The document is a lecture on selling products that discusses various payment models like one-time purchases, subscriptions, and pay-as-you-go. It covers pricing strategies like setting an optimal price point, customer segmentation, and justifying high prices. It also discusses payment methods like credit cards, PayPal, app stores, and invoicing. Finally, it outlines common problems like fraud, chargebacks, refunds, and the need for good customer support. The overall document provides an overview of concepts and strategies for monetizing digital products and services.

1. 5 — Selling Products
From Code to Product
gidgreen.com/course

2. Lecture 5
• Introduction
• Payment models
• Pricing
• Payment methods
• Conversion funnels
• Problems
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 2 gidgreen.com/course

3. Desktop software
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 3 gidgreen.com/course

4. In-app purchases
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 4 gidgreen.com/course

5. Software as a service
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 5 gidgreen.com/course

6. App store products
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 6 gidgreen.com/course

7. SaaS and mobile app growth
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 7 gidgreen.com/course
0
$5 billion
$10 billion
$15 billion
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Software as a Service
Mobile applications

8. Lecture 5
• Introduction
• Payment models
• Pricing
• Payment methods
• Conversion funnels
• Problems
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 8 gidgreen.com/course

9. Payment models
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 9 gidgreen.com/course
$0
$20
$40
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Revenue
Month
One time
Subscription
Pay as you go

10. One-time purchases
• Payment = ownership
• Low transaction costs
• Unstable cash flow
– Publicity bursts
– Upgrades
• Problem of ongoing costs
– Technical support
– Online elements
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 10 gidgreen.com/course

11. Subscriptions
• Payment = membership
• Periodicity
– Monthly, quarterly, annual
– Discounts for longer
• Stable cash flow
– Forgotten subscriptions
• Problem of churn
– Active or passive
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 11 gidgreen.com/course

12. Pay as you go
• Payment = usage
– No easy money!
• Credits or after-billing
– Credit expiry?
• Volume discounts
• Semi-stable cash flow
• Problem of tiny customers
– Minimum credit purchase
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 12 gidgreen.com/course

13. The free version
• Cournot theorem
– Price ⟶ marginal cost
– Marginal cost ≈ zero
• Engine of publicity
– Everyone loves free
• Get people ‘hooked’
– No barrier to usage
– Upsell later on
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 13 gidgreen.com/course

14. Time limited
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 14 gidgreen.com/course

15. Capacity limited
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 15 gidgreen.com/course
mailchimp.com

16. Feature limited
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 16 gidgreen.com/course
freshbooks.com

17. Collaboration limited
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 17 gidgreen.com/course
highrisehq.com

18. Ad supported
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 18 gidgreen.com/course

19. Making freemium work
• Problem: moving off free
– Fixed value notion
– Search for alternatives
– Especially time limits
• Possible solutions
– Data lock-in
– Increased usage over time
– Collaborative momentum
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 19 gidgreen.com/course

20. Lecture 5
• Introduction
• Payment models
• Pricing
• Payment methods
• Conversion funnels
• Problems
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 20 gidgreen.com/course

21. $0
$5
$10
$15
$20
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000
Price
Sales volume
Demand curve
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 21 gidgreen.com/course
$4 × 500k = $2m
$12 ×
125k
=
$1.5m

22. $0.0m
$0.5m
$1.0m
$1.5m
$2.0m
$2.5m
$0 $5 $10 $15 $20
Revenue
Price
Optimal price
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 22 gidgreen.com/course

23. Optimal price
$0
$5
$10
$15
$20
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000
Price
Sales volume
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 23 gidgreen.com/course
$5.77 × 370k
= $2.13m

24. Demand curve reality
• Low prices look bad
– Charge more, sell more?
• Curve not so smooth
– $x.99 effect
– Competing products
• Curve unknown
– Testing possible, sometimes
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 24 gidgreen.com/course

25. $0
$5
$10
$15
$20
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000
Price
Sales volume
Multiple price points
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 25 gidgreen.com/course
$4 × 250k =
$1m
$8 ×
125k
=
$1m
$12 ×
125k
=
$1.5m
Total =
$3.5m

26. Customer segmentation
• People know what they want to pay
– Give them a reason to pay it!
• Multiple levels
– Capacity increases
– Extra features
– Type of user
– “VIP support”
• Clear comparisons
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 26 gidgreen.com/course

27. Customer segmentation
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 27 gidgreen.com/course
wufoo.com
Solid mid-
range product
in middle
Cheap/crappy
option
(decoy)
Some people
always want
the best

28. Choosing prices
• Perceived value
– Marketing
– Support
• Competing products
– How do you compare?
– Sense of fairness
• Keep it simple
• Don’t lose money per sale!
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 28 gidgreen.com/course

29. Price vs Process
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 29 gidgreen.com/course
$1
$10
$100
$1,000
$10,000
$100,000
Impulse purchase
Personal credit card
Claim back from company
Use company credit card
Approval from dept head
Approval from CEO

30. Justifying high prices
• Lack of competition
– Or become the standard
• More features
• Differentiate
– Have a personality
– Create a tribe
– Great support
• Competing on price is dangerous!
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 30 gidgreen.com/course

31. Other price games
• Razors and blades
• Fives and nines
• Supermarket signposts
• Bundling
• Volume discounts?
• Upgrades/sidegrades
• Time-limited sales
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 31 gidgreen.com/course

32. Lecture 5
• Introduction
• Payment models
• Pricing
• Payment methods
• Conversion funnels
• Problems
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 32 gidgreen.com/course

33. Credit cards
Visa
$2,040BMasterCard
$901B
AmEx
$540B
Discover
$114B
US Purchases 2011
nilsonreport.com
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 33 gidgreen.com/course

34. Credit card payment process
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 34 gidgreen.com/course
Shopping
cart
Credit
card form
Product
& Price
Payment
gateway
Card &
Amount
Payment
processor
Card &
Amount
Merchant
account
Cash −
charges
Your
account Cash −
charges?

35. Online payment processors
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 35 gidgreen.com/course
Shopping
cart
Credit
card form
Payment
gateway
Payment
processor
Merchant
account
Your
account Cash −
5 to 10%
• Simplest and easiest
• Paid weekly or monthly

36. Your own merchant account
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 36 gidgreen.com/course
Shopping
cart
Credit
card form
Payment
gateway
Payment
processor
Merchant
account
Your
account Cash
Cash −
2 to 5%
• Merchant account approval
• Harder for non-US

37. Collecting card details
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 37 gidgreen.com/course
Shopping
cart
Credit
card form
Payment
gateway
Payment
processor
Merchant
account
Your
account Cash
Cash −
2 to 5%
• Control e.g. recurring
• PCI DSS compliance

38. Selling via PayPal
• Pay with PayPal balance
– Popular with non-Western customers
– You can also use it
• Credit cards also accepted
• Low fees (2.5% to 5%)
• Problem: account freezes
– Receive but no withdrawal
– You are at their mercy
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 38 gidgreen.com/course

39. iOS/Android app stores
• Controlled software marketplaces
• Hit-driven, e.g. Top 25 paid
– Advertise on other apps, not in-store
– Promote via free version
• Apple/Google take 30%
– No credit card / distribution fees
– Same for in-app purchases
• Avg prices $2—$4 (2012) but most free
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 39 gidgreen.com/course

40. Games and games on iOS
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 40 gidgreen.com/course

41. A mix on Android
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 41 gidgreen.com/course

42. Invoicing
• (Semi-)manual process
– Only worthwhile for bigger customers
• Paid by check or bank transfer
– No %-based processing fees!
• Delivery or payment first?
– Customer may expect delivery
– Payments need to be chased
• Also: receipts for prior payments
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 42 gidgreen.com/course

43. Lecture 5
• Introduction
• Payment models
• Pricing
• Payment methods
• Conversion funnels
• Problems
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 43 gidgreen.com/course

44. Customer concerns
• Am I buying the right thing?
• Is the price what I was promised?
• Are there additional costs, e.g. tax?
• How long is this going to take?
• Who are these guys, anyway?
• Is it safe to enter my credit card?
• Will I be able to get technical help?
• Can I cancel or be refunded?
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 44 gidgreen.com/course

45. Entry to purchase
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 45 gidgreen.com/course

46. Entry to purchase
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 46 gidgreen.com/course

47. Choose a version / level
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 47 gidgreen.com/course

48. Order summary
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 48 gidgreen.com/course

49. Customer information
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 49 gidgreen.com/course

50. Payment information
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 50 gidgreen.com/course

51. Subscription concerns
• Will I be able to cancel?
– Will it be a fight?
– Can I get a payment refunded?
• Can I upgrade/downgrade?
– Is there a penalty for that?
• Will the price go up?
• Will I be informed of each payment?
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 51 gidgreen.com/course

52. Subscription concerns
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 52 gidgreen.com/course
highrisehq.com

53. Lecture 5
• Introduction
• Payment models
• Pricing
• Payment methods
• Conversion funnels
• Problems
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 53 gidgreen.com/course

54. Credit card fraud
• X uses Y’s credit card without permission
• Why do you care?
– Y comes after you
– You get a chargeback
• Payment processor solutions
– Card security code (not on stripe)
– Address confirmation
– Verified by Visa / MasterCard SecureCode
– Fraud detection algorithms
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 54 gidgreen.com/course

55. Risk assessment
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 55 gidgreen.com/course
• If possible, review manually
– Big orders
– Purchase from “unusual” country

56. Chargebacks
• Customer asks bank for money back
– Card was stolen
– Product absent/deficient
– Friendly fraud
• Full price taken back from you
– No recourse without customer signature
• You pay fine, $15—30
– Much higher if too frequent
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 56 gidgreen.com/course

57. Refunds
• Customer asks you for money back
• You can argue, but…
– It’s (probably) not worth your time
– It harms your reputation
– They have chargebacks
• You pay back full price
– But no additional fees
• Easy interface at payment processor
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 57 gidgreen.com/course

58. Subscription retention
• Active churn
– Try to intercept
– Ask why afterwards
• Passive churn
– Card failed / expired
– Notify and request renewal
– Special offers
• Expect average 1—3 years
• Acquisition > Retention cost (generally)
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 58 gidgreen.com/course

59. PCI DSS compliance
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 59 gidgreen.com/course

60. Customer support
• Money = obligation
– Threat of chargebacks
• Pre-sales enquiries
• Email + phone is best
• Respond within 1 working day
• Really read / listen
– Speak their language
• Never get angry
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 60 gidgreen.com/course

61. Bitcoin: The solution?
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 61 gidgreen.com/course
Pros Cons
Extremely low cost Very limited support
Irreversible Exchange rate fluctuations
Pseudonymous 10 min confirmation delay
Universally available Government interference?
Rapid settlement Easy to steal (like cash)
Decentralized Accounting uncertainty

62. Coinbase Offering
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 62 gidgreen.com/course

63. Books
From Code to Product Lecture 5 — Selling Products — Slide 63 gidgreen.com/course