The document summarizes research on the effects of nitrogen and sulfur on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality of sunflower. It provides background on sunflower, describes the functions of nitrogen and sulfur in plant growth, and outlines objectives to study the impact of nitrogen and sulfur application on various sunflower parameters. It then presents results from multiple studies showing that increasing nitrogen and sulfur levels improved sunflower plant height, dry matter, seed yield, oil content and nutrient uptake.

1. 10/29/2016 1

2. Seminar on
Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth, Yield, Nutrient
Uptake
and Quality of Sunflower Grown on Inceptisol
Seminar incharge
Dr. P. H. Vaidya
Research Guide
Dr. B.S. Indulkar
Presented by
Waghmare S.S.10/29/2016 2

3.  To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on growth parameters of
sunflower.
 To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on nutrient
availability and nutrient uptake of sunflower.
 To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur application on grain and
straw yield of sunflower.
 To study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on quality viz. protein
content and oil content of sunflower.
3

4.  Sunflower ( Helianthus annus L.) is a one of the most
popular member of family compositae/Asteraceae. native of
sunflower is Southern Mexico.
 Sunflower introduced in India 1965 as an edible oilseed crop
sunflower seed oil content is 48-53% ,protein content of
seed is 14-19%.
 India is the largest producer of oilseed in the world in terms
of output and in terms of area. Sunflower is a all season
crop, ranks third next to groundnut and soybean in the total
production of oilseed in the world.
10/29/2016 4

5.  Nitrogen is the important part of chlorophyll and all protein it is
responsible for dark green colour of leaves, vigorous growth,
tillering, leaf production and enlargement of leaf surface.
 Plant deficient in nitrogen are leaves become a yellowish in
colour this yellowish colour appears on older leaves that is lower
leaves.
 Nitrogen fertilization is one of the important factor stopping a
sunflower yield. Split application is most common and widely
accepted practices for all crops, the basic approach is to apply
nitrogen to sunflower in two or more split to coincide with peak
period of nitrogen requirement of crop.
10/29/2016 5

6.  Sulphur is also needed by crop in large amount compare to ‘P’
and in some crop even more than ‘P’ sulphur requirement per
tonne yield production can be taken 3-4 kg for cereals, 8kg for
legume crop, 12 kg for oilseed crops.
 Among the crops oilseed are more responsive to sulphur, each
unit of fertilizer sulphur increase grain yield. Sulphur increases
oil content of oilseed by 8.5% in mustard, 5.1% in groundnut
and 3.6% in sunflower.
 Sulphur is the part of amino acid (cystine and methionine) hence
essential for protein production. Sulphur is involved in formation
of chlorophyll, activation of enzymes, vitamins, formation of
glycosides.
 Oilseed crop deficient in sulphur produce low yield with less
quality and less oil content in seed.
10/29/2016 6

7.  N is biologically combined with C, H, O, and S to create amino
acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Amino acids are
used in forming protoplasm, the site for cell division and thus for
plant growth and development.
 Since all plant enzymes are made of proteins, N is needed for all
of the enzymatic reactions in a plant.
 N is a major part of the chlorophyll molecule and is therefore
necessary for photosynthesis.
 N is a necessary component of several vitamins.
 N improves the quality and quantity of dry matter in leafy
vegetables and protein in grain crops.
7

8.  Stunted growth may occur because of reduction in cell division.
 Pale green to light yellow colour (chlorosis) appearing first on older
leaves, usually starting at the tips.
 Depending on the severity of deficiency, the chlorosis could result in
the death and/or dropping of the older leaves. This is caused by the
translocation of N from the older to the younger tissues.
 Reduced N lowers the protein content of seeds and vegetative parts. In
severe cases, flowering is greatly reduced.
 N deficiency causes early maturity in some crops,which results in a
significant reduction in yield and quality.
8

9. 10/29/2016 9

10. Function of sulphur
 Activate a number of protealytic enzyme such as papinases
 Increase root growth and oil content in oil seeds
 Formation of amino acids, cystine, and methionine and chlorophyll.
 Synthesis of proteins.
 Increase uptake of N, P, K nutrients.
 Promote nodules formation on root of leguminous plant and thereby
promoting N fixation.
 Stimulate seed formation.
 Formation of chlorophyll.
10

11. Deficiency symptoms of S in Sunflower plants
Leaves become light green colour.
Chlorosis in young leaves.
Shoot growth is restricted.
Stems are stiff, woody and thinner in diameter.
Sulphur deficiency can seriously affect the yield and
quality.
Growth rate is retarded and maturity is delayed.
11

12. Material S Content (%)
Ammonium sulphate 24
SSP 16
Potassium sulphate 18
Gypsum 18
Iron pyrites 22-24
Elemental sulphur 85-100
Magnesium sulphate 13
12

13. 13
Sulphur
level
(kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Dry
matter
(t/ha)
Achenes/capitulum Test
weight
(g)
Achene
yield
(t/ha)
Oil
yield
(t/ha)
30 110.24 6.59 336.4 58.17 2.24 0.88
60 112.70 7.40 355.7 60.06 2.42 1.00
SE± 0.93 0.080 1.85 0.37 0.06 0.009
CD(p=0.05) 2.70 0.243 5.35 1.08 0.17 0.025
13
Assam Agriculture university, Assam . Gaurav Kaushik et. al 2009

14. Treatment Plant height
(cm)
Leaf area index Dry matter
(t/ha)
Nitrogen levels
(kg/ha)
40 106.4 0.50 6.5
80 112.0 0.82 6.89
120 115.9 0.96 7.20
SE m± 1.14 0.04 0.103
CD (p=0.05) 3.31 0.11 0.298
Sulphur levels (kg/ha)
30 110.24 0.68 6.59
60 112.70 0.84 7.40
SE m± 0.93 0.03 0.084
CD (p=0.05) 2.7 0.09 0.243
14
S.K.University, Kashmir Faisul-ur-Rasool (2010)

15. Nitrogen
level
(kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Dry
matter
(t/ha)
Achenes/capitulum Test
weight
(g)
Achene
yield
(t/ha)
Oil
yield
(t/ha)
40 106.4 6.15 318.4 57.6 2.03 0.83
80 112.2 6.89 356.5 59.9 2.43 0.97
120 115.9 7.20 363.3 60.0 2.55 1.02
SE± 1.14 0.103 2.27 0.46 0.06 0.01
CD(p=0.05) 3.31 0.298 6.56 1.33 0.18 0.03
15
Assam Agriculture university, Assam . Gaurav Kaushik et. al 2009

16. Treatments Plant
Height
(cm)
Dry matter
accumulation
(g plantˉ¹ )
Stem
girth
(cm)
Head diameter
(cm)
Number of
filled seeds
head ˉ¹
Seed yield
(kg ha ˉ¹)
Stalk yield
(kg ha ˉ¹ )
NITROGEN
Kg ha ˉ¹
60 160.8 97.9 9.63 16.83 654.0 1663 3638
90 171.9 107.3 10.39 19.13 738.7 1930 3897
120 181.1 113.3 10.85 20.67 783.0 2108 4072
SE m± 0.9 0.4 0.14 0.22 1.1 10 7
CD at 5% 2.9 1.3 0.43 0.66 3.2 29 21
SULPHUR
(Kg haˉ¹)
0 163.1 100.5 9.87 17.43 680.3 1732 3696
15 172.2 106.7 10.33 18.93 728.3 1921 3882
30 178.5 111.4 10.67 20.27 767.0 2048 4028
SE m ± 0.9 0.4 0.14 0.22 1.1 10 7
CD at 5 % 2.9 1.3 0.43 0.66 3.2 29 21
N x S Interaction
SE m ± 1.7 0.7 0.24 0.38 1.8 17 12
CD at 5 % 5.0 2.2 NS NS 5.5 50 36
10/29/2016 16ANGRAU ,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad. Pavani et. al (2012)

17. Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Dry matter accumulation
Nitrogen
(kg/ha)
S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀ S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀
N₆₀ 154.2 158.0 170.1 92.6 96.7 104.5
N₉₀ 160.0 976.0 179.8 100.8 108.8 112.4
N₁₂₀ 175.2 182.6 185.6 108.0 114.8 117.2
SE m ± 1.7 0.7
CD at 5 % 5.0 2.2
17
ANGRAU ,Rajendranagar,Hyderabad Pavani et. al (2012)

18. Treatment Number of filled seeds
head ⁻¹
Seed yield Stalk yield
Nitrogen
Kg/ha
S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀ S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀ S₀ S₁₅ S₃₀
N₆₀ 621 635 706 1536 1629 1824 3451 3596 3867
N₉₀ 680 752 784 1710 1977 2104 3734 3940 4017
N₁₂₀ 740 798 811 1951 2157 2216 3904 4112 4200
SE m ± 1.8 17 12
CD at 5 % 5.5 50 36
18
ANGRAU ,Rajendranagar, Hyderabad Pavani et. al (2012)

19. Sulphur
levels (kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Stem girth
(cm)
Seed yield
(kg ha-1)
Test weight
(g)
Head
diameter
(cm)
Oil %
0 130.80 5.03 2384 44.80 19.7 37.3
15 131.78 5.13 2452 45.50 20.1 37.3
30 132.37 5.17 2497 47.70 20.4 37.5
SEm ± 0.296 0.06 65 0.12 0.3
CD(p=0.05) 0.628 0.14 139 0.25 0.6
19
Agricultural Institute, Allahabad U .P. Satish Kumar and Singh (2005)

20. Nitrogen content (%) Nitrogen uptake (kg/ha)
Treatment Leaf Stem Head Leaf Stem Head Whole
plant
Nitrogen
level (kg/ha)
40 0.852 1.588 0.910 4.09 34.62 62.46 101.17
60 0.8975 1.759 2.109 5.46 43.81 75.25 124.22
80 1.081 1.847 2.291 7.73 54.02 98.31 164.87
SE m± 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.23 1.78 1.33 3.03
Population
level
37,500 0.996 1.793 2.207 4.96 33.83 67.68 111.58
55,000 0.939 1.726 2.110 5.87 42.56 76.60 125.03
83,000 0.896 1.674 1.993 6.45 56.05 91.76 154.23
SE m± 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.23 1.78 1.33 3.03
C D at 5% 0.007 0.010 0.007 0.68 5.32 3.99 9.08
20
University of Agril.Sci. Dharwad. Hulagur and Prabhakar 1991

21. 10/29/2016 21
S levels
(kg/ha)
Nitrogen uptake by plant
Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)
Sulphur uptake by plant
Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)
0 40 80 120 Mean 0 40 80 120 Mean
0 33.22 45.09 57.06 69.74 51.28 2.66 3.21 3.72 4.11 3.42
20 37.43 53.62 67.03 81.08 59.79 3.29 4.58 5.74 7.17 5.20
40 40.10 60.23 77.14 92.67 67.54 3.89 5.63 7.05 8.69 6.32
60 42.50 66.68 85.14 100.46 73.69 4.47 6.53 8.16 9.69 7.21
Mean 38.31 56.41 71.59 85.99 63.08 3.58 4.99 6.17 7.42 5.54
Source N S N x S N S N x S
C D
(p=0.05)
2.25 2.25 4.51 0.29 0.29 0.58
S.K.Univesity, Shalimar, Jammu Kashmir. Sayed et. al 2002

22. Treatments Seed yield kg/ha
2006 2007 2008
Treatments
T₁ Control 649 715 652
T₂ - S₂₀ kg/ha 775 926 848
T₃ -S₂₀ kg/ha through
SSP
759 937 860
T₄ -S₂₀ kg/ha through
Gypsum
878 984 913
T₅ -S₂₀ kg/ha through
elemental sulphur
810 1050 976
T₆ -S₄₀ kg/ha through
Ammonium sulphate
804 1066 1014
T₇ -S₄₀ kg/ha through
SSP
870 1123 1054
T₈ -S₄₀ kg/ha through
Gypsum
915 1248 1172
T₉ -S₄₀ kg/ha
through elemental
sulphur
849 1141 1061
SE m± 44.84 80.25 69.37
CD at 5% 134.44 240.60 207.97
Agricultural Research Station ,Junagadh. 22 Vala et. al 2006

23. 10/29/2016 23
S levels
(kg S /ha)
Stalk yield (q/ha) Seed yield (q/ha)
Nitrogen levels (kg N/ha) Nitrogen levels (kg N/ha)
0 40 80 120 Mean 0 40 80 120 Mean
0 21.35 25.32 28.63 31.58 26.72 8.14 9.97 11.60 12.61 10.58
20 22.76 27.95 31.94 34.71 29.34 9.19 11.72 14.15 14.38 12.36
40 23.87 29.96 34.29 37.60 31.43 9.87 12.90 15.64 15.59 13.50
60 24.94 31.61 36.22 40.07 33.21 10.04 13.89 16.73 15.86 14.13
Mean 23.23 28.71 32.77 35.99 30.18 9.31 12.12 14.53 14.61 12.64
Source N S N x S N S N x S
CD (p=0.05) 2.25 2.25 4.51 0.29 0.29 0.58
S.K.Univesity, Shalimar, Jammu Kashmir. Sayed et. al 2002

24. Sulphur levels
(kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Dry
matter
(t/ha)
Achenes
/capitulum
Sterility
percent
Test
weight
(g)
Achenes
yield
(t/ha)
Oil
yield
(t/ha)
30 110.24 6.59 336.4 6.81 58.17 2.24 0.88
60 112.70 7.40 355.7 7.48 60.06 2.42 1.00
SE m± 0.93 0.084 1.85 0.32 0.37 0.06 0.009
C D(p=0.05) 2.70 0.243 5.35 NS 1.08 0.17 0.025
24
S. K. University, Srinagar. Faisul-ul-Rasool et. al 2009-2010

25. Nitrogen
levels
(kg/ha)
Plant
height
(cm)
Dry
matter
(t/ha)
Achenes
/capitulum
Sterility
(%)
Test
weight
(g)
Achenes
yield
(t/ha)
Oil yield
(t/ha)
40 106.4 6.15 318.3 6.38 57.6 2.03 0.83
80 112.0 6.89 356.5 6.82 59.9 2.43 0.97
120 115.9 7.20 363.3 8.15 60.0 2.55 1.02
SE m± 1.14 0.103 2.27 0.39 0.46 0.46 0.01
C D
(p=0.05)
33.31 0.298 6.56 1.14 1.33 0.18 0.03
25
S. K. University, Srinagar. Faisul-ul-Rasool et. al 2009-2010

26. 10/29/2016 26
Treatment Plant height
(cm)
Leaf area
index
Dry matter
(t/ha)
Seed yield
(t/ha)
Stalk yield
(t/ha)
Nitrogen
levels (kg/ha)
40 106.4 0.50 6.15 2.o3 4.21
80 112.0 0.82 6.89 2.43 4.78
120 115.9 0.96 7.20 2.55 5.20
SE m± 1.14 0.04 0.103 0.06 0,07
CD (p=0.05) 3.31 0.11 0.298 0.18 0.21
Sulphur levels
(kg/ha)
30 110.24 0.68 6.59 2.23 4.63
60 112.70 0.84 7.40 2.45 4.84
SE m± 0.93 0.03 0.084 0.05 0.06
CD (p=0.05) 2.7 0.09 0.243 0.14 0.17
S.K.University, Kashmir Faisul-ur-Rasool (2010)

27. Treatment Seed protein
content (%)
Oil content
(%)
Seed yield
(q/ha)
Oil yield
(q/ha)
Energy yield
(Gega Joules
/ha)
Harvest
index
Nitrogen
level kg/ha
40 19.80 35.33 15.54 5.50 33.76 0.27
60 21.39 34.03 18.41 6.28 39.50 0.28
80 23.28 32.91 18.97 6.26 40.26 0.25
SE m± 0.04 0.07 0.41 0.14 0.87 0.006
CD at 5 % 0.11 0.19 1.18 0.40 2.54 0.018
Population
level
37,500 22.37 33.58 15.53 5.32 33.80 0.30
55,000 21.52 34.17 17.57 5.99 37.69 0.27
83,000 20.58 34.52 19.52 6.73 42.04 0.23
SE m± 0.04 0.07 0.41 0.14 0.87 0.006
C D at 5% 0.11 0.19 0.18 0.40 2.54 0.018
Hulagur and Prabhakar 1991Main Research Station,UAS, Dharwad.

28. Treatment Oil content
(%)
Oil yield
(t/ha)
Nitrogen levels
(kg/ha)
2009 2010 2009 2010
40 40.83 40.96 0.83 0.82
80 40.03 40.00 0.97 0.98
120 39.86 39.48 1.02 1.01
SE m± 0.239 0.360 0.010 0.006
CD (p=0.05) 0.690 1.040 0.031 0.018
Sulphur levels
(kg/ha)
30 39.64 39.70 0.88 0.89
60 40.84 40.66 1.00 0.98
SE m± 0.195 0.294 0.009 0.005
CD (p=0.05) 0.560 0.850 0.025 0.015
28
S.K.University, Kashmir Faisul-ur-Rasool (2010)

29. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that-
 Application of Nitrogen increases protein content of seed, oil
content of seed, seed yield & oil yield of sunflower.
 Sulphur plays an important role in increasing growth, yield and
oil content of sunflower.
 Among different levels of nitrogen & sulphur, resulted in highest
seed yield, growth, oil yield, oil content and protein content in
sunflower.
29

30. 10/29/2016 30
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