- Luigi Cassar, an Italian chemist, invented self-cleaning concrete in 2013 using titanium dioxide (TiO2) which breaks down nitrogen oxide (NOx) pollutants into powder when exposed to light and heat. The TiO2 process oxidizes NOx gases into powdered NO and NO2 particles, cleaning the building surface. The mix design is similar to m20 grade concrete but with 3.5-4% TiO2 added to the cement. When water rinses the surface, it cleans away the powdered NOx particles, keeping the building depolluted without other chemicals. Self-cleaning concrete has been used in tunnels, pavements, and building surfaces as an ecofriendly way to