The document discusses the concept of appropriate technology for developing nations. It defines appropriate technology as choices that catalyze growth by considering technological, economic, social, political, environmental, and legal factors. Appropriate technology should be labor intensive, use low technology, and be knowledge-based. It should also satisfy criteria like effectiveness, affordability, cultural acceptability, and sustainability. The success of technology transfers depends on how appropriate the technology is for the conditions in the developing country.

1. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
1
 About the concept of appropriate technology
within the context of developing nation in
order to understand the characteristics of
technology that play very significant role
towards the success of technology transfer.
 Further discussions are about the
assessment, relevant approach, government
policies, and integration aspects follows by
other issues related to the appropriate
technology

2. Concept Of Appropriateness
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 The concept of „appropriate‟ technology is
the limited relevance to industrialized country
of its structural, socio-cultural and techno-
economic of developing countries.
 Developing nation has to skip some of the five
stages in innovation theory
 Method that suite for developed countries may
not suite the developing countries

3. Definition
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 Appropriate technology is the choices of right
technology to be transfer in order to catalyze
growth that appropriate the environment
strategically and to be utilized into several
areas such as:
 Technological
 Techno-economics
 National aggregate capability
 Socio-cultural
 Political
 Environmental
 Legal

4. Ranges
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 There are a few ranges concern in the
context of appropriate technology as follows:
 Labor intensive
 Low technology
 Knowledge-based on expert system/soft
technologies
 Improper transfer of technology to developing
countries causes many social, cultural,
political, environmental, regional and
economic problems.

5. 5
 The success in technology transfer is related
to the appropriateness of the transferred
technology.
 There are three methods for adapting
technology to be more appropriate to the
developing country condition:
 Downscaling of large-scale technology
 Upgrading of traditional technology
 Adaptation of imported technology

6. Criteria For Appropriate
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Technology
 Normally there is no “one size fits all” solution
 The appropriateness should be determined
by:
 Acceptability
 Adaptation
 Institutionalization
 Goals of a society rather than the function of the
technology
 Achieve a self-reliance and increase in domestic
technology development

7. 7
 An appropriate technology for developing countries
should satisfy seven important criteria:
 Effectiveness: fulfill its purpose
 Affordability: trade-offs between cost and
effectiveness
 Cultural acceptability: fit the local user
 Local sustainability: not be over-dependent to
imported skills
 Efficiency: more efficient than others
 Measurability: impact and performance needs
evaluation
 Political responsibility: political stable and not
altering the political balance

8. Assessment Of Appropriate
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Technology
 Firm level
 Limited to monetary cost-benefit assessment
(quantitative) that will isolated from socio-
cultural, technical and regional environment
(subjective)
 Economic, social, environment and
anthropocentric factors often excluded
 Lacking of guidelines and non-quantifiable
factors
 Shortage of data and information

9. Appropriate Context For
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Developed Nation
 Free from outside forces
 Dynamism of innovation
 Self-originate potential
 R&D and pure research activities at heart of
research
 Enable to integrate production system in
developing nation
 Can control transfer process

10. Appropriate Context For
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Developing Nation
 The appropriate context for developing
countries is heavily depend on economic
assessment
 North countries (developed)
 Technology competitiveness
 Innovation
 South countries (developing)
 Technology development
 Technology transfer

11. Machine-Intensive And Labor-
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Intensive Approach
 Machine-intensive approach views as:
 Using imported technology, urban-based, large-scale
industries
 Arguments:
 Huge scarce of foreign capital involvement by nation
that has vast cheap labor forces
 Issues of unemployment rates and wages
 Intermediate technology

12. Advance and Machine-
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Intensive Technologies
 Developing countries implement labor-
intensive.
 But, proven that less developing nation is
successful in implement large-scale
machine-intensive.
 The arguments should be discussed:
 Size of investment
 Increase the science and technology gap between
developed and developing nation
 Initiate inward technical and technological
convergence between developing nation

13. Reasons Of Exercising
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Machine-Intensive Technology
 Automation erodes low labor cost in business
and manufacture may possible in developed
nation
 Technology increases the efficiency, lowering
the cost of managing information
 In products and processes, industry are
crossing boarder and into high technology
category
 Creating new opportunities as a result of
losing production flexibility and innovation
capability