild. Once collected and planted out in the CNPCG, there needs to be special
attention given to many of these species during the first few years of establishment because they
would be transported from their traditional range and brought down the coast into a warmer and
less suitable environment. Following the establishment of these new species, the Arboretum staff
will continue to perform relevant research, collect new species, and maintain existing collections
to ensure the long term success of the garden. Listed below are a few native species from this
region which are currently part of the living collection in the CNPCG.
Rare and Endangered Shrubland Species: San Mateo, San Francisco, Sonoma, and
Marin Counties (M5):
Artemisia californica - California Sagebrush
Artemisia pycnocephala - Beach Sage
Garrya elliptica - Coast silktassel
Lepichinia calycinia - White Pitcher Sage
Lupinus arboreus X varicolor - Coastal Bush Lupine
Mimulus aurantiacus - Sticky Monkeyflower
Morella californica - California Wax Myrtle

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Critical Review and Recommendations for Living Collections: One of the purposes of
the CNPCG is to represent and assemble rare, threatened, and unique plant species within their
associated habitat communities in an organized and comprehensive manner. Through the
portrayal of the five listed habitat types and related plant species, it can be determined that this
garden successfully represents species and habits of conservational concern. Upon further
investigation, however, the CNPCG has obvious strengths and weaknesses in its full
representation of specific species and plant communities from various counties throughout
California’s central coast, either due to low survival rates or general lack of representation. In
this section, I will analyze the high levels of species diversity and endemism found within
maritime and transition sites and explain why these classifications of chaparral are of specific
conservational concern. I will also investigate focal species for future collections in order to
increase genetic diversity and the density of species diversity within the CNPCG.
To begin, the bulk of the living collection and natural beauty within the maritime
chaparral section of the garden can be credited to the Arboretum’s cultivation of species in the
genus Arctostaphylos. In the central coast maritime region, the largest region in the CNPCG,
nearly every tagged and caged species can be traced to this genus, with few exceptions. Given its
location, topography, and southern exposure, this is not necessarily a negative aspect of the
garden. The variety of species associated with the Arctostaphylos genus is more diverse and
hosts more rare species in maritime and transition sites when compared to interior sites, with
higher mean species per plot and higher total species per zone (Vasey et al., 2014). For a
conservation garden, this information is critically important. The maritime influence on regional
temperature extremes is well documented, and its ability to reduce the impact from summer heat

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and winter freezes is the likely contributor to the high levels of endemism associated with this
region.
Shifting from coastal lowland to coastal upland sites, there is a decline in special status
species and species diversity, but this does not signify a lack of overall species diversity
associated with transition sites. Occupying only a slightly larger area than maritime sites,
transition sites display similar patterns of species diversity and endemism to that of maritime
sites, which are not present in interior sites. Located only slightly further off the coast but out of
the protection of coastal fog, transition sites have higher soil moisture availability due to
increased annual rainfall which in turn promotes diversity (Vasey et al., 2014). The species
diversity found in transition sites is represented throughout the CNPCG, noting that transition
species under cultivation in the CNPCG have generally high rates of survival, presumably due to
reduced evaporative demand under protection of the summer marine layer. For the
representations within the two regions assessing rare and endangered chaparral species and
shrubland communities, I compare the living collection to species lists compiled by relevant
conservation agencies from their respective regions. Recommendations following this
comparison focused on collection of desired future species to be represented in undeveloped
areas of the CNPCG. The resulting list identifies species of the genus Arctostaphylos with rare,
threatened, or endangered listings living in the CNPCG, organized by county, which, when
compared to various accession data gathered during the inventory process, can be used to
determine if the genetic variability of the manzanita collection in the CNPCG is sufficient
enough to preserve the genetic diversity of different species.
San Luis Obispo 1: 73.3% Arctostaphylos (44/60 individuals)
Arctostaphylos canescens X andersonii 8 individuals; 1 genotype

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Arctostaphylos X campbellii 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos crustacea 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos glauca 6 individuals; 3 genotypes
Arctostaphylos luciana 5 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos obispoensis 10 individuals; 4 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pechoensis 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos pilosula 9 individuals; 1 genotype
San Luis Obispo 2: 39.3% Arctostaphylos (22/56 individuals)
Arctostaphylos cruzensis 5 individuals; 3 genotypes
Arctostaphylos obispoensis 3 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pechoensis 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos pilosula 6 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos rudis 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Unknown Arctostaphylos 1 individual; 1 genotype
Unknown Arctostaphylos 3 individuals; 1 genotype
Monterey 1: 91.5% Arctostaphylos (54/59 individuals)
Arctostaphylos crustacea 3 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos gabilanensis 14 individuals; 9 genotypes
Arctostaphylos hookeri 10 individuals; 3 genotypes
Arctostaphylos montereyensis 6 individuals; 6 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 3 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pumila 11 individuals; 5 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pumila X tomentosa 1 individual; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos tomentosa 4 individuals; 4 genotypes
Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. tomentosa 2 individuals; 2 genotypes

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Monterey 2: 93.0% Arctostaphylos (40/43 individuals)
Arctostaphylos crustacea 4 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos hookeri 4 individuals; 3 genotypes
Arctostaphylos montereyensis 11 individuals; 5 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 2 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pumila 5 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos tomentosa 6 individuals; 4 genotype
Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. tomentosa 6 individuals; 5 genotypes
Monterey 3: 66.7% Arctostaphylos (54/81 individuals)
Arctostaphylos conescens X andersonii 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos crustacea 4 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos crustacea ssp. crinita 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos gabilanensis 2 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. zacaensis 2 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos glauca 5 individuals; 4 genotypes
Arctostaphylos hookeri 9 individuals; 4 genotypes
Arctostaphylos hooveri 10 individuals; 3 genotypes
Arctostaphylos montereyensis 2 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pumila 11 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos tomemtosa 2 individuals; 2 genotypes
Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. hebeclada 1 individual; 1 genotype
Monterey 4: 55.3% Arctostaphylos (67/120 individuals)
Arctostaphylos edmundsii 27 individuals; 13 genotypes
Arctostaphylos hookeri 4 individuals; 2 genotypes

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Arctostaphylos montereyensis 9 individuals; 5 genotypes
Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 3 individuals; 1 genotype
Arctostaphylos pumila 18 individuals; 6 genotypes
Arctostaphylos tomentosa 8 individuals; 4 genotypes
Arctostaphylos tomentosa ssp. tomentosa 5 individuals; 2 genotypes
Across the six sections overlying the central coast maritime region, the average percent
cover of Arctostaphylos is 67% (281/419 individuals). Although most species have a good ratio
of individuals per genotype, I found that the living collection within this region is not substantial
enough to be safe from the risks of low genetic diversity. As a whole, this region of the CNPCG
represents a wide variety of endemic species and also very closely resembles the species cover
percentages regarding chaparral compositional diversity (Vasey et al. 2014). In order to increase
the garden’s function as a center of species conservation, future plans for this region should
focus on the expansion of existing collections and the collection and propagation of endemic
species lacking representation to increase overall genetic diversity.
General Recommendations for Promoting the Success of the Native Plant Program
and the CNPCG: During the initial planning stages for future development of the CNPCG,
serious considerations regarding collection techniques, propagation, and plant care must be
carefully examined. First, the individual representations of each species must be substantial
enough to prevent the loss of genetic diversity. Traditionally, fewer than 20 percent of National
Collection taxa had documented evidence of genetically adequate ex situ collections, and all ex
situ populations are vulnerable to the process of random genetic drift, genetic erosion, selection,
or mutation accumulation (Guerrant et al., 2004). Loss of genetic diversity can be negated

30. 30
through responsible collection procedures. To obtain genetically adequate samples, collecting
propagules from approximately 10-50 individuals per species in several populations is
recommended, providing enough genetic diversity to support possible future cultivation without
the risk of low genetic diversity (Guerrant et al., 2004). Although there has been careful
documentation of individual species in the Native Plant Program, reaching the goal of 10-50
individuals per species requires significant analyzation of established plants throughout the
CNPCG. Throughout the inventory process, accession numbers of successful species are mapped
and recorded in an online database, and as new technologies develop, different genotypes can be
identified through molecular genetic practices.
The second component regarding the success of the CNPCG and Native Plant Program
emphasizes sanitary and professional infrastructure in the Arboretum’s growing areas. Ranging
from small and everyday aspects of plant care, such as proper nursery practice and irrigation
efficiency, to larger, more conceptual aspects of the Native Plant Program, such as managerial
oversight and long term goal setting, the need for a strong and organized infrastructure is critical
in conservation practice. Sanitation protocol for professional nursery practices helps reduce the
establishment and spread of pathogens, such as local Phytophthora species (sudden oak death, or
SOD, and many others) which currently threatens not only tan oaks and coast live oaks, but also
poses a serious threat to other understory tree species and a number of woody and herbaceous
perennials (Grunwald et al., 2008) several of which are under cultivation in the CNPCG and
Arboretum nurseries. Current efforts by the Arboretum staff to reduce the spread of
Phytophthora are focused on identification and sanitization of vector agents in an effort to create
non-suitable living conditions for the pathogen. Chemical sanitation, however, is only one factor
of a complex solution to this issue. In addition to sanitation, the primary aim of environmental

31. 31
control of disease in a greenhouse is to restrict water availability to pathogens (Daughtrey and
Benson, 2005). Critical to disease control is correct identification of the pathogen, which can
also help in deciding how to change the cultural or environmental conditions which further
harbor the spread of disease.
Currently, the organizational leader and former director of the UCSC Arboretum, Brett
Hall, has shifted his focus towards native plant conservation within the CNPCG, with a proposed
plan to work in collaboration with Gage Dayton, administrative director of the UCSC Natural
Reserves. With this shift of focus follows the sanitation and redesign of the lower nursery area
below the main growing areas of the Arboretum in an attempt to create a pathogen free growing
environment following protocols recently released in Central Coast Wild’s Best Management
Practices for Phytophthora, California Native Plant Society, and other nursery networks. Over
the past two decades, the Arboretum has increased its infrastructure substantially through the
construction of both indoor and outdoor growing areas, but in order to prove useful to the Native
Plant Program, these facilities must be brought up to modern standards of sanitation and
operation to prevent the spread of invasive weeds, pathogenic infections, and disease, and will be
a costly investment.
The third general recommendation to promote the success of the conservation garden is a
marketing and monitoring program. Marketing is needed to raise the funds and awareness levels
required to recruit residential gardeners, local community members, and organizations to assist
with maintaining the garden. Marketing should aim to include institutions such as corporate and
public agencies which share similar concerns regarding the future of the environment and
conservation of rare plant species and habitats in California. Through this marketing program,
corporations and public agencies can impact all levels of the project by providing volunteer

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groups and donations directed to the project center to be managed and distributed by the acting
project leader. A list of target agencies consisting of environmentally friendly, non-profit
organizations is available through the Natural Resources Defense Council’s (NRDC) reference
page, while other target agencies could range from environmental public school programs to
agencies such as the Boy Scouts of America or the California Conservation Corps. Following the
initial investment (which funded the early stages of construction, infrastructure, and labor),
funding agencies would provide ongoing support to the CNPCG and Native Plant Program
through means of sponsored annual collection trips, material supply, and other necessary support
services. As the strategy progresses, the project center will be responsible for developing an
annual conservation report, which will serve as an informative guide for funding agencies, as
well as a guide for other agencies interested in creating their own conservation gardens.
As a compliment to efforts to increase marketing and community outreach, long term
monitoring is also crucial to understand how these plant communities are responding to a
changing environment, as well as variables such as annual precipitation, temperature, and
summer fog. Recently, a fog measurement system was installed just across the eastern fire road
bordering this garden in an area known as the upper arboretum, and the data collected from this
system, in cooperation with monitoring of fog dependent species in the conservation garden, can
benefit research involving specific plant relationships to fog. As a botanic garden located in the
heart of the Central West Region, the Arboretum can continue its research of maritime and
transitional chaparral species, and promote student related projects to increase awareness
regarding the impact of fog on local coastal communities. Active monitoring of the existing
collection in this regionally diverse garden, in cooperation with annual rainfall reports and

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climate studies, will hopefully increase the exposure of the CNPCG to both public interest and
possible future research.
My final recommendation for the future of the CNPCG is to improve the existing
irrigation infrastructure. Currently, there is one water line running from the Laurasian forest in
the back of the Arboretum which feeds multiple faucets located throughout the CNPCG. The
furthest faucet, however, is only located about half as far into the garden as it should be, and
already creates problems for students maintaining new plants located on the outskirts of the
garden. Without the proper irrigation lines in place, the current process involves a chain of
garden hoses which stretch the entire span of the Santa Cruz section, as well as the lower and
upper area of the Monterey section, labeled SC1, M5, and M3 (Figure 3). If the development of
the CNPCG is to continue to expand its collections to include new species from counties further
north along the coast, the Arboretum will have to consider investing in the extension of this
irrigation line to the north and to the west. A recently developed and submitted irrigation plan for
the entire Arboretum, with extensive plans for the native area, was designed by Brett Hall
(Figure 4). This expansion will help save countless hours of student labor, which can then be re-
invested into other aspects of garden maintenance, effectively increasing the overall efficiency of
future developments. The least laborious method of providing consistent water to newly planted
species is through the installation of drip irrigation, but this method is not used in the CNPCG
due to the history of drip lines being relatively invisible underneath waist high grasses. This
creates a major issue when the area is mowed annually, and while working in the garden, I
occasionally find torn and shredded pieces of plastic hose inevitably destroyed by tractor
mowing.

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Closing Statement: Dedicated to both native plant conservation and botanical expertise,
the UCSC Arboretum sits in the model position to become a leader in plant conservation along
the central coast of California. Adding to its propagation and garden management practices, the
Arboretum staff and associated community are involved in field research, vegetation
classification, GIS mapping, and related horticultural training for people of all ages. As a
community based agency, the Arboretum connected with University research regarding land use
management, natural history, conservation, and restoration, although further effort is needed to
build the research and teaching collaborations between the CNPCG, faculty, and students
involved in native plant research on campus. Having dedicated more than 50 acres to conserving
endemic plants and rare habitats throughout the central and northern California, the CNPCG at
the Arboretum could serve as the foundation for a complex and genetically diverse site for ex
situ plant conservation.
With the purpose of building on the current foundation of the CNPCG, Arboretum staff
continually work on propagation, maintenance, and monitoring of all recently collected seed and
vegetative clippings as well as the living collections and all other rare central coast plants within
its nurseries. Additional updates and enhancements to our website database with central coast
habitat distributions, local target species lists, and special status listings with both common and
botanical names, can guide anyone in the community interested in landscaping their own
properties towards benefiting specific habitat types or rare species. Other major considerations
regarding the progression of this project are the management of staff time, student gardener time,
and nursery improvements. To best serve the rare habitats and plant communities which we are
trying to save, we must strive for excellence and efficiency in every aspect of the project. As

35. 35
immediate neighbors to these at risk species and habitats, it is our responsibility to properly care
for the land and protect our natural heritage.
Conservation of maritime chaparral diversity is clearly an issue with multiple factors
which create difficulties for conservation and affect its success. Such difficulties create
opportunities for conservationists, such as the establishment of conservation refugia in
landscaped settings outside of the wildlands (Vasey et. al., 2014). The expected continuance of
fire suppression in the coastal zones, in collaboration with model predictions for the climatic
future of the California coastline, estimated having annual reductions in fog thickness (a trend
already being observed over the last century) (Johnstone and Dawson, 2010), supports the
importance of the CNPCG as a future source population for the collection of seed and vegetative
material of rare endemic species given the genetic integrity of desired species has been retained.
In cooperation with existing nursery practices at the UCSC Arboretum, as well as resources
offered by different departments throughout the University, the implications for conservation
through means of assisted migration are vast. The continual maintenance and expansion of the
CNPCG, as well as maintaining a collaborative research based relationship with faculty and
students at the University, should be among the Arboretum’s top priorities in the upcoming years
and beyond.

36. 36
Figure 1: Map of different habitat regions overlying the maritime chaparral garden in the
CNPCG.

37. 37
Figure 2: Map of the entire CNPCG, ranging from the Arboretum Reservoir to the top of the
upper Arboretum, noting that the maritime chaparral section is found in the core of this image.

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Figure 3: Map of different county representations, pathways, water lines, and faucets.
Codes within each zone correspond to the inventory list included at the end of this report. All
inventoried species can be located within their matching region.

39. 39
Figure 4: Below is a map of the master plan for expanding the irrigation infrastructure
beyond the back gate of the UCSC Arboretum into the CNPCG.

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Species Inventory Lists Corresponding to their Respective Counties of Origin:
Santa Barbara County, Ventura County, and Baja California Inventory (SB.V1):

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San Luis Obispo County Inventory (SLO1):

42. 42
San Luis Obispo County Inventory (SLO2):

43. 43
Monterey County Inventory (M1):

44. 44
Monterey County Inventory (M2):

45. 45
Monterey County Inventory (M3):

46. 46

47. 47
Monterey County Inventory (M4):

48. 48

49. 49
Monterey County Inventory (M5):

50. 50

51. 51
Santa Cruz County Inventory (SC1):

52. 52

53. 53

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