This document provides an overview of seismic processing techniques. It begins with the objective of seismic processing, which is to transform seismic records in the time domain into an interpretable depth image. It then discusses common processing systems, data formats like SEGY, and the general CMP processing sequence, which includes steps like filtering, velocity analysis, stacking, and migration. Finally, it summarizes some common processing tools and provides a high-level description of the ProMAX seismic processing software.
Presentation from the Kick-off Meeting "Seasonal to Decadal Forecast towards Climate Services: Joint Kickoff Meetings" for ECOMS, EUPORIAS, NACLIM and SPECS FP7 projects.
UH Professor Arthur Weglein's M-OSRP Annual Report, 2013Arthur Weglein
UH Physic Professor & the Director of the Mission Oriented Seismic Research Program Arthur B. Weglein's introduction of the annual report for the year 2013. Arthur B. Weglein, a professor in the Department of Physics & the Department of Earth & Atmospheric science, he holds the Hugh Roy and Lillie distinguished chair in Physic at University of Houston
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Presentation from the Kick-off Meeting "Seasonal to Decadal Forecast towards Climate Services: Joint Kickoff Meetings" for ECOMS, EUPORIAS, NACLIM and SPECS FP7 projects.
UH Professor Arthur Weglein's M-OSRP Annual Report, 2013Arthur Weglein
UH Physic Professor & the Director of the Mission Oriented Seismic Research Program Arthur B. Weglein's introduction of the annual report for the year 2013. Arthur B. Weglein, a professor in the Department of Physics & the Department of Earth & Atmospheric science, he holds the Hugh Roy and Lillie distinguished chair in Physic at University of Houston
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. GEOL882.3
Reflection
Seismic Processing
Objective - transform
redundant reflection seismic
records in the time domain
into an interpretable depth
image.
Data reduction and editing;
Transformation into conveniently
computer-manageable form;
Removal of bad records;
Gathering;
CMP sorting;
Filtering in time and space;
Attenuation of noise;
Imaging
Final velocity and reflectivity
image.
3. GEOL882.3
Seismic Processing
Systems
Usually geared to a particular
type of application
Mostly CMP reflection processing;
Land or marine, 2D or 3D.
Commercial:
ProMAX (Landmark);
Omega (Western Geophysical, marine);
Focus (Paradigm);
Amoco and almost every other company have
their own…
Vista (Seismic Image Soft.).
Open-source/Universities:
Stanford Exploration Project;
Seismic UNIX (Colorado School of Mines);
FreeUSP (Amoco);
SIOSEIS (Scrippts, marine, not free!);
SIA: http://seisweb.usask.ca/SIA
4. GEOL882.3
Seismic data formats
SEG-Y
Most seismic data formats are similar, and
include:
Text file header (comments for the user, line
description);
Binary file header (number of traces, other vital
formatting information);
‘Traces’, each including:
➢
Binary trace header (channel number, coordinate,
offset, statics, mute times, filter parameters,
etc.). Some formats allow user-defined trace
headers.
➢
Trace sample values (integer or floating-point).
SEG-Y (adopted by SEG as the standard data
exchange format):
Text file header of 3200 bytes (40 80-character
lines);
Binary file header of 400 bytes;
Traces include:
➢
240-byte headers, fixed predefined format.
➢
Samples in any of the 2- or 4-byte formats
(usually stored as 4-byte IBM REAL).
A moderate 2-D seismic line with 800 shots
recorded by 96 channels at 1500 samples per
trace takes about 500 Mb of storage in SEG-Y
format (verify this!)
5. GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
Sequence
1) Demultiplex, Vibroseis
correlation, Gain recovery
Conversion from file formats produced
by field data loggers into processing-
oriented formats
➢
SEG-Y, SEG-2.
➢
ProMax, Focus, Omega, SU, Vista, etc.,
internal formats.
These days, may not be required (done
in the field).
2) Field Geometry
Assignment of source-receiver
coordinates, offsets, etc. in the
trace headers.
3) Edit
Removal of bad traces (noisy
channels, poorly planted
geophones, channels contaminated
by power line noise, etc.).
6. GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
Sequence (continued)
4) First arrival picking
May be semi-automatic or manual;
Required for generation of refraction statics;
models and for designing the mutes.
5) Elevation statics
Based on geometry information, compensates
the travel-time variations caused by variations
in source/receiver elevations.
Transforms the records as if recorded at a
common horizontal datum surface.
6) Refraction statics
Builds a model for the shallow, low-velocity
subsurface;
Compensates the travel-time variations caused
by the shallow velocities.
7) ‘Top’, ‘bottom’, and ‘surgical’ mute
Eliminates (sets amplitude=0) the time
intervals where strong non-reflection energy is
present:
First arrivals, ground roll, airwave.
7. GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
Sequence (continued)
8) Gain recovery
Compensates geometrical spreading;
Based on a simple heuristic relation.
10) Trace balance
Equalizes the variations in amplitudes
caused by differences in coupling;
In true-amplitude processing, replaced with
‘surface-consistent deconvolution’.
9) Deconvolution
Compresses the wavelet in time, attenuates
reverberations.
10) Gather, CMP sort
In modern processing systems (ProMax,
Omega, Vista) done by using trace lookup
spreadsheets rather than by creating
additional copies of the dataset.
8. GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
Sequence (continued)
12) Velocity analysis
For each of the CMP gathers,
determines the optimal stacking
velocity.
13) Dip Moveout (DMO) correction
Transforms the records so that the
subsequent NMO+stack work well even
in the presence of dipping reflectors.
14) Normal Moveout (NMO)
correction
Removes the effects of source-receiver
separation from reflection records;
Transforms the records as if recorded
at normal incidence.
15) Residual statics
Removes the remaining small travel-
time variations caused by inaccurate
statics or velocity model
9. GEOL882.3
General CMP Processing
Sequence (continued)
16) Steps 12-15 above are usually
iterated 3-5 times to produce
accurate velocity and residual
statics models.
Success of velocity analysis depends
on the quality of DMO/NMO and
residual statics, and vice versa.
17) Stack
Produces a zero-offset section;
Utilizes CMP redundancy to increase
the Signal/Noise ratio.
18) Migration
Transforms the zero-offset time
section into a depth image;
Establishes correct extents and dips of
the reflectors.
10. GEOL882.3
Processing tools
Preprocessing
Demultiplex;
Editing;
Gain recovery;
Field geometry;
Elevation (‘field’) statics.
Travel-time corrections
Statics, i.e., time shifts
(elevation, refraction
(weathering), residual);
Velocity analysis (testing for
hyperbolic moveout);
Normal-moveout correction
(NMO);
Dip moveout correction (DMO);
Migration.
11. GEOL882.3
Processing tools
Continued
Wavelet adjustments
Vibroseis correlation,
Deconvolution;
Frequency filtering.
Amplitude corrections
Compensation of Geometrical
spreading;
Gain
➢
Automatic Gain Correction
(AGC,), trace normalization, etc.
Noise reduction
Velocity filtering (f-k and τ-p
filters);
‘Vertical' stack, CMP stack;
Muting.
12. GEOL882.3
General Processing Flow
Seismic processing flow is a
computer program
Implemented as a 'script' (DISCO, SIA,
SU), 'instruction list' (ProMAX), or visual
'graph' (Vista, Omega)
User builds the processing sequence using
a collection of tools for data manipulation
Results in generation of a code customized
to perform the specified task
13. GEOL882.3
A More General
Processing Flow (SIA)
SIA Seismic processing logic is based on
independent operation of the modules
Each module transforms an input gather of
multicomponent traces into output one
SIA also maintains a system of database tables
and inter-modular messaging mechanism
14. GEOL882.3
ProMAX
Data hierarchy
Area (project)
Line
Processing Flows (perform specific
processing tasks with the traces or
databases)
Datasets (traces, headers, lookup
tables)
Databases (most of them called
OPF – Ordered Parameter Files)
Tables (travel times, velocity
models, etc.)
A special area used for archiving
and restoring other projects
('areas')
15. GEOL882.3
ProMAX
Key components
Front-end GUI
Navigates within areas, lines, flows,
datasets, databases, tables, etc.
Flow builder
Allows building processing flows
from a library of modules
Send flows to execution
Monitor
Monitors running jobs, allows
suspending and killing them
Displays job logs
Database editors
Display/edit various databases
