The document provides an overview of a lecture on population genetics. It discusses gene pools, allele and genotype frequencies, the Hardy-Weinberg principle, and micro-evolution. To summarize the key points: - Population genetics is the study of genes and genotypes in a population. It examines genetic variation within and between populations. - Gene pools contain all the alleles for every gene in a given population. The frequencies of alleles and genotypes can change over generations. - The Hardy-Weinberg principle relates allele and genotype frequencies in a population at equilibrium. It assumes no evolutionary influences like mutation, selection, migration or genetic drift. - Micro-evolution describes changes in a population's gene pool over time

1. Section 24.1
LECTURE
SLIDES
Prepared by
Ashish Murthy
Raritan Valley Community College
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2. SECTION 24.1 OUTLINE
 Population Genetics
 Gene Pools
 Polymorphic/Monomorphic/SNP
 Allele/Genotype Frequency*
 Hardy Weinberg Principle*
 Micro-Evolution*

3. POPULATION GENETICS
 The Study of Genes and Genotypes in a
population
 Population - a group of individuals of the same
species that occupy the same environment (that
can interbreed)
 Genetic Variation
 Genetic Variation related to Phenotypic Variation

4. GENE POOLS
 All of the alleles for every gene in a given
population
 Changes between Generations
 Use to examine variation in alleles between
individuals of a population

5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF GENES
 Polymorphic – 2 or more alleles for a single
gene that occur at greater than 1% frequency
 Monomorphic – 1 allele for a single gene
occurs at greater than 99% frequency

6. POLYMORPHISM
 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
 Sickle Cell Anemia
 Deletion
 Duplication

7. ALLELE FREQUENCY
 30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT)
 20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt)
 10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt)
Frequency of T: (30)(2) + 20 Frequency of t: (10)(2) + 20
(30+20+10)(2) (30+20+10)(2)

8. GENOTYPE FREQUENCY
 30 Homozygous Dominant Humans (TT)
 20 Heterozygous Humans (Tt)
 10 Homozygous Recessive Humans (tt)
Frequency of TT: 30
(30+20+10)
Frequency of Tt: 20
Frequency of tt: 10 (30+20+10)
(30+20+10)

9. HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE
 Relates Allele Frequency and Genotype
Frequency
 Developed in 1908
 Godfrey Harold Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg

10. HARDY-WEINBERG VARIABLES
If p = 0.4, then q = 0.6

11. HARDY-WEINBERG EQUATION

12. EXAMPLE CALCULATION

13. HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
 P = .8
 Q = .2
 = = .64
 = . 32
 = .04

14. HARDY-WEINBERG ASSUMPTIONS
 No new mutations
 No natural selection
 No random change in allele frequencies
(large population)
 No Migration
 Random mating

15. MICRO-EVOLUTION
 Changes in a population’s gene pool
 Allele Frequency changes
 New Genetic Variation
 Evolutionary Mechanisms

16. SOURCES OF NEW GENETIC VARIATION

17. EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS