The document discusses the importance of primary and secondary data collection methods for managers, outlining the need for data, sources of information, and data collection techniques. It differentiates between primary data, which is collected firsthand, and secondary data, which has been previously gathered by others, emphasizing the different methods and factors influencing the selection of data collection techniques. Additionally, it highlights the significance of triangulation in data collection to enhance reliability and reduce bias.

1. PRIMARY & SECONDARY
SOURCE OF DATA
COLLECTION
RESEARCH METHOD FOR MANAGERS

2. Objective : To understand “Primary
& Secondary Data collection”
 Introduction
 Need for Data Collection
 Factors to be considered for data collection
 Sources of Data
 Primary Data and Collection Methods
 Traditional and New Aged Means of data
Collection
 Questionnaires with examples
 Secondary Sources & Collection Methods
 Differences between Primary & Secondary
sources
 Selection of Appropriate data collection
&Triangulation of Data

3. Need of Data Collection
 Why is Data Collection Needed ?
 •To get information for analysis.
 •To get idea about real time situation.
 •For comparison between two
situation.

4. Factors to be considered before
collection of Data
 •Object and scope of the enquiry.
 •Sources of information.
 •Quantitative expression.
 •Techniques of data collection.
 •Unit of collection.

5. Sources of Data

6. Internal and External Source of
Data
 Many institutions and
departments have information
about their regular functions,
for their own internal purpose.
 When those information is
used in any survey, it’s called
Internal Source Of
Collection of Data.
 E.g.., Railway Educational
Institutes & Social
Welfare Societies etc.
 When information is
collected form outside
agencies, it is called
external source of data.
 Such type of data are
either Primary or
Secondary.
 This type of information
can be collected by
Census or Sampling
method by conducting
surveys.
Internal Sources of Data External Sources of Data

7. Primary Data
 •Primary data are those which are collected for
the first time.
 •It is real time data which are collected by the
researcher himself.
 •This is the process of Collecting and making use
of the data.
 •This Data originated by the researcher
specifically to address the research problem.

8. Primary Research methods
 Focus Groups – bring together respondents with
common
characteristics
 Observation - actually view respondents
 Experiment - controlled variables and respondent groups.
 Non-personal survey – on site, telephone, mail, fax, computer,
panel
 Personal interview - one-on-one survey with respondents
 Official records – internal document survey research

9. Method of Collecting Primary Data
 1. Direct personal Investigation ( i.e. Interview Method)
Under this method the investigator collects the data
personally. He approaches the objects, conducts the enquiry
on the spot, collects information and does the needful. For
the successful collection of data under this method, it’s
necessary that the investigator should be polite, unbiased
and ware of the local conditions, environment and languages.

10. Method of Collecting Primary
Data
 2. Indirect oral investigation ( i.e. through enumerators)
Under this the investigator doesn’t collects the information
directly, instead he gets them indirectly through those
persons who know the information and who are ready to part
away with the information they posses. This method is used
in case where direct contact is not possible.
 3. Investigation through Local reporters Questionnaire
In this method data are not collected through specially
appointed agents/ correspondents/investigators/enumerators
but local agents or correspondents are requested to collect
the information. They collect the information in their own
fashion and according to their liking’s and disliking.

11. Method of Collecting Primary
Data
 4. Investigation through
mailed Questionnaire
Under this method the investigator may
either appoint local agents/ investigators/
enumerators and mail them the
questionnaire for collecting i ollecting by
his own using mai
nformation or
c
l or telephone.

12. Method of Collecting Primary
Data
5. Investigation through Observation
 In this watching behavior of object and most commonly used
method in behavior science. One major problem in this
method is that Natural response is not obtained when
respondent know he is observed.
 Type of Observation-
1)Participant Observation
2)Non-Participant Observation
3)Disguised Observation
4)Controlled Observation
5)Uncontrolled Observation

13. Traditional data collection
methods
 Mailing paper questionnaires to respondents,
who fill them out and mail them back
 Having interviewers call to respondents on
the
telephone and ask them the question in a
telephone interview
 Sending the interviewers to the
respondent’s
home or office to administer the questions in face-
to-face (FTF) interviews

14. Alternative methods of data collection
Telephon
e
Mail
CATI
computer assisted
telephone interviewing
CAPI computer assisted personal interviewing
TDE
Touchton
e data
entry
OCR/ICR
FAX
Optical/intelligent
caracter recognition
Disk by Mail E-mail
Web
Computerised Self
Administered
Questionnaires
IVR
Interactive
voice response
Face to face
SAQ
Self administered
questionnaire
Walkman
Text
CASI
Audio
CASI
Video
CASI

15. Important characteristics of good
questionnaires
 Plan a user-friendly format
 Gather demographic data – age, gender, etc.,
when necessary.
 Avoid ambiguity
 Ensure ease of tabulation
 Develop for completeness – get all the data
 Pilot test the instrument

16. Non sensitive questions about behavior Provide
memory help
Uses aided recall
(or ask separate questions about subcategories)
Please look cerefully at the
following list of volountary
organisations: which, if any,
do you belong to?
A Religious
organisations BCultural
organisations C
Political groups
D Other
To which
volountary
organisation do
you belong to?

17. Non sensitive questions about behavior Pay
 Are you:
 Married
 Divorced
 Widowed
 Separated
 Never married
attention to the wording
With closed questions, include all reasonable
possibilities as explicit response options
Are you:
• Married
• Single

18. Secondary Data
 •Secondary data are those that have already been
collected by others.
 •These are usually in journals, periodicals, dailies,
research publications, official records etc.
 •Secondary data may be available in the published or
unpublished form. When it is not possible to collect
the data by primary method, the investigator go for
Secondary method.
 •This Data collected for some purpose other than the
problem at hand.

19. Method of Collecting Secondary
Data
th
r
 1. Published Sources
 a) International Publication
UNO publishes a number of journals and periodicals which are best sources
of secondary data for national as well as international facts.
 b) Government Publications
The Govt. of India as well as other state Govt. publish data for their use as
well as for the use of researcher and others. These data are very much
accurate and reliable for various types of investigations.
c) Publication
Municipal corporations, boards, etc. publish data pertaining to birth rate,
death rate, literacy, etc. These can be effectively put to use by
investigators.
 d) Commercials Research, Educational Institute, Unions, Organizations
etc. These institutions also conduct enquiry and publish their reports
rough which data can be had for use of investigators enquiring on the
elated subjects.

20. Method of Collecting Secondary
Data
 2. Unpublished Sources
In some of the cases, enquiry are conducted,
data are classified and analysed but due to
some reasons or other findings are published
though they are preserved either by the
individual or a society. They can also be used
by the investigators as Secondary Data.

21. Examples of Primary& Secondary
data
 Data and Original Research
 Diaries and Journals
 Speeches and Interviews
 Letters and Memos
 Autobiographies and Memoirs
 Government Documents
 Census Statistics
 Encyclopaedias
 Chronologies
 Biographies
 Monographs (a specialized book or article)
 Most journal articles (unless written at the
time of the event
 Abstracts of articles
 Paraphrased quotations
Primary Data Sources Secondary Data Sources

22. Difference between Primary and Secondary Data
 M
 Real time data.
 Sure about sources of data.
 Help to give results/finding.
 Costly and Time consuming
process.
 Avoid biasness of response
data.
ore flexible.
 Past data.
 Not sure about sources of data.
 Refining the problem.
 Cheap and No time consuming
process.
 Can not know if data biasness
or
not.
 Less Flexible.
PRIMARY DATA SECONDARY DATA

23. Selection of an appropriate data
collection method
The researcher must judiciously select the
method/methods for his own study, keeping in
view the following factors:
 Nature, scope and object of enquiry: This
constitutes the most important factor affecting
the choice of a particular method. The method
selected should be such that it suits the type of
enquiry that is to be conducted by the
researcher. This factor is also important in
deciding use of secondary or primary data or

24. Selection of an appropriate data
collection method (cont…)


 Availability of Funds: Finance, in fact, is a big
constraint in practice and the researcher has to act
within this limitation. Very limited fund may compel the
researcher to select a comparatively cheaper method,
which may not be as efficient and effective as some
other costly method.
Time Factor: The available time affects the selection
of the method by which the data is to be collected.
Some methods take relatively more time, while with
others the data can be collected in a comparatively
shorter time.
Precision required: Precision required is yet another
important factor to be considered at the time of
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25. Triangulation of data
 Definition: The collection and use of similar and related data
from different sources using different tools

Supplements incomplete data sources
 Eliminates bias
 Possible to assess the balance of evidence regarding
each source
 A Check on sources and informants with incentives to
mislead.

26. IMPORTAN
T
Remember: each method of data collection has
its use and none is superior in all
situations
Desirable: selection of method depends on the
nature of a particular problem in
consideration of time and resources.
Required: Experience and ability of the
researcher.

27. THANK YOU !

28. Questions/Discussions
 Question One
 Discussion
 Discussion
 Question Two
 Discussion
 Questions Three
 Discussion
Primary & Secondary sources of Data: By Ajay Anoj &
Gokul