The document discusses routing security and outlines Daniel Karrenberg's background working to build the Internet in Europe and establish the RIPE NCC. It then covers how Internet routing works through the flow of routing information and autonomous systems, what can go wrong like misconfigurations and hijacking, and approaches to risk mitigation like routing hygiene and resource certification. The key messages are that routing security needs improvement but the industry is addressing problems, and accidental incidents or hijackings occur occasionally but do not generally affect large parts of the Internet.

1. Routing Security
Daniel Karrenberg
RIPE NCC
<daniel.karrenberg@ripe.net>

2. Who is talking: Daniel Karrenberg
• 1980s: helped build Internet in Europe
- EUnet, Ebone, IXes, ...
- RIPE
• 1990s: helped build RIPE NCC
- 1st CEO: 1992-2000
• 2000s: Chief Scientist & Public Service
- Trustee of the Internet Society: IETF, ...
- Interests: Internet measurements, stability,
trust & identity in the Internet, ...
2

3. Who is talking: Daniel Karrenberg
• RIPE NCC
- started in 1992
- first Regional Internet Registry (RIR)
- Association of 7000+ ISPs
- 70+ countries in “Europe & surrounding areas”
- operational coordination
- number resource distribution
- trusted source of data
- Motto: Neutrality & Expertise
- not a lobby group!
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4. Outline
• Internet Routing
- How it works
- What makes it work in practice
- What can go wrong today
• Risk Mitigation
- Routing Hygiene
- Resource certification & checks
- Obstacles
• Discussion
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5. The Internet
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6. Part(s) of the Internet
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7. “Autonomous Systems”
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8. Packet Flow
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9. Routing Information Flow (BGP)
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10. Both Directions are Needed
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11. Choice and Redundancy
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12. Questions?

13. What makes it work
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14. Business Relationships
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15. Transmission Paths
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16. Routing Engineering
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17. Routing Engineering Methods
• Inbound Traffic
- Selectively announce routes.
- Very little control over preferences by other ASes.
• Outbound Traffic
- Decide which of the known routes to use.
• Inputs
- Cost
- Transmission Capacity
- Load
- Routing State
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18. Routing Engineering Principles
• Autonomous Decisions by each AS
• Local tools
• Local strategies
• Local knowlege
• Business advantages
• Autonomous Decisions by each AS
• (One of the reasons for rapid growth of the
Internet)
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19. Questions?

20. What can go wrong
• Misconfiguration
- Announcing too many routes (unitentional transit)
- Originating wrong routes
• Malicious Actions
- Originating wrong routes (hijacking)
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21. Hijacking
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22. Hijacking
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23. Hijacking
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24. Questions?

25. Examples
• YouTube & Pakistan Telecom (2008)
• A number of full table exports
• Various route leaks from China (2010)
YouTube Movie
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26. Outline
• Internet Routing
- How it works
- What makes it work in practice
- What can go wrong today
• Risk Mitigation
- Routing Hygiene
- Resource certification & checks
- Obstacles
• Public Policy Considerations
• Discussion
26

27. Routing Hygiene
• Do not accept customer routes from peers or
upstreams
• Limit number of prefixes accepted per adjacent
AS
• Use a routing registry
- no global authoritative registry exists
• Use own knowledge about topology
- topology is constantly changing
- distruptions can cause drastic changes
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28. Routing Hygiene
• Is applied locally / autonomously
• Has a cost
• Subservient to routing engineering
- No obstruction
- Maintain Autonomy
• Cooperation
- Trust
- Community
- Personal Relations
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29. Resource Certification - Motivation
• Good practice:
- to register routes in an IRR
- to filter routes based on IRR data
• Problem:
- only useful if the registries are complete
- many IRRs exist, lacking standardisation
• Result:
- Less than half of all prefixes are registered in an IRR
- Real world filtering is difficult and limited
- Accidental leaks happen, route hijacking is possible
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30. Resource Certification – Definition
“Resource certification is a reliable method
for proving the association between
resource holders and Internet resources.”
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31. Digital Resource Certificates
• Based on open IETF standards (sidr-wg)
• Issued by the RIPE NCC
• The certificate states that an Internet number
resource has been registered by the RIPE NCC
• The certificate does not give any indication of the
identity of the holder
• All further information on the resource can be
found in the registry
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32. What Certification offers
• Proof of holdership
• Secure Inter-Domain Routing
- Route Origin Authorisation
- Preferred certified routing
• Resource transfers
• Validation is the added value!
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33. Proof of holdership
• Public Key
• Resources
• Signature
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34. Route Origin Authorisation (ROA)
• IP Prefixes
• AS Numbers
• Signature
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35. Automated Provisioning using ROAs
Please route this part
of my network:
192.0.2.0/24
Please sign a ROA
for that resource using my
AS number
OK, I signed and
published a ROA
OK, that ROA is valid.
I can trust this request
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36. Who Controls Routing?
• Certificates do not create additional powers for
the Regional Internet Registries
• Certificates reflect the resource registration status
- no registration → no certificate
- the reverse is not true!
• Routing decisions are made by
network operators!
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37. 4 out of 5 Regional Internet
Registries have RPKI in production
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38. Obstacles
• Fear of loosing autonomy
• Cost
• Low threat perception
• Fear of loosing business advantage
• Fear of loosing autonomy
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39. Questions?

40. My Messages Today
• Routing security needs to be improved
- Accidents do happen ... sometimes
- Hijackings do happen ... sometimes
• The sky is not falling
- It does not happen all the time
- It does not affect large areas of the Internet
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41. My Messages Today
• Industryis addressing the problems
- Local measures taken autonomously
- RPKI being deployed by RIRs
- RPKI based routing tools being
developed
- RPKI based routing protocols being
studied in IETF
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42. Outline
• Internet Routing
- How it works
- What makes it work in practice
- What can go wrong today
• Risk Mitigation
- Routing Hygiene
- Resource certification & checks
- Obstacles
• Discussion
42

43. The End! Kрай Y Diwedd
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